1
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Brégent T, Ivanova MV, Poisson T, Jubault P, Legros J. Continuous‐Flow Divergent Lithiation of 2,3‐Dihalopyridines: Deprotolithiation versus Halogen Dance. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202286. [PMID: 36200571 PMCID: PMC10092453 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We describe herein the first halogen dance (HD) in continuous flow on 2-chloro-3-bromopyridine by selectively trapping a (pyridin-4-yl)lithium species that is known to undergo the halogen-dance process. In addition, this lithiated intermediate was trapped at lower temperature before the HD occurs. The HD process was extended to fluoro-iodopyridines by using various electrophiles to afford 28 examples with yields ranging from 42 to 97 % with very short residence times. Finally, scale up of the reaction was demonstrated, affording a promising space-time yield (STY) of 4.2 kg.h-1 .L-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Brégent
- Normandie Univ. INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
| | - Maria V. Ivanova
- Normandie Univ. INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
| | - Thomas Poisson
- Normandie Univ. INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
- Institut Universitaire de France 1 rue Descartes 75231 Paris France
| | - Philippe Jubault
- Normandie Univ. INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
| | - Julien Legros
- Normandie Univ. INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
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2
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Harenberg JH, Weidmann N, Wiegand AJ, Hoefer CA, Annapureddy RR, Knochel P. (2-Ethylhexyl)sodium: A Hexane-Soluble Reagent for Br/Na-Exchanges and Directed Metalations in Continuous Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14296-14301. [PMID: 33826212 PMCID: PMC8252725 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report the on-demand generation of hexane-soluble (2-ethylhexyl)sodium (1) from 3-(chloromethyl)heptane (2) using a sodium-packed-bed reactor under continuous flow conditions. Thus, the resulting solution of 1 is free of elemental sodium and therefore suited for a range of synthetic applications. This new procedure avoids the storage of an alkylsodium and limits the handling of metallic sodium to a minimum. (2-Ethylhexyl)sodium (1) proved to be a very useful reagent and undergoes in-line Br/Na-exchanges as well as directed sodiations. The resulting arylsodium intermediates are subsequently trapped in batch with various electrophiles such as ketones, aldehydes, Weinreb-amides, imines, allyl bromides, disulfides and alkyl iodides. A reaction scale-up of the Br/Na-exchange using an in-line electrophile quench was also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H. Harenberg
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Niels Weidmann
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Alexander J. Wiegand
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Carla A. Hoefer
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | | | - Paul Knochel
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
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3
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Harenberg JH, Weidmann N, Wiegand AJ, Hoefer CA, Annapureddy RR, Knochel P. (2‐Ethylhexyl)natrium: Ein hexanlösliches Reagenz für Br/Na‐Austauschreaktionen und dirigierte Metallierungen im kontinuierlichen Durchfluss. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H. Harenberg
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Niels Weidmann
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Alexander J. Wiegand
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Carla A. Hoefer
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Rajasekar Reddy Annapureddy
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
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4
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Colella M, Nagaki A, Luisi R. Flow Technology for the Genesis and Use of (Highly) Reactive Organometallic Reagents. Chemistry 2019; 26:19-32. [PMID: 31498924 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the field of organic synthesis, the advent of flow chemistry and flow microreactor technology represented a tremendous novelty in the way of thinking and performing chemical reactions, opening the doors to poorly explored or even impossible transformations using batch methods. In this Concept article, we would like to highlight the impact of flow chemistry for exploiting highly reactive organometallic reagents, and how, alongside the well-known advantages concerning safety, scalability, and productivity, flow chemistry makes possible processes that are impossible to control by using the traditional batch approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Colella
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Aichiiro Nagaki
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
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5
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Orr SA, Border EC, Andrews PC, Blair VL. Lithium-Bromide Exchange versus Nucleophilic Addition of Schiff's base: Unprecedented Tandem Cyclisation Pathways. Chemistry 2019; 25:11876-11882. [PMID: 31282040 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
By exploring lithium-bromide exchange reactivity of aromatic Schiff's bases with tert-butyllithium (tBuLi), we have revealed unprecedented competitive intermolecular and intramolecular cascade annulation pathways, leading to valuable compounds, such as iso-indolinones and N-substituted anthracene derivatives. A series of reaction parameters were probed, including solvent, stoichiometry, sterics and organolithium reagent choice, in order to understand the influences that limit such ring-closing pathways. With two viable reactivity options for the organolithium on the imine; namely, nucleophilic addition or lithium-bromide exchange, a surprising competitive nature was observed, where nucleophilic addition dominated, even under cryogenic conditions. Considering the most commonly used solvents for lithium-bromide exchange, tetrahydrofuran (THF) and diethyl ether (Et2 O), contrasting reactivity outcomes were revealed with nucleophilic addition promoted in THF, while Et2 O yielded almost double the conversion of cyclic products than in THF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Orr
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Emily C Border
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Philip C Andrews
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Victoria L Blair
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
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6
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Anthore‐Dalion L, Benischke AD, Wei B, Berionni G, Knochel P. The Halogen–Samarium Exchange Reaction: Synthetic Applications and Kinetics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:4046-4050. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Anthore‐Dalion
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Andreas D. Benischke
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Baosheng Wei
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Guillaume Berionni
- Namur Institute of Structured MatterUniversity of Namur 61, rue de Bruxelles 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
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7
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Anthore‐Dalion L, Benischke AD, Wei B, Berionni G, Knochel P. Die Halogen‐Samarium‐Austauschreaktion: Synthetische Anwendungen und Kinetik. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201814373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Anthore‐Dalion
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Andreas D. Benischke
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Baosheng Wei
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Guillaume Berionni
- Namur Institute of Structured MatterUniversity of Namur 61, rue de Bruxelles 5000 Namur Belgien
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
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8
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Ganiek MA, Ivanova MV, Martin B, Knochel P. Mild Homologation of Esters through Continuous Flow Chloroacetate Claisen Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:17249-17253. [PMID: 30290045 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The selective chloromethylenation of functionalized esters using chloroacetic acid (CA) and LiHMDS (HMDS=hexamethyldisilazide) in a continuous-flow setup is reported. This Claisen homologation is for the first time extended to bis-chloromethylenation using dichloroacetic acid (DCA), thus giving access to under-explored α,α'-bis-chloroketones. The use of flow conditions enables efficient generation and reaction of the unstable chloroacetate dianion intermediates, leading to unprecedented mild and scalable reaction conditions at an economical reagent stoichiometry (-10 °C, <1 min, 1.0-2.4 equiv dianion). The clean reaction profiles allow subsequent use of the unpurified crude products, which is demonstrated in the synthesis of various heterocycles of broad interest. Furthermore, we report a novel, catalyst-free substitution of the obtained monochloro ketone products with (hetero)aryl zinc enolates to give valuable 1,4-diketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian A Ganiek
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Maria V Ivanova
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Benjamin Martin
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical Development, Fabrikstrasse, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
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9
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Ganiek MA, Ivanova MV, Martin B, Knochel P. Milde Chlorhomologisierung von Estern durch Chloracetat‐Claisen‐Reaktion unter kontinuierlichen Durchflussbedingungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian A. Ganiek
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Department Chemie Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Maria V. Ivanova
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Department Chemie Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Benjamin Martin
- Novartis Pharma AG Chemical Development Fabrikstraße 4002 Basel Schweiz
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Department Chemie Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
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10
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Williams JD, Kerr WJ, Leach SG, Lindsay DM. A Practical and General Amidation Method from Isocyanates Enabled by Flow Technology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12126-12130. [PMID: 30019806 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The addition of carbon nucleophiles to isocyanates represents a conceptually flexible and efficient approach to the preparation of amides. This general synthetic strategy has, however, been relatively underutilized owing to narrow substrate tolerance and the requirement for less favourable reaction conditions. Herein, we disclose a high-yielding, mass-efficient, and scalable method with appreciable functional group tolerance for the formation of amides by reaction of Grignard reagents with isocyanates. Through the application of flow chemistry and the use of substoichiometric amounts of CuBr2 , this process has been developed to encompass a broad range of substrates, including reactants found to be incompatible with previously published procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Williams
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.,GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - William J Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Stuart G Leach
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - David M Lindsay
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
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Williams JD, Kerr WJ, Leach SG, Lindsay DM. A Practical and General Amidation Method from Isocyanates Enabled by Flow Technology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Williams
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
- GlaxoSmithKline; Medicines Research Centre; Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage Hertfordshire SG1 2NY UK
| | - William J. Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Stuart G. Leach
- GlaxoSmithKline; Medicines Research Centre; Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage Hertfordshire SG1 2NY UK
| | - David M. Lindsay
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
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12
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Weidmann N, Ketels M, Knochel P. Natriierung von Aromaten und Heteroaromaten im kontinuierlichen Durchfluss. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Weidmann
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Marthe Ketels
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
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13
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Weidmann N, Ketels M, Knochel P. Sodiation of Arenes and Heteroarenes in Continuous Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10748-10751. [PMID: 29873427 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The first sodiations of (hetero)arenes in continuous flow using NaDA (sodium diisopropylamide) in Me2 EtN are reported. This flow procedure enables sodiation of functionalized arenes and heteroarenes that decompose under batch-sodiation conditions. The resulting sodiated (hetero)arenes react instantly with various electrophiles, such as ketones, aldehydes, isocyanates, alkyl bromides, and disulfides, affording polyfunctionalized (hetero)arenes in high yields. Scale-up is possible without further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Weidmann
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Marthe Ketels
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
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