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Jana J, Weisz K. Thermodynamic Stability of G-Quadruplexes: Impact of Sequence and Environment. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2848-2856. [PMID: 33844423 PMCID: PMC8518667 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
G-quadruplexes have attracted growing interest in recent years due to their occurrence in vivo and their possible biological functions. In addition to being promising targets for drug design, these four-stranded nucleic acid structures have also been recognized as versatile tools for various technological applications. Whereas a large number of studies have yielded insight into their remarkable structural diversity, our current knowledge on G-quadruplex stabilities as a function of sequence and environmental factors only gradually emerges with an expanding collection of thermodynamic data. This minireview provides an overview of general rules that may be used to better evaluate quadruplex thermodynamic stabilities but also discusses present challenges in predicting most stable folds for a given sequence and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagannath Jana
- Institute of BiochemistryUniversität GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff Str. 417489GreifswaldGermany
| | - Klaus Weisz
- Institute of BiochemistryUniversität GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff Str. 417489GreifswaldGermany
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Marchand A, Czar MF, Eggel EN, Kaeslin J, Zenobi R. Studying biomolecular folding and binding using temperature-jump mass spectrometry. Nat Commun 2020; 11:566. [PMID: 31992698 PMCID: PMC6987177 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterizing folding and complex formation of biomolecules provides a view into their thermodynamics, kinetics and folding pathways. Deciphering kinetic intermediates is particularly important because they can often be targeted by drugs. The key advantage of native mass spectrometry over conventional methods that monitor a single observable is its ability to identify and quantify coexisting species. Here, we show the design of a temperature-jump electrospray source for mass spectrometry that allows one to perform fast kinetics experiments (0.16-32 s) at different temperatures (10-90 °C). The setup allows recording of both folding and unfolding kinetics by using temperature jumps from high to low, and low to high, temperatures. Six biological systems, ranging from peptides to proteins to DNA complexes, exemplify the use of this device. Using temperature-dependent experiments, the folding and unfolding of a DNA triplex are studied, providing detailed information on its thermodynamics and kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Marchand
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin F Czar
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elija N Eggel
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Kaeslin
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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3
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Ma G, Yu Z, Zhou W, Li Y, Fan L, Li X. Investigation of Na+ and K+ Competitively Binding with a G-Quadruplex and Discovery of a Stable K+–Na+-Quadruplex. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:5405-5411. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b02823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ge Ma
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ze Yu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yunchao Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Louzhen Fan
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Marchand A, Rosu F, Zenobi R, Gabelica V. Thermal Denaturation of DNA G-Quadruplexes and Their Complexes with Ligands: Thermodynamic Analysis of the Multiple States Revealed by Mass Spectrometry. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:12553-12565. [PMID: 30183275 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b07302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Designing ligands targeting G-quadruplex nucleic acid structures and affecting cellular processes is complicated because there are multiple target sequences and some are polymorphic. Further, structure alone does not reveal the driving forces for ligand binding. To know why a ligand binds, the thermodynamics of binding must be characterized. Electrospray mass spectrometry enables one to detect and quantify each specific stoichiometry (number of strands, cations, and ligands) and thus to simultaneously determine the equilibrium constants for each complex. Using a temperature-controlled nanoelectrospray source, we determined the temperature dependence of the equilibrium constants, and thus the enthalpic and entropic contributions to the formation of each stoichiometry. Enthalpy drives the formation of each quartet-K+-quartet unit, whereas entropy drives the formation of quartet-K+-triplet units. Consequently, slip-stranded structures can become more abundant as the temperature increases. In the presence of ligands (Phen-DC3, TrisQ, TMPyP4, Cu-ttpy), we observed that, even when only a 1:1 (ligand/quadruplex) complex is observed at room temperature, new states are populated at intermediate temperatures, including 2:1 complexes. In most cases, ligand-G4-quadruplex binding is entropically driven, and we discuss that this may have resulted from biases when ranking ligand potency using melting experiments. Other thermodynamic profiles could be linked to topology changes in terms of number of G-quartets (reflected in the number of specific K+ ions in the complex). The thermodynamics of ligand binding to each form, one ligand at a time, provides unprecedented detail on the interplay between ligand binding and topology changes in terms of number of G-quartets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Marchand
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zurich , CH-8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Rosu
- Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, ARNA Laboratory, IECB, F-33600 Pessac , France
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zurich , CH-8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Valérie Gabelica
- Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, ARNA Laboratory, IECB, F-33600 Pessac , France
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5
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Tucker BA, Hudson JS, Ding L, Lewis E, Sheardy RD, Kharlampieva E, Graves D. Stability of the Na + Form of the Human Telomeric G-Quadruplex: Role of Adenines in Stabilizing G-Quadruplex Structure. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:844-855. [PMID: 30023791 PMCID: PMC6045420 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
G-quadruplexes are higher order DNA structures that play significant roles in gene transcription and telomeric maintenance. The formation and stability of the G-quadruplex structures are under thermodynamic control and may be of biological significance for regulatory function of cellular processes. Here, we report the structural influence and energetic contributions of the adenine bases in the loop sequences that flank G-repeats in human telomeric DNA sequence. Spectroscopic and calorimetric techniques are used to measure the thermal stability and thermodynamic contributions to the stability of human telomeric G-quadruplexes that have been designed with systematic changes of A to T throughout the telomeric sequence. These studies demonstrate that the thermal stability of the G-quadruplex structure is directly related to the number and position of the adenines that are present in the telomeric sequence. The melting temperature (Tm) was reduced from 59 °C for the wild-type sequence to 47 °C for the sequence where all four adenines were replaced with thymines (0123TTT). Furthermore, the enthalpy required for transitioning from the folded to unfolded G-quadruplex structure was reduced by 15 kcal/mol when the adenines were replaced with thymines (37 kcal/mol for the wild-type telomeric sequence reduced to 22 kcal/mol for the sequence where all four adenines were replaced with thymines (0123TTT)). The circular dichroism melting studies for G-quadruplex sequences having a single A to T change showed significantly sloping pretransition baselines and their differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms revealed biphasic melting profiles. In contrast, the deoxyoligonucleotides having sequences with two or more A to T changes did not exhibit sloping baselines or biphasic DSC thermograms. We attribute the biphasic unfolding profile and reduction in the enthalpy of unfolding to the energetic contributions of adenine hydrogen bonding within the loops as well as the adenine stacking to the G-tetrads of the G-quadruplex structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna A. Tucker
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Jason S. Hudson
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Lei Ding
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Edwin Lewis
- Department
of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, Mississippi
State 39762, United
States
| | - Richard D. Sheardy
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Women’s
University, Denton, Texas 782042, United States
| | - Eugenia Kharlampieva
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - David Graves
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
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Bonnat L, Bar L, Génnaro B, Bonnet H, Jarjayes O, Thomas F, Dejeu J, Defrancq E, Lavergne T. Template-Mediated Stabilization of a DNA G-Quadruplex formed in the HIV-1 Promoter and Comparative Binding Studies. Chemistry 2017; 23:5602-5613. [PMID: 28264144 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
G-rich DNA oligonucleotides derived from the promoter region of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) were assembled onto an addressable cyclopeptide platform through sequential oxime ligation, a thiol-iodoacetamide SN2 reaction, and copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions. The resulting conjugate was shown to fold into a highly stable antiparallel G4 architecture as demonstrated by UV, circular dichroism (CD), and NMR spectroscopic analysis. The binding affinities of six state-of-the-art G4-binding ligands toward the HIV-G4 structure were compared to those obtained with a telomeric G4 structure and a hairpin structure. Surface plasmon resonance binding analysis provides new insights into the binding mode of broadly exploited G4 chemical probes and further suggests that potent and selective recognition of viral G4 structures of functional significance might be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laureen Bonnat
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM UMR-5250, 38000, Grenoble, France.,Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DPM UMR-5063, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Laure Bar
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM UMR-5250, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Béatrice Génnaro
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM UMR-5250, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Hugues Bonnet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM UMR-5250, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Jarjayes
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM UMR-5250, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Fabrice Thomas
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM UMR-5250, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Jérôme Dejeu
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM UMR-5250, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Defrancq
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM UMR-5250, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Lavergne
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM UMR-5250, 38000, Grenoble, France
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