1
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Wloka T, Gottschaldt M, Schubert US. From Light to Structure: Photo Initiators for Radical Two-Photon Polymerization. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104191. [PMID: 35202499 PMCID: PMC9324900 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon polymerization (2PP) represents a powerful technique for the fabrication of precise three-dimensional structures on a micro- and nanometer scale for various applications. While many review articles are focusing on the used polymeric materials and their application in 2PP, in this review the class of two-photon photo initiators (2PI) used for radical polymerization is discussed in detail. Because the demand for highly efficient 2PI has increased in the last decades, different approaches in designing new efficient 2PIs occurred. This review summarizes the 2PIs known in literature and discusses their absorption behavior under one- and two-photon absorption (2PA) conditions, their two-photon cross sections (σTPA ) as well as their efficiency under 2PP conditions. Here, the photo initiators are grouped depending on their chromophore system (D-π-A-π-D, D-π-D, etc.). Their polymerization efficiencies are evaluated by fabrication windows (FW) depending on different laser intensities and writing speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wloka
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Gottschaldt
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
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2
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Molle E, Le D, Norizadeh Abbariki T, Akdemir MS, Takamiya M, Miceli E, Kassel O, Delaittre G. Access to Photoreactive Core‐Shell Nanomaterials by Photoinitiated Polymerization‐Induced Self‐Assembly. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Molle
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76244 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Dao Le
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76244 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Tannaz Norizadeh Abbariki
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76244 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Meryem S. Akdemir
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76244 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Masanari Takamiya
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76244 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Enrico Miceli
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76244 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Olivier Kassel
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76244 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Guillaume Delaittre
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76244 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute for Applied Polymer ChemistryUniversity of Applied Sciences Aachen Heinrich-Mussmann-Strasse 1 52428 Jülich Germany
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West (DTNW) gGmbH Adlerstrasse 1 47798 Krefeld Germany
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3
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Barner-Kowollik C, Bastmeyer M, Blasco E, Delaittre G, Müller P, Richter B, Wegener M. 3D Laser Micro- and Nanoprinting: Challenges for Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15828-15845. [PMID: 28580704 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
3D printing is a powerful emerging technology for the tailored fabrication of advanced functional materials. This Review summarizes the state-of-the art with regard to 3D laser micro- and nanoprinting and explores the chemical challenges limiting its full exploitation: from the development of advanced functional materials for applications in cell biology and electronics to the chemical barriers that need to be overcome to enable fast writing velocities with resolution below the diffraction limit. We further explore chemical means to enable direct laser writing of multiple materials in one resist by highly wavelength selective (λ-orthogonal) photochemical processes. Finally, chemical processes to construct adaptive 3D written structures that are able to respond to external stimuli, such as light, heat, pH value, or specific molecules, are highlighted, and advanced concepts for degradable scaffolds are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, QUT, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.,Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, ITCP, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Engesserstrasse 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, IBG, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Zoological Institute, Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Functional Interfaces, IFG, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Eva Blasco
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, ITCP, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Engesserstrasse 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, IBG, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Guillaume Delaittre
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, ITCP, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Engesserstrasse 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, IBG, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, ITG, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- Institute of Applied Physics, APH, Karlsruhe, Institute of Technology, KIT, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology, INT, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Richter
- Nanoscribe GmbH, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics, APH, Karlsruhe, Institute of Technology, KIT, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology, INT, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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4
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Barner-Kowollik C, Bastmeyer M, Blasco E, Delaittre G, Müller P, Richter B, Wegener M. 3D-Laser-Mikro-Nanodruck: Herausforderungen für die Chemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Queensland University of Technology, QUT; 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4001 Australien
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, ITCP; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Engesserstraße 18 76128 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, IBG; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Zoologisches Institut, Zell- und Neurobiologie; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Fritz-Haber-Weg 4 76128 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für funktionelle Grenzflächen, IFG; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Eva Blasco
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, ITCP; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Engesserstraße 18 76128 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, IBG; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Guillaume Delaittre
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, ITCP; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Engesserstraße 18 76128 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, IBG; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
- Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, ITG; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Patrick Müller
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, APH; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; 76128 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, INT; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Benjamin Richter
- Nanoscribe GmbH; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, APH; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; 76128 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, INT; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
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5
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Zieger MM, Mueller P, Quick AS, Wegener M, Barner-Kowollik C. Cleaving Direct-Laser-Written Microstructures on Demand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:5625-5629. [PMID: 28407401 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Using an advanced functional photoresist we introduce direct-laser-written (DLW) 3D microstructures capable of complete degradation on demand. The networks consist exclusively of reversible bonds, formed by irradiation of a phenacyl sulfide linker, giving disulfide bonds in a radical-free step-growth polymerization via a reactive thioaldehyde. The bond formation was verified in solution by ESI-MS. To induce cleavage, dithiothreitol causes a thiol-disulfide exchange, erasing the written structure. The mild cleavage of the disulfide network is highly orthogonal to other, for example, acrylate-based DLW structures. To emphasize this aspect, DLW structures were prepared incorporating reversible structural elements into a non-reversible acrylate-based standard scaffold, confirming subsequent selective cleavage. The high lateral resolution achievable was verified by the preparation of well-defined line gratings with line separations of down to 300 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M Zieger
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Patrick Mueller
- Institute of Applied Physics and Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Alexander S Quick
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics and Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St., QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia
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6
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Zieger MM, Mueller P, Quick AS, Wegener M, Barner-Kowollik C. Gezielte Spaltung von durch direktes Laserschreiben hergestellten Mikrostrukturen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus M. Zieger
- Präparative Makromolekulare Chemie; Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG); Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Patrick Mueller
- Institut für Angewandte Physik und Institut für Nanotechnologie; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Nanotechnologie (INT); Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Alexander S. Quick
- Präparative Makromolekulare Chemie; Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institut für Angewandte Physik und Institut für Nanotechnologie; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Nanotechnologie (INT); Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Präparative Makromolekulare Chemie; Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG); Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Queensland University of Technology (QUT); 2 George St. QLD 4000 Brisbane Australien
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7
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Wu S, Blinco JP, Barner-Kowollik C. Near-Infrared Photoinduced Reactions Assisted by Upconverting Nanoparticles. Chemistry 2017; 23:8325-8332. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Si Wu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Queensland University of Technology (QUT); 2 George St. Brisbane QLD 4001 Australia
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry; Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstr. 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Queensland University of Technology (QUT); 2 George St. Brisbane QLD 4001 Australia
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry; Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstr. 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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8
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Tigges T, Walther A. Hierarchical Self-Assembly of 3D-Printed Lock-and-Key Colloids through Shape Recognition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11261-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tigges
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials; Forckenbeckstrasse 50 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials; Forckenbeckstrasse 50 52074 Aachen Germany
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9
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Tigges T, Walther A. Hierarchische Selbstassemblierung dreidimensional gedruckter Schlüssel/Schloss-Kolloide durch Formerkennung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tigges
- DWI - Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien e.V.; Forckenbeckstraße 50 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Andreas Walther
- DWI - Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien e.V.; Forckenbeckstraße 50 52074 Aachen Deutschland
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