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Liu H, Gao H, Wang S, Yao S, Wu F, Zhao Y, Chan KS, Shen Z. Regulation of an Ambient-Light-Induced Photocyclization Pathway (Norrish-Yang Versus 6π) by Substituent Choice. Chemistry 2020; 26:12418-12430. [PMID: 32372418 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photocyclization, irrespective of whether multiple steps (e.g., Norrish-Yang cyclization) or a single concerted step (e.g., 6π photocyclization) are involved, is an intramolecular photochemical process resulting in the formation of one new single bond to afford a ring system. In particular, visible-light-induced photocyclization offers a green and sustainable route to organic cyclic compounds that are difficult to access by thermal reactions. Herein, we describe the ambient light-induced intramolecular photocyclization of a series of donor/acceptor chromophores 1 d-3 d containing two types of photoresponsive motifs, namely an electron-deficient BF2 -chelated ketone fused with an electron-rich thiophene, and probe the solution-phase and solid-state photochromic performance of these compounds. The results reveal that simple variation of R substituents on the diaryl moiety allows one to control the intramolecular photocyclization mechanism with high photochemical selectivity, e.g., under ambient light, methyl-substituted 1 d and 2 d undergo reversible 6π photocyclization, whereas ethyl-substituted 3 d exclusively undergoes irreversible Norrish-Yang photocyclization. Single-crystal X-ray analysis of Norrish-Yang cyclization products reveals the formation of four pairs of conformational enantiomers differing in the dihedral angle between benzothiophene and the BF2 core, namely (±)N-3 d@68°, (±)N-3 d@-77°, (±)N-3 d@-78°, and (±)N-3 d@-102°. The UV/Vis absorption spectra of 1 d-3 d cover a broad visible-light region (380-572 nm), while DFT and TD-DFT calculations reveal that absorption in this region is dominated by the charge-transfer (CT) transition from the thiophene-centered HOMO to the LUMO of the electron-deficient π-conjugated BF2 -chelated unit and the n→π* and π→π* transitions within the latter unit. The spatial separation of the HOMO and LUMO of these dyes promotes triplet-state generation and self-photosensitizes intramolecular photocyclization in the visible-light region. Three-dimensional time-resolved and steady-state emission spectra of 3 d show that the Norrish-Yang photocyclization takes place within milliseconds with excellent conversion efficiency (96 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, P. R. China
| | - Hu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, P. R. China
| | - Sisi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, P. R. China
| | - Shengxin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, P. R. China
| | - Fan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, P. R. China
| | - Kin Shing Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, P. R. China
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Cai S, Deng W, Huang F, Chen L, Tang C, He W, Long S, Li R, Tan Z, Liu J, Shi J, Liu Z, Xiao Z, Zhang D, Hong W. Light‐Driven Reversible Intermolecular Proton Transfer at Single‐Molecule Junctions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3829-3833. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuning Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Wenting Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Feifei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Lijue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Chun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Wenxiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Shichuan Long
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Ruihao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Zhibing Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Junyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Jia Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Zitong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsCAS Center of Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Zongyuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsCAS Center of Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
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Cai S, Deng W, Huang F, Chen L, Tang C, He W, Long S, Li R, Tan Z, Liu J, Shi J, Liu Z, Xiao Z, Zhang D, Hong W. Light‐Driven Reversible Intermolecular Proton Transfer at Single‐Molecule Junctions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuning Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Wenting Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Feifei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Lijue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Chun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Wenxiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Shichuan Long
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Ruihao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Zhibing Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Junyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Jia Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Zitong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsCAS Center of Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Zongyuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsCAS Center of Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
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Ju G, Guo F, Zhang Q, Kuehne AJC, Cui S, Cheng M, Shi F. Self-Correction Strategy for Precise, Massive, and Parallel Macroscopic Supramolecular Assembly. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1702444. [PMID: 28782850 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201702444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Macroscopic supramolecular assembly (MSA) represents a new advancement in supramolecular chemistry involving building blocks with sizes beyond tens of micrometers associating through noncovalent interactions. MSA is established as a unique method to fabricate supramolecularly assembled materials by shortening the length scale between bulk materials and building blocks. However, improving the precise alignment during assembly to form orderly assembled structures remains a challenge. Although the pretreatment of building blocks can ameliorate order to a certain degree, defects or mismatching still exists, which limits the practical applications of MSA. Therefore, an iterative poststrategy is proposed, where self-correction based on dynamic assembly/disassembly is applied to achieve precise, massive, and parallel assembly. The self-correction process consists of two key steps: the identification of poorly ordered structures and the selective correction of these structures. This study develops a diffusion-kinetics-dependent disassembly to well identify the poorly aligned structures and correct these structures through iterations of disassembly/reassembly in a programmed fashion. Finally, a massive and parallel assembly of 100 precise dimers over eight iteration cycles is achieved, thus providing a powerful solution to the problem of processing insensitivity to errors in self-assembly-related methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guannan Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fengli Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Alexander J C Kuehne
- DWI - Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, Aachen, D-52056, Germany
| | - Shuxun Cui
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Mengjiao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Feng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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