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Ao Q, Zhang HJ, Zheng J, Chen X, Zhai H. Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (+)-Mannolide C. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21267-21271. [PMID: 34312950 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
(+)-Mannolide C is a complex hexacyclic C20 cephalotane-type diterpenoid featuring a highly strained 7/6/6/5 tetracyclic core containing eight consecutive stereocenters and two bridging lactones. The first asymmetric total synthesis of (+)-mannolide C has been accomplished by lipase-mediated resolution, Ru-complex-catalyzed double ring-closing metathesis (RCM) reactions, NiII -catalyzed diastereoselective Michael addition, and MnIII -catalyzed allylic oxidation as the key transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Ao
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hai-Jun Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jinbin Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hongbin Zhai
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300071, China
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2
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Ao Q, Zhang H, Zheng J, Chen X, Zhai H. Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (+)‐Mannolide C. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Ao
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Hai‐Jun Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Jinbin Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Hongbin Zhai
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University Shenzhen 518055 China
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine Shenzhen Polytechnic Shenzhen 518055 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300071 China
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3
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Chow S, Krainz T, Bettencourt CJ, Broit N, Ferguson B, Zhu M, Hull KG, Pierens GK, Bernhardt PV, Parsons PG, Romo D, Boyle GM, Williams CM. Synthetic Tigliane Intermediates Engage Thiols to Induce Potent Cell Line Selective Anti‐Cancer Activity. Chemistry 2020; 26:13372-13377. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Chow
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Queensland Australia
| | - Tanja Krainz
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Queensland Australia
| | - Christian J. Bettencourt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Queensland Australia
| | - Natasa Broit
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute PO Royal Brisbane Hospital Brisbane 4029 Queensland Australia
| | - Blake Ferguson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute PO Royal Brisbane Hospital Brisbane 4029 Queensland Australia
| | - Mingzhao Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry CPRIT Synthesis and Drug-Lead Discovery Laboratory) Baylor University 76798 Waco Texas USA
| | - Kenneth G. Hull
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry CPRIT Synthesis and Drug-Lead Discovery Laboratory) Baylor University 76798 Waco Texas USA
| | - Gregory K. Pierens
- Centre for Advanced Imaging The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Queensland Australia
| | - Paul V. Bernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Queensland Australia
| | - Peter G. Parsons
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute PO Royal Brisbane Hospital Brisbane 4029 Queensland Australia
| | - Daniel Romo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry CPRIT Synthesis and Drug-Lead Discovery Laboratory) Baylor University 76798 Waco Texas USA
| | - Glen M. Boyle
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute PO Royal Brisbane Hospital Brisbane 4029 Queensland Australia
| | - Craig M. Williams
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Queensland Australia
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4
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Zhang J, Liu M, Wu C, Zhao G, Chen P, Zhou L, Xie X, Fang R, Li H, She X. Total Synthesis of (−)‐Pepluanol B: Conformational Control of the Eight‐Membered‐Ring System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University 222 South Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Meng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University 222 South Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Chuanhua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University 222 South Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Gaoyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University 222 South Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Peiqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University 222 South Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University 222 South Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Xingang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University 222 South Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Ran Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University 222 South Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Huilin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University 222 South Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Xuegong She
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University 222 South Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
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5
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Zhang J, Liu M, Wu C, Zhao G, Chen P, Zhou L, Xie X, Fang R, Li H, She X. Total Synthesis of (−)‐Pepluanol B: Conformational Control of the Eight‐Membered‐Ring System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:3966-3970. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University 222 South Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Meng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University 222 South Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Chuanhua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University 222 South Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Gaoyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University 222 South Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Peiqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University 222 South Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University 222 South Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Xingang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University 222 South Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Ran Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University 222 South Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Huilin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University 222 South Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Xuegong She
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University 222 South Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
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6
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Chen C, Liu R. Gold‐catalyzed [4+2] Annulations of Dienes with Nitrosoarenes as 4 π Donors: Nitroso‐Povarov Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9831-9835. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ching‐Nung Chen
- Frontier Research Centers on Fundamental and Applied Science of Matters and Department of ChemistryNational Tsing-Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Rai‐Shung Liu
- Frontier Research Centers on Fundamental and Applied Science of Matters and Department of ChemistryNational Tsing-Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
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7
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Chen C, Liu R. Gold‐catalyzed [4+2] Annulations of Dienes with Nitrosoarenes as 4 π Donors: Nitroso‐Povarov Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201903615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ching‐Nung Chen
- Frontier Research Centers on Fundamental and Applied Science of Matters and Department of ChemistryNational Tsing-Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Rai‐Shung Liu
- Frontier Research Centers on Fundamental and Applied Science of Matters and Department of ChemistryNational Tsing-Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
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Xuan J, Liu Z, Zhu A, Rao P, Yu L, Ding H. Diastereoselective Total Synthesis of the Euphorbia
Diterpenoid Pepluanol A: A Reductive Annulation Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xuan
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Zhaobo Liu
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - An Zhu
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Peirong Rao
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Lei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou 225002 China
| | - Hanfeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
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9
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Xuan J, Liu Z, Zhu A, Rao P, Yu L, Ding H. Diastereoselective Total Synthesis of the Euphorbia
Diterpenoid Pepluanol A: A Reductive Annulation Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:8898-8901. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xuan
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Zhaobo Liu
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - An Zhu
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Peirong Rao
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Lei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou 225002 China
| | - Hanfeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
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10
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Cheng H, Zhang Z, Yao H, Zhang W, Yu J, Tong R. Unified Asymmetric Total Syntheses of (−)-Alotaketals A-D and (−)-Phorbaketal A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon HK China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon HK China
| | - Hongliang Yao
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon HK China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon HK China
| | - Jingxun Yu
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon HK China
| | - Rongbiao Tong
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon HK China
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11
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Cheng H, Zhang Z, Yao H, Zhang W, Yu J, Tong R. Unified Asymmetric Total Syntheses of (−)-Alotaketals A-D and (−)-Phorbaketal A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:9096-9100. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon HK China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon HK China
| | - Hongliang Yao
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon HK China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon HK China
| | - Jingxun Yu
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon HK China
| | - Rongbiao Tong
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon HK China
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12
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Zhang W, Yao H, Yu J, Zhang Z, Tong R. Total Syntheses of Sesterterpenoid Ansellones A and B, and Phorbadione. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:4787-4791. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay, Kowloon HK China
| | - Hongliang Yao
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay, Kowloon HK China
| | - Jingxun Yu
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay, Kowloon HK China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay, Kowloon HK China
| | - Rongbiao Tong
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay, Kowloon HK China
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Zhang W, Yao H, Yu J, Zhang Z, Tong R. Total Syntheses of Sesterterpenoid Ansellones A and B, and Phorbadione. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay, Kowloon HK China
| | - Hongliang Yao
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay, Kowloon HK China
| | - Jingxun Yu
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay, Kowloon HK China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay, Kowloon HK China
| | - Rongbiao Tong
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay, Kowloon HK China
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Yuan C, Jin Y, Wilde NC, Baran PS. Short, Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Highly Oxidized Taxanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:8280-4. [PMID: 27240325 PMCID: PMC4972021 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In the realm of natural product chemistry, few isolates have risen to the level of fame justifiably accorded to Taxol (1) and its chemical siblings. This report describes the most concise route to date for accessing the highly oxidized members of this family. As representative members of taxanes containing five oxygen atoms, decinnamoyltaxinine E (2) and taxabaccatin III (3), have succumbed to enantioselective total synthesis for the first time in only 18 steps from a simple olefin starting material. The strategy holistically mimics nature's approach (two-phase synthesis) and features a carefully choreographed sequence of stereoselective oxidations and a remarkable redox-isomerization to set the key trans-diol present in 2 and 3. This work lays the critical groundwork necessary to access even higher oxidized taxanes such as 1 in a more practical fashion, thus empowering a medicinal chemistry campaign that is not wedded to semi-synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxia Yuan
- Dept of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yehua Jin
- Dept of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nathan C Wilde
- Dept of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Phil S Baran
- Dept of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Yuan C, Jin Y, Wilde NC, Baran PS. Short, Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Highly Oxidized Taxanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changxia Yuan
- Dept of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Yehua Jin
- Dept of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Nathan C. Wilde
- Dept of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Dept of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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