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Brunton‐Martin AL, Gaskett AC, Kokko H. Resilience of haplodiploids to being exploited by sexually deceptive plants. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne. C. Gaskett
- School of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Hanna Kokko
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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Basist G, Dyer AG, Garcia JE, Raleigh RE, Lawrie AC. Why Variation in Flower Color May Help Reproductive Success in the Endangered Australian Orchid Caladenia fulva. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:599874. [PMID: 33633758 PMCID: PMC7899986 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.599874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Caladenia fulva G.W. Carr (Tawny Spider-orchid) is a terrestrial Australian endangered orchid confined to contiguous reserves in open woodland in Victoria, Australia. Natural recruitment is poor and no confirmed pollinator has been observed in the last 30 years. Polymorphic variation in flower color complicates plans for artificial pollination, seed collection and ex situ propagation for augmentation or re-introduction. DNA sequencing showed that there was no distinction among color variants in the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the chloroplast trnT-trnF and matK regions. Also, authentic specimens of both C. fulva and Caladenia reticulata from the reserves clustered along with these variants, suggesting free interbreeding. Artificial cross-pollination in situ and assessment of seed viability further suggested that no fertility barriers existed among color variants. Natural fruit set was 15% of the population and was proportional to numbers of the different flower colors but varied with orchid patch within the population. Color modeling on spectral data suggested that a hymenopteran pollinator could discriminate visually among color variants. The similarity in fruiting success, however, suggests that flower color polymorphism may avoid pollinator habituation to specific non-rewarding flower colors. The retention of large brightly colored flowers suggests that C. fulva has maintained attractiveness to foraging insects rather than evolving to match a scarce unreliable hymenopteran sexual pollinator. These results suggest that C. fulva should be recognized as encompassing plants with these multiple flower colors, and artificial pollination should use all variants to conserve the biodiversity of the extant population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Basist
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Adrian G. Dyer
- Bio-inspired Digital Sensing Lab, School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jair E. Garcia
- Bio-inspired Digital Sensing Lab, School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ruth E. Raleigh
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne, South Yarra, VIC, Australia
| | - Ann C. Lawrie
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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Phillips RD, Reiter N, Peakall R. Orchid conservation: from theory to practice. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:345-362. [PMID: 32407498 PMCID: PMC7424752 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the exceptional diversity of orchids (26 000+ species), improving strategies for the conservation of orchids will benefit a vast number of taxa. Furthermore, with rapidly increasing numbers of endangered orchids and low success rates in orchid conservation translocation programmes worldwide, it is evident that our progress in understanding the biology of orchids is not yet translating into widespread effective conservation. SCOPE We highlight unusual aspects of the reproductive biology of orchids that can have important consequences for conservation programmes, such as specialization of pollination systems, low fruit set but high seed production, and the potential for long-distance seed dispersal. Further, we discuss the importance of their reliance on mycorrhizal fungi for germination, including quantifying the incidence of specialized versus generalized mycorrhizal associations in orchids. In light of leading conservation theory and the biology of orchids, we provide recommendations for improving population management and translocation programmes. CONCLUSIONS Major gains in orchid conservation can be achieved by incorporating knowledge of ecological interactions, for both generalist and specialist species. For example, habitat management can be tailored to maintain pollinator populations and conservation translocation sites selected based on confirmed availability of pollinators. Similarly, use of efficacious mycorrhizal fungi in propagation will increase the value of ex situ collections and likely increase the success of conservation translocations. Given the low genetic differentiation between populations of many orchids, experimental genetic mixing is an option to increase fitness of small populations, although caution is needed where cytotypes or floral ecotypes are present. Combining demographic data and field experiments will provide knowledge to enhance management and translocation success. Finally, high per-fruit fecundity means that orchids offer powerful but overlooked opportunities to propagate plants for experiments aimed at improving conservation outcomes. Given the predictions of ongoing environmental change, experimental approaches also offer effective ways to build more resilient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Phillips
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park, WA, Australia
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Noushka Reiter
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Corner of Ballarto Road and Botanic Drive, Cranbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rod Peakall
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Bohman B, Tan MMY, Phillips RD, Scaffidi A, Sobolev AN, Moggach SA, Flematti GR, Peakall R. A Specific Blend of Drakolide and Hydroxymethylpyrazines: An Unusual Pollinator Sexual Attractant Used by the Endangered Orchid
Drakaea micrantha. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Björn Bohman
- School of Molecular Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Research School of Biology Australian National University Canberra ACT 2600 Australia
| | - Monica M. Y. Tan
- School of Molecular Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Ryan D. Phillips
- Research School of Biology Australian National University Canberra ACT 2600 Australia
- Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions Kings Park Science, 1 Kattidj Close West Perth WA 6005 Australia
- Department of Ecology Environment and Evolution La Trobe University Melbourne Melbourne Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - Adrian Scaffidi
- School of Molecular Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Alexandre N. Sobolev
- School of Molecular Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Stephen A. Moggach
- School of Molecular Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Gavin R. Flematti
- School of Molecular Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Rod Peakall
- School of Molecular Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Research School of Biology Australian National University Canberra ACT 2600 Australia
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Bohman B, Tan MMY, Phillips RD, Scaffidi A, Sobolev AN, Moggach SA, Flematti GR, Peakall R. A Specific Blend of Drakolide and Hydroxymethylpyrazines: An Unusual Pollinator Sexual Attractant Used by the Endangered Orchid
Drakaea micrantha. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1124-1128. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Björn Bohman
- School of Molecular Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Research School of Biology Australian National University Canberra ACT 2600 Australia
| | - Monica M. Y. Tan
- School of Molecular Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Ryan D. Phillips
- Research School of Biology Australian National University Canberra ACT 2600 Australia
- Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions Kings Park Science, 1 Kattidj Close West Perth WA 6005 Australia
- Department of Ecology Environment and Evolution La Trobe University Melbourne Melbourne Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - Adrian Scaffidi
- School of Molecular Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Alexandre N. Sobolev
- School of Molecular Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Stephen A. Moggach
- School of Molecular Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Gavin R. Flematti
- School of Molecular Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Rod Peakall
- School of Molecular Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Research School of Biology Australian National University Canberra ACT 2600 Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C. Gaskett
- School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand (Te Kura Mātauranga Koiora, Te Whare Wānanga o Tāmaki Makaurau, Tāmaki, Aotearoa)
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Bohman B, Weinstein AM, Phillips RD, Peakall R, Flematti GR. 2-(Tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)acetic Acid and Ester Derivatives as Long-Range Pollinator Attractants in the Sexually Deceptive Orchid Cryptostylis ovata. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:1107-1113. [PMID: 30920220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sexually deceptive orchids achieve pollination by luring male insects to flowers through chemical and sometimes visual mimicry of females. An extreme example of this deception occurs in Cryptostylis, one of only two genera where sexual deception is known to induce pollinator ejaculation. In the present study, bioassay-guided fractionations of Cryptostylis solvent extracts in combination with field bioassays were implemented to isolate and identify floral volatiles attractive to the pollinator Lissopimpla excelsa. ( S)-2-(Tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)acetic acid [( S)-1] and the ester derivatives methyl ( S)-2-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)acetate [( S)-2] and ethyl ( S)-2-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)acetate [( S)-3], all previously unknown semiochemicals, were confirmed to attract L. excelsa males in field bioassays. Chiral-phase GC and HPLC showed that the natural product 1 comprised a single enantiomer, its S-configuration being confirmed by synthesis of the two enantiomers from known enantiomers of tetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Bohman
- School of Molecular Sciences , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , WA 6009 , Australia
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2600 , Australia
| | - Alyssa M Weinstein
- School of Molecular Sciences , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , WA 6009 , Australia
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2600 , Australia
| | - Ryan D Phillips
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2600 , Australia
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia
- Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions , Kings Park Science , 1 Kattidj Close , West Perth , WA , Australia
| | - Rod Peakall
- School of Molecular Sciences , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , WA 6009 , Australia
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2600 , Australia
| | - Gavin R Flematti
- School of Molecular Sciences , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , WA 6009 , Australia
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Yan G, Liu S, Schlink AC, Flematti GR, Brodie BS, Bohman B, Greeff JC, Vercoe PE, Hu J, Martin GB. Behavior and Electrophysiological Response of Gravid and Non-Gravid Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) to Carrion-Associated Compounds. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:1958-1965. [PMID: 30085240 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Australian blow fly, Lucilia cuprina Wiedmann (Diptera: Calliphoridae), is a major cause of myiasis (flystrike) in Merino sheep in Australia and New Zealand and, as a primary colonizer of fresh carrion, also an important species in forensic investigations. Olfaction is considered the most important cue for insects to rapidly locate carrion over long distances, so the first carrion visitors are predicted to be very sensitive to carrion-related volatile compounds. We studied the responses of the Australian blow fly, Lucilia cuprina, to the carrion-associated compounds dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), butyric acid, 1-octen-3-ol and indole. We also tested 2-mercaptoethanol, a compound commonly used in fly traps in Australia. We investigated whether responses of the flies are affected by their ovarian status by comparing responses of gravid and non-gravid L. cuprina in electroantennography (EAG) and two-choice laboratory bioassays. All four compounds evoked an EAG response, while only DMTS evoked responses in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry electroantennographic detection (GCMS-EAD) analyses and two-choice bioassays. Gravid flies detected lower doses of the test compounds than non-gravid flies. Our results indicate that DMTS is an important semiochemical for L. cuprina to locate carrion resources, and has potential for use in fly traps for flystrike control. Our observations also suggest that the greater sensitivity of gravid L. cuprina allows them to find fresh carrion quickly to maximize reproductive success by avoiding unsuitable degraded carrion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanjie Yan
- UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangling, China
| | - Shimin Liu
- UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Department of Primary Industry and Regional Development, Livestock Industries, Agriculture and Food, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony C Schlink
- Department of Primary Industry and Regional Development, Livestock Industries, Agriculture and Food, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Gavin R Flematti
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Bekka S Brodie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH
| | - Bjorn Bohman
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Johan C Greeff
- Department of Primary Industry and Regional Development, Livestock Industries, Agriculture and Food, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Philip E Vercoe
- UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Jianhong Hu
- Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangling, China
| | - Graeme B Martin
- UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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