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Potentials of Endophytic Fungi in the Biosynthesis of Versatile Secondary Metabolites and Enzymes. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12121784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
World population growth and modernization have engendered multiple environmental problems: the propagation of humans and crop diseases and the development of multi-drug-resistant fungi, bacteria and viruses. Thus, a considerable shift towards eco-friendly products has been seen in medicine, pharmacy, agriculture and several other vital sectors. Nowadays, studies on endophytic fungi and their biotechnological potentials are in high demand due to their substantial, cost-effective and eco-friendly contributions in the discovery of an array of secondary metabolites. For this review, we provide a brief overview of plant–endophytic fungi interactions and we also state the history of the discovery of the untapped potentialities of fungal secondary metabolites. Then, we highlight the huge importance of the discovered metabolites and their versatile applications in several vital fields including medicine, pharmacy, agriculture, industry and bioremediation. We then focus on the challenges and on the possible methods and techniques that can be used to help in the discovery of novel secondary metabolites. The latter range from endophytic selection and culture media optimization to more in-depth strategies such as omics, ribosome engineering and epigenetic remodeling.
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Kamdem RST, Ogbole O, Wafo P, Philip FU, Ali Z, Ntie-Kang F, Khan IA, Spiteller P. Rational engineering of specialized metabolites in bacteria and fungi. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Bacteria and fungi have a high potential to produce compounds that display large structural change and diversity, thus displaying an extensive range of biological activities. Secondary metabolism or specialized metabolism is a term for pathways and small molecule products of metabolism that are not mandatory for the subsistence of the organism but improve and control their phenotype. Their interesting biological activities have occasioned their application in the fields of agriculture, food, and pharmaceuticals. Metabolic engineering is a powerful approach to improve access to these treasured molecules or to rationally engineer new ones. A thorough overview of engineering methods in secondary metabolism is presented, both in heterologous and epigenetic modification. Engineering methods to modify the structure of some secondary metabolite classes in their host are also intensively assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsay Soup Teoua Kamdem
- Institut für Organische und Analytische Chemie , Universität Bremen , Leobener Strasse 7 (NW2C) , Bremen 28359 , Germany
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Higher Teachers’ Training College , University of Yaounde I. , P. O. Box 47 , Yaoundé , Cameroon
| | - Omonike Ogbole
- Department of Pharmacognosy , University of Ibadan , Ibadan , Nigeria
| | - Pascal Wafo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Higher Teachers’ Training College , University of Yaounde I. , P. O. Box 47 , Yaoundé , Cameroon
| | - F. Uzor Philip
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Nigeria , Nsukka , 410001 Nigeria
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- National Center for Natural Products Research , School of Pharmacy , University of Mississippi , MS 38677 , USA
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Chemistry Department , University of Buea , P. O. Box 63 , Buea , Cameroon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg , Wolfgang-Langenbeck Str. 4 , Halle (Saale) 06120 , Germany
- Department of Informatics and Chemistry , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Technická 5 166 28 , Prague 6 Dejvice , Czech Republic
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research , School of Pharmacy , University of Mississippi , MS 38677 , USA
| | - Peter Spiteller
- Institut für Organische und Analytische Chemie , Universität Bremen , Leobener Strasse 7 (NW2C) , Bremen 28359 , Germany
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Li H, Hu J, Wei H, Solomon PS, Stubbs KA, Chooi YH. Biosynthesis of a Tricyclo[6.2.2.0 2,7 ]dodecane System by a Berberine Bridge Enzyme-Like Aldolase. Chemistry 2019; 25:15062-15066. [PMID: 31553484 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aldol reaction is one of the most fundamental stereocontrolled carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions and is mainly catalyzed by aldolases in nature. Despite the fact that the aldol reaction has been widely proposed to be involved in fungal secondary metabolite biosynthesis, a dedicated aldolase that catalyzes stereoselective aldol reactions has only rarely been reported in fungi. Herein, we activated a cryptic polyketide biosynthetic gene cluster that was upregulated in the fungal wheat pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum during plant infection; this resulted in the production of the phytotoxic stemphyloxin II (1). Through heterologous reconstruction of the biosynthetic pathway and in vitro assay by using cell-free lysate from Aspergillus nidulans, we demonstrated that a berberine bridge enzyme (BBE)-like protein SthB catalyzes an intramolecular aldol reaction to establish the bridged tricyclo[6.2.2.02,7 ]dodecane skeleton in the post-assembly tailoring step. The characterization of SthB as an aldolase enriches the catalytic toolbox of classic reactions and the functional diversities of the BBE superfamily of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Li
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Jinyu Hu
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Haochen Wei
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Peter S Solomon
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Keith A Stubbs
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Yit-Heng Chooi
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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Zeng H, Yin G, Wei Q, Li D, Wang Y, Hu Y, Hu C, Zou Y. Unprecedented [5.5.5.6]Dioxafenestrane Ring Construction in Fungal Insecticidal Sesquiterpene Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haichun Zeng
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthwest University Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Guoping Yin
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthwest University Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Qian Wei
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthwest University Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Dehai Li
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao 266237 China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome BiologySouthwest University Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Youcai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural MedicinesInstitute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
| | - Changhua Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthwest University Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Yi Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthwest University Chongqing 400715 China
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Zeng H, Yin G, Wei Q, Li D, Wang Y, Hu Y, Hu C, Zou Y. Unprecedented [5.5.5.6]Dioxafenestrane Ring Construction in Fungal Insecticidal Sesquiterpene Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:6569-6573. [PMID: 30908782 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fenestranes, a specific class of natural products, contain four fused rings that share a central quaternary carbon atom. The fungal natural product penifulvin A (1) is a potent insecticidal sesquiterpene that features the [5.5.5.6]dioxafenestrane ring. Although the chemical synthesis of 1 has been achieved recently, the enzymes catalysing the cyclization and oxidation of FPP to 1 remain unknown. In this work, we identified a concise pathway that uses only three enzymes to produce 1. A new sesquiterpene cyclase (PeniA) generates the angular triquinane scaffold silphinene (6). A cytochrome P450 (PeniB) and a flavin-dependent monooxygenase (PeniC) catalyse a series of oxidation reactions to transform 6 into 1, including oxidation of the C15 methyl group to a carboxylate moiety, oxidative coupling of the C15 carboxylate and the C1-C2 olefin to form a γ-lactone, and Baeyer-Villiger oxidation to form a δ-lactone. Our results demonstrate the highly concise and efficient ways in which fungal biosynthetic pathways can generate complex sesquiterpene scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichun Zeng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Guoping Yin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qian Wei
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Dehai Li
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Youcai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Changhua Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yi Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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Hu J, Sarrami F, Li H, Zhang G, Stubbs KA, Lacey E, Stewart SG, Karton A, Piggott AM, Chooi YH. Heterologous biosynthesis of elsinochrome A sheds light on the formation of the photosensitive perylenequinone system. Chem Sci 2019; 10:1457-1465. [PMID: 30809363 PMCID: PMC6354827 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02870b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Perylenequinones are a class of aromatic polyketides characterised by a highly conjugated pentacyclic core, which confers them with potent light-induced bioactivities and unique photophysical properties. Despite the biosynthetic gene clusters for the perylenequinones elsinochrome A (1), cercosporin (4) and hypocrellin A (6) being recently identified, key biosynthetic aspects remain elusive. Here, we first expressed the intact elc gene cluster encoding 1 from the wheat pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum heterologously in Aspergillus nidulans on a yeast-fungal artificial chromosome (YFAC). This led to the identification of a novel flavin-dependent monooxygenase, ElcH, responsible for oxidative enolate coupling of a perylenequinone intermediate to the hexacyclic dihydrobenzo(ghi)perylenequinone in 1. In the absence of ElcH, the perylenequione intermediate formed a hexacyclic cyclohepta(ghi)perylenequinone system via an intramolecular aldol reaction resulting in 6 and a novel hypocrellin 12 with opposite helicity to 1. Theoretical calculations supported that 6 and 12 resulted from atropisomerisation upon formation of the 7-membered ring. Using a bottom-up pathway reconstruction approach on a tripartite YFAC system developed in this study, we uncovered that both a berberine bridge enzyme-like oxidase ElcE and a laccase-like multicopper oxidase ElcG are involved in the double coupling of two naphthol intermediates to form the perylenequinone core. Gene swapping with the homologs from the biosynthetic pathway of 4 showed that cognate pairing of the two classes of oxidases is required for the formation of the perylenequinone core, suggesting the involvement of protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Hu
- School of Molecular Sciences , University of Western Australia , Perth , WA 6009 , Australia .
| | - Farzaneh Sarrami
- School of Molecular Sciences , University of Western Australia , Perth , WA 6009 , Australia .
| | - Hang Li
- School of Molecular Sciences , University of Western Australia , Perth , WA 6009 , Australia .
| | - Guozhi Zhang
- School of Molecular Sciences , University of Western Australia , Perth , WA 6009 , Australia .
| | - Keith A Stubbs
- School of Molecular Sciences , University of Western Australia , Perth , WA 6009 , Australia .
| | - Ernest Lacey
- Microbial Screening Technologies , Smithfield , NSW 2164 , Australia
- Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW 2109 , Australia
| | - Scott G Stewart
- School of Molecular Sciences , University of Western Australia , Perth , WA 6009 , Australia .
| | - Amir Karton
- School of Molecular Sciences , University of Western Australia , Perth , WA 6009 , Australia .
| | - Andrew M Piggott
- Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW 2109 , Australia
| | - Yit-Heng Chooi
- School of Molecular Sciences , University of Western Australia , Perth , WA 6009 , Australia .
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Rakshith D, Santosh P, Pradeep TP, Gurudatt DM, Baker S, Yashavantha Rao HC, Pasha A, Satish S. Application of Bioassay-Guided Fractionation Coupled with a Molecular Approach for the Dereplication of Antimicrobial Metabolites. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3188-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Lin TS, Chiang YM, Wang CCC. Biosynthetic Pathway of the Reduced Polyketide Product Citreoviridin in Aspergillus terreus var. aureus Revealed by Heterologous Expression in Aspergillus nidulans. Org Lett 2016; 18:1366-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Shyang Lin
- Department
of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Yi-Ming Chiang
- Department
of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department
of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan
| | - Clay C. C. Wang
- Department
of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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