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Tang X, Chen W, Yi X, Liu Z, Xiao Y, Chen Z, Zheng A. In Situ Observation of Non-Classical 2-Norbornyl Cation in Confined Zeolites at Ambient Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:4581-4587. [PMID: 33274570 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Carbonium ions are an important class of reaction intermediates, but their dynamic evolution is difficult to be monitored by in situ techniques under experimental conditions because of their extremely short lifetime. Probably the most famous case is 2-norbornyl cation (2NB+ ): its existing form (classical or non-classical) had been debated for decades, until the concrete proof of non-classical geometry was achieved by X-ray crystallographic characterization at ultra-low temperature (40 K) and super acidic environment. However, we lack the understanding about 2NB+ at ambient conditions. Herein, by taking advantage of the confinement effect and delocalized acidic environment of zeolites, we successfully stabilized 2NB+ and unequivocally confirmed its "non-classical" structure inside the ZSM-5 zeolite by ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and 13 C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. It is the first time to in situ observe the non-classical 2NB+ without the super acidic environment at ambient temperature, which provides a new strategy to expand the carbocation chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Xianfeng Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Yao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhongfang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, 00931, USA
| | - Anmin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
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Tang X, Chen W, Yi X, Liu Z, Xiao Y, Chen Z, Zheng A. In Situ Observation of Non‐Classical 2‐Norbornyl Cation in Confined Zeolites at Ambient Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
| | - Xianfeng Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
| | - Yao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Zhongfang Chen
- Department of Chemistry University of Puerto Rico Rio Piedras Campus San Juan PR 00931 USA
| | - Anmin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
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Seifert M, Marschall MS, Gille T, Jonscher C, Busse O, Paasch S, Brunner E, Reschetilowski W, Weigand JJ. Ethanol to Aromatics on Modified H‐ZSM‐5 Part I: Interdependent Dealumination Actions. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Seifert
- Chair of Inorganic Molecular Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry TU Dresden Mommsenstraße 4 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Mathias S. Marschall
- Chair of Inorganic Molecular Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry TU Dresden Mommsenstraße 4 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Torsten Gille
- Chair of Inorganic Molecular Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry TU Dresden Mommsenstraße 4 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Clemens Jonscher
- Chair of Inorganic Molecular Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry TU Dresden Mommsenstraße 4 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Oliver Busse
- Chair of Inorganic Molecular Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry TU Dresden Mommsenstraße 4 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Silvia Paasch
- Chair of Bioanalytical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry TU Dresden Bergstraße 66 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Eike Brunner
- Chair of Bioanalytical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry TU Dresden Bergstraße 66 01069 Dresden Germany
| | | | - Jan J. Weigand
- Chair of Inorganic Molecular Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry TU Dresden Mommsenstraße 4 01069 Dresden Germany
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Seifert M, Marschall MS, Gille T, Jonscher C, Royla P, Busse O, Reschetilowski W, Weigand JJ. Ethanol to Aromatics on Modified H-ZSM-5 Part II: An Unexpected Low Coking. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3878-3885. [PMID: 33006826 PMCID: PMC7756217 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In this study a commercial H‐ZSM‐5 zeolite (Si/Al=11) was post‐synthetically modified by a combined dealumination procedure to adjust its catalytic properties for the selective formation of aromatics from ethanol. The solid‐state properties of original and modified zeolites are determined by structural, textural and acidity analysis. The formation of aromatics and durability of the zeolites were investigated depending on space velocity or contact time in the catalyst bed. In particular, the formation rate and desorption of aromatics from solid‐state surface as well as their tendency to form coke precursors by consecutive build‐up reactions determine the formation of coke. Therefore, the rate of build‐up and finished aromatization by hydride transfer (pre‐determined by the kind, location and geometric arrangement of surface acid sites) and the statistical number of reaction events until final desorption at the specific contact time have to be harmonized to increase aromatics yield and to decrease catalyst decay by coke simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Seifert
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Chair of Inorganic Molecular Chemistry, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mathias S Marschall
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Chair of Inorganic Molecular Chemistry, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Torsten Gille
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Chair of Inorganic Molecular Chemistry, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Clemens Jonscher
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Chair of Inorganic Molecular Chemistry, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Philipp Royla
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Chair of Inorganic Molecular Chemistry, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Busse
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Chair of Inorganic Molecular Chemistry, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wladimir Reschetilowski
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan J Weigand
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Chair of Inorganic Molecular Chemistry, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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Chowdhury AD, Lucini Paioni A, Whiting GT, Fu D, Baldus M, Weckhuysen BM. Unraveling the Homologation Reaction Sequence of the Zeolite-Catalyzed Ethanol-to-Hydrocarbons Process. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3908-3912. [PMID: 30681254 PMCID: PMC6519145 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Although industrialized, the mechanism for catalytic upgrading of bioethanol over solid-acid catalysts (that is, the ethanol-to-hydrocarbons (ETH) reaction) has not yet been fully resolved. Moreover, mechanistic understanding of the ETH reaction relies heavily on its well-known "sister-reaction" the methanol-to-hydrocarbons (MTH) process. However, the MTH process possesses a C1 -entity reactant and cannot, therefore, shed any light on the homologation reaction sequence. The reaction and deactivation mechanism of the zeolite H-ZSM-5-catalyzed ETH process was elucidated using a combination of complementary solid-state NMR and operando UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, coupled with on-line mass spectrometry. This approach establishes the existence of a homologation reaction sequence through analysis of the pattern of the identified reactive and deactivated species. Furthermore, and in contrast to the MTH process, the deficiency of any olefinic-hydrocarbon pool species (that is, the olefin cycle) during the ETH process is also noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Dutta Chowdhury
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis GroupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Lucini Paioni
- NMR Spectroscopy groupBijvoet Center for Biomolecular ResearchUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 83584 CHUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Gareth T. Whiting
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis GroupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Donglong Fu
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis GroupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Marc Baldus
- NMR Spectroscopy groupBijvoet Center for Biomolecular ResearchUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 83584 CHUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis GroupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Chowdhury AD, Lucini Paioni A, Whiting GT, Fu D, Baldus M, Weckhuysen BM. Unraveling the Homologation Reaction Sequence of the Zeolite‐Catalyzed Ethanol‐to‐Hydrocarbons Process. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201814268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Dutta Chowdhury
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis GroupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Lucini Paioni
- NMR Spectroscopy groupBijvoet Center for Biomolecular ResearchUtrecht University Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Gareth T. Whiting
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis GroupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Donglong Fu
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis GroupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marc Baldus
- NMR Spectroscopy groupBijvoet Center for Biomolecular ResearchUtrecht University Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis GroupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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Recent advances in dynamic chemical characterization using Temporal Analysis of Products. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
In the past decade or so, small-pore zeolites have received greater attention than large- and medium-pore molecular sieves that have historically dominated the literature. This is primarily due to the commercialization of two major catalytic processes, NOx exhaust removal and methanol conversion to light olefins, that take advantage of the properties of these materials with smaller apertures. Small-pore zeolites possess pores that are constructed of eight tetrahedral atoms (Si4+ and Al3+), each time linked by a shared oxygen These eight-member ring pores (8MR) provide small molecules access to the intracrystalline void space, e.g., to NOx during car exhaust cleaning (NOx removal) or to methanol en route to its conversion into light olefins, while restricting larger molecule entrance and departure that is critical to overall catalyst performance. In total, there are forty-four structurally different small-pore zeolites. Forty-one of these zeolites can be synthesized, and the first synthetic zeolite (KFI, 1948) was in fact a small-pore material. Although the field of 8MR zeolite chemistry has expanded in many directions, the progress in synthesis is framework-specific, leaving insights and generalizations difficult to realize. This review first focuses on the relevant synthesis details of all 8MR zeolites and provides some generalized findings and related insights. Next, catalytic applications where 8MR zeolites either have been commercialized or have dominated investigations are presented, with the aim of providing structure-activity relationships. The review ends with a summary that discusses (i) both synthetic and catalytic progress, (ii) a list of opportunities in the 8MR zeolite field, and (iii) a brief future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Dusselier
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , 3001 Heverlee , Belgium
| | - Mark E Davis
- Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Mail Code 210-41, Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
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