1
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Vaddamanu M, Sathyanarayana A, Masaya Y, Sugiyama S, Kazuhisa O, Velappan K, Nandeshwar M, Hisano K, Tsutsumi O, Prabusankar G. Acridine N-Heterocyclic Carbene Gold(I) Compounds: Tuning from Yellow to Blue Luminescence. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:521-529. [PMID: 33442961 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202001380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and the luminescence features of three gold(I)-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes are presented to study how the n-alkyl group can influence the luminescence properties in the crystalline state. The mononuclear gold(I)-NHC complexes, [(L1 )Au(Cl)] (1), [(L2 )Au(Cl)] (2), and [(L3 )Au(Cl)] (3) were isolated from the reactions between [(tht)AuCl] and corresponding NHC ligand precursors, [N-(9-acridinyl)-N'-(n-butyl)-imidazolium chloride, (L1 .HCl)], [N-(9-acridinyl)-N'-(n-pentyl)-imidazolium chloride, (L2 .HCl)] and [N-(9-acridinyl)-N'-(n-hexyl)-imidazolium chloride, (L3 .HCl)]. Their single-crystal X-ray analysis reveals the influence of the n-alkyl groups on solid-state packing. A comparison of the luminescence features of 1-3 with n-alkyl substituents is explored. The molecules 1-3 depicted blue emission in the solution state, while the yellow emission (for 1), greenish-yellow emission (for 2), and blue emission (for 3) in the crystalline phase. This paradigm emission shift arises from n-butyl to n-pentyl and n-hexyl in the crystalline state due to the carbon-carbon rotation of the n-alkyl group, which tends to promote unusual solid packing. Hence n-alkyl group adds a novel emission property in the crystalline state. Density Functional Theory and Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory calculations were carried out for monomeric complex, N-(9-acridinyl)-N'-(n-heptyl)imidazole-2-ylidene gold(I) chloride and dimeric complex, N-(9-acridinyl)-N'-(n-heptyl)imidazole-2-ylidene gold(I) chloride to understand the structural and electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moulali Vaddamanu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, TS, 502285, India
| | - Arruri Sathyanarayana
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yamane Masaya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shohei Sugiyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Ozaki Kazuhisa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
| | | | - Muneshwar Nandeshwar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, TS, 502285, India
| | - Kyohei Hisano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Osamu Tsutsumi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Ganesan Prabusankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, TS, 502285, India
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2
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Evans KJ, Mansell SM. Functionalised N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands in Bimetallic Architectures. Chemistry 2020; 26:5927-5941. [PMID: 31981386 PMCID: PMC7317719 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have become immensely successful ligands in coordination chemistry and homogeneous catalysis due to their strong terminal σ-donor properties. However, by targeting NHC ligands with additional functionalisation, a new area of NHC coordination chemistry has developed that has enabled NHCs to be used to build up bimetallic and multimetallic architectures. This minireview covers the development of functionalised NHC ligands that incorporate additional donor sites in order to coordinate two or more metal atoms. This can be through the N-atom of the NHC ring, through a donor group attached to the N-atom or the carbon backbone, coordination of the π-bond or an annulated π-donor on the backbone, or through direct metalation of the backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieren J. Evans
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt UniversityEdinburghEH14 4ASUK
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3
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Olaru M, Kögel JF, Aoki R, Sakamoto R, Nishihara H, Lork E, Mebs S, Vogt M, Beckmann J. Tri- and Tetranuclear Metal-String Complexes with Metallophilic d 10 -d 10 Interactions. Chemistry 2020; 26:275-284. [PMID: 31584732 PMCID: PMC6972983 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of 2,6-F2 C6 H3 SiMe3 with Ph2 PLi provided 2,6-(Ph2 P)2 C6 H3 SiMe3 (1), which can be regarded as precursor for the novel anionic tridentate ligand [2,6-(Ph2 P)2 C6 H3 ]- (PCP)- . The reaction of 1 with [AuCl(tht)] (tht=tetrahydrothiophene) afforded 2,6-(Ph2 PAuCl)2 C6 H3 SiMe3 (2). The subsequent reaction of 2 with CsF proceeded with elimination of Me3 SiF and yielded the neutral tetranuclear complex linear-[Au4 Cl2 (PCP)2 ] (3) comprising a string-like arrangement of four Au atoms. Upon chloride abstraction from 3 with NaBArF 4 (ArF =3,5-(CF3 )2 C6 H3 ) in the presence of tht, the formation of the dicationic tetranuclear complex linear-[Au4 (PCP)2 (tht)2 ](BArF 4 )2 (4) was observed, in which the string-like structural motif is retained. Irradiation of 4 with UV light triggered a facile rearrangement in solution giving rise to the dicationic tetranuclear complex cyclo-[Au4 (PCP)2 (tht)2 ](BArF 4 ) (5), which comprises a rhomboidal motif of four Au atoms. In 3-5, the Au atoms are associated by a number of significant aurophilic interactions. The atom-economic and selective reaction of 3 with HgCl2 yielded the neutral trinuclear bimetallic complex [HgAu2 Cl3 (PCP)] (6) comprising significant metallophilic interactions between the Au and Hg atoms. Therefore, 6 may be also regarded as a metallopincer complex [ClHg(AuCAu)] between HgII and the anionic tridentate ligand [2,6-(Ph2 PAuCl)2 C6 H3 ]- (AuCAu)- containing a central carbanionic binding site and two "gold-arms" contributing pincer-type chelation trough metallophilic interactions. Compounds 1-6 were characterized experimentally by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography and computationally using a set of real-space bond indicators (RSBIs) derived from electron density (ED) methods including Atoms In Molecules (AIM), the Electron Localizability Indicator (ELI-D) as well as the Non-Covalent Interaction (NCI) Index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Olaru
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität BremenLeobener Strasse 728359BremenGermany
| | - Julius F. Kögel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität BremenLeobener Strasse 728359BremenGermany
| | - Risa Aoki
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceThe University of Tokyo7-3-1, HongoBunkyo-kuTokyo113-0033Japan
| | - Ryota Sakamoto
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceThe University of Tokyo7-3-1, HongoBunkyo-kuTokyo113-0033Japan
- JST-PRESTO4-1-8, Honcho, KawaguchiSaitama332-0012Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceThe University of Tokyo7-3-1, HongoBunkyo-kuTokyo113-0033Japan
| | - Enno Lork
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität BremenLeobener Strasse 728359BremenGermany
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für ExperimentalphysikFreie Universität BerlinArnimallee 1414195BerlinGermany
| | - Matthias Vogt
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität BremenLeobener Strasse 728359BremenGermany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität BremenLeobener Strasse 728359BremenGermany
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4
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Singh AK, Usman M, Sciortino G, Garribba E, Rath SP. Through‐Space Spin Coupling in a Silver(II) Porphyrin Dimer upon Stepwise Oxidations: Ag
II
⋅⋅⋅Ag
II
, Ag
II
⋅⋅⋅Ag
III
, and Ag
III
⋅⋅⋅Ag
III
Metallophilic Interactions. Chemistry 2019; 25:10098-10110. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Kumar Singh
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Mohammad Usman
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Giuseppe Sciortino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e FarmaciaUniversità di Sassari Via Vienna 2 07100 Sassari Italy
- Departament de QuímicaUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés Barcelona Spain
| | - Eugenio Garribba
- Dipartimento di Chimica e FarmaciaUniversità di Sassari Via Vienna 2 07100 Sassari Italy
| | - Sankar Prasad Rath
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
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5
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Kaub C, Lebedkin S, Li A, Kruppa SV, Strebert PH, Kappes MM, Riehn C, Roesky PW. Bimetallic d 10 -Metal Complexes of a Bipyridine Substituted N-Heterocyclic Carbene. Chemistry 2018; 24:6094-6104. [PMID: 29377298 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hybrid ligand 3-(2,2'-bipyridine-6-ylmethyl)-1-mesityl-1H-imidazolylidene (NHCBipy ) featuring both carbene and N-donor sites, was selectively complexed with various d10 metal cations in order to examine its coordination behavior with regard to homo and heterometallic structures. Respective silver complexes can be obtained by the silver oxide route and are suitable transmetallation reagents for the synthesis of gold(I) compounds. Starting from the mononuclear complexes [(NHCBipy )AuCl], [(NHCBipy )Au(C6 F5 )] and [(NHCBipy )2 Au][ClO4 ], open-chain as well as cyclic heterobimetallic complexes containing Cu+ , Ag+ , Zn2+ , Cd2+ , and Hg2+ were synthesized. Furthermore, the homobimetallic species [(NHCBipy )2 M2 ][ClO4 ]2 (M=Cu, Ag) were obtained. All bimetallic compounds were fully characterized including single-crystal X-ray analysis. Their photoluminescence (PL) properties were investigated in the solid state at temperatures between 15 and 295 K and compared with those of the mononuclear species. There is a clear difference in PL properties between the open chain and the cyclic heterobimetallic complexes. The latter species show different PL properties, depending on the metals involved. In addition, collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments were performed on electrosprayed cations of the cyclic heterobimetallic compounds, to compare the metal binding at the carbene and N-donor sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kaub
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technologie (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sergei Lebedkin
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Alina Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sebastian V Kruppa
- Department of Chemistry, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 52-54, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Patrick H Strebert
- Department of Chemistry, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 52-54, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christoph Riehn
- Department of Chemistry, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 52-54, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.,Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 46, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technologie (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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6
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Elie M, Weber MD, Di Meo F, Sguerra F, Lohier J, Pansu RB, Renaud J, Hamel M, Linares M, Costa RD, Gaillard S. Role of the Bridging Group in Bis‐Pyridyl Ligands: Enhancing Both the Photo‐ and Electroluminescent Features of Cationic (IPr)Cu
I
Complexes. Chemistry 2017; 23:16328-16337. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Elie
- Normandie University LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS 14000 Caen France
| | - Michael D. Weber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Florent Di Meo
- INSERM UMR 850 Univ. Limoges, Faculty of Pharmacy 2 rue du Dr. Marcland 87025 Limoges France
| | - Fabien Sguerra
- CEA, LIST Laboratoire Capteurs et Architectures Électroniques 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | | | - Robert B. Pansu
- PPSM, CNRS, UMR8531 & Inst. d'Alembert FR3242, ENS Cachan Paris Saclay University France
| | - Jean‐Luc Renaud
- Normandie University LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS 14000 Caen France
| | - Matthieu Hamel
- CEA, LIST Laboratoire Capteurs et Architectures Électroniques 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Mathieu Linares
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology KTH Royal Institute of Technology 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
- Swedish e-Science Research Centre KTH Royal Institute of Technology 104 50 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Rubén D. Costa
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- IMDEA Materials C/ Eric Kandel 2, Tecnogetafe 28906 Getafe, Madrid Spain
| | - Sylvain Gaillard
- Normandie University LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS 14000 Caen France
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7
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Ren X, Gourlaouen C, Wesolek M, Braunstein P. Tritopic NHC Precursors: Unusual Nickel Reactivity and Ethylene Insertion into a C(sp 3 )-H Bond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12557-12560. [PMID: 28758718 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The imidazolium chloride [C3 H3 N(C3 H6 NMe2 )N{C(Me)(=NDipp)}]Cl (1; Dipp=2,6-diisopropyl phenyl), a potential precursor to a tritopic Nimine CNHC Namine pincer-type ligand, reacted with [Ni(cod)2 ] to give the NiI -NiI complex 2, which contains a rare cod-derived η3 -allyl-type bridging ligand. The implied intermediate formation of a nickel hydride through oxidative addition of the imidazolium C-H bond did not occur with the symmetrical imidazolium chloride [C3 H3 N2 {C(Me)(=NDipp)}2 ]Cl (3). Instead, a Ni-C(sp3 ) bond was formed, leading to the neutral Nimine CHNimine pincer-type complex Ni[C3 H3 N2 {C(Me)(=NDipp)}2 ]Cl (4). Theoretical studies showed that this highly unusual feature in nickel NHC chemistry is due to steric constraints induced by the N substituents, which prevent Ni-H bond formation. Remarkably, ethylene inserted into the C(sp3 )-H bond of 4 without nickel hydride formation, thus suggesting new pathways for the alkylation of non-activated C-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Ren
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, Institut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Gourlaouen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Institut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Marcel Wesolek
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, Institut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Braunstein
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, Institut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081, Strasbourg Cedex, France
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8
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Ren X, Gourlaouen C, Wesolek M, Braunstein P. Tritopic NHC Precursors: Unusual Nickel Reactivity and Ethylene Insertion into a C(sp
3
)–H Bond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Ren
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination Institut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS) Université de Strasbourg 4 rue Blaise Pascal 67081 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - Christophe Gourlaouen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique Institut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS) Université de Strasbourg 4 rue Blaise Pascal 67081 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - Marcel Wesolek
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination Institut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS) Université de Strasbourg 4 rue Blaise Pascal 67081 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - Pierre Braunstein
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination Institut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS) Université de Strasbourg 4 rue Blaise Pascal 67081 Strasbourg Cedex France
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9
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Smirnova ES, Muñoz Molina JM, Johnson A, Bandeira NAG, Bo C, Echavarren AM. Polynuclear Gold [Au(I) ]4 , [Au(I) ]8 , and Bimetallic [Au(I) 4 Ag(I) ] Complexes: C-H Functionalization of Carbonyl Compounds and Homogeneous Carbonylation of Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7487-91. [PMID: 27167611 PMCID: PMC5053296 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201603200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of tetranuclear gold complexes, a structurally unprecedented octanuclear complex with a planar [Au(I) 8 ] core, and pentanuclear [Au(I) 4 M(I) ] (M=Cu, Ag) complexes is presented. The linear [Au(I) 4 ] complex undergoes C-H functionalization of carbonyl compounds under mild reaction conditions. In addition, [Au(I) 4 Ag(I) ] catalyzes the carbonylation of primary amines to form ureas under homogeneous conditions with efficiencies higher than those achieved by gold nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina S Smirnova
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - José M Muñoz Molina
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Alice Johnson
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Nuno A G Bandeira
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Carles Bo
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antonio M Echavarren
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
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10
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Smirnova ES, Muñoz Molina JM, Johnson A, Bandeira NAG, Bo C, Echavarren AM. Polynuclear Gold [AuI
]4
, [AuI
]8
, and Bimetallic [AuI
4
AgI
] Complexes: C−H Functionalization of Carbonyl Compounds and Homogeneous Carbonylation of Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201603200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina S. Smirnova
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - José M. Muñoz Molina
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Alice Johnson
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Nuno A. G. Bandeira
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Carles Bo
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Antonio M. Echavarren
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; 43007 Tarragona Spain
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