1
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Liu H, Liu H, Wang E, Li L, Luo Z, Cao J, Chen J, Yang L, Yang X. Hydrogen Bond Assisted Three-Component Tandem Reactions to Access N-Alkyl-4-Quinolones. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052304. [PMID: 36903552 PMCID: PMC10005641 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen-bonding catalytic reactions have gained great interest. Herein, a hydrogen-bond-assisted three-component tandem reaction for the efficient synthesis of N-alkyl-4-quinolones is described. This novel strategy features the first proof of polyphosphate ester (PPE) as a dual hydrogen-bonding catalyst and the use of readily available starting materials for the preparation of N-alkyl-4-quinolones. The method provides a diversity of N-alkyl-4-quinolones in moderate to good yields. The compound 4h demonstrated good neuroprotective activity against N-methyl-ᴅ-aspartate (NMDA)-induced excitotoxicity in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Huadan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Enhua Wang
- Department of Food and Medicine, Guizhou Vocational College of Agriculture, Qingzhen 551400, China
| | - Liangqun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Zhongsheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Jiafu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Jialin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Lishou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China
- Correspondence: (L.Y.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaosheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China
- Correspondence: (L.Y.); (X.Y.)
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2
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Lu K, Liang PY, Yan CX, Yang FL, Yang X, Dou W, Yu Q, Yang J, Zhou PP. Chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed atroposelective C–H amination of arenes: mechanisms, origin and influencing factors of enantioselectivity. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01160f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The amination reaction between azonaphthalene and carbazole catalyzed by chiral phosphoric acid was theoretically investigated, and the mechanism, origin and influencing factors of enantioselectivity were elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of Ministry of Education
- Advanced Catalysis Center
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
| | - Peng-Yu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of Ministry of Education
- Advanced Catalysis Center
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
| | - Chao-Xian Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of Ministry of Education
- Advanced Catalysis Center
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
| | - Fang-Ling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of Ministry of Education
- Advanced Catalysis Center
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
| | - Xing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of Ministry of Education
- Advanced Catalysis Center
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
| | - Wei Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of Ministry of Education
- Advanced Catalysis Center
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
| | - Qinwei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Jianming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Pan-Pan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of Ministry of Education
- Advanced Catalysis Center
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
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3
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Schmittel M, Howlader P. Toward Molecular Cybernetics - the Art of Communicating Chemical Systems. CHEM REC 2020; 21:523-543. [PMID: 33350570 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The emerging field of molecular cybernetics has the potential to widely broaden our perception of chemistry. Chemistry will develop beyond its current focus that is mainly concerned with single transformations, pure compounds, and/or defined mixtures. On this way, chemistry will become autonomous, networked and smart through communicating molecules each of which serves a control engineering purpose, like the set of wheels in the machinery of life. The present personal account describes our latest developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein Str. 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany
| | - Prodip Howlader
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein Str. 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany
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4
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Li X, Liang H, Yang YO, Wang X, Zhang J, Wang D, Sun F, Du Y. Synthesis of Spiro[benzofuran‐2,2'‐benzo[
b
]thiophene]‐3,3'‐diones via PIDA/CuBr‐Mediated Spirocyclization. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University 300072 Tianjin China
| | - Huiyuan Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University 300072 Tianjin China
| | - Yaxin O Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University 300072 Tianjin China
| | - Xi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University 300072 Tianjin China
| | - Jingran Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University 300072 Tianjin China
| | - Donghua Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University 300072 Tianjin China
| | - Fengxia Sun
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering Hebei University of Science and Technology 050018 Shijiazhuang China
| | - Yunfei Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University 300072 Tianjin China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) 300072 Tianjin China
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5
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Cheng Y, Zhao Q, Zhang X, You S. Asymmetric Dearomatization of Indole Derivatives with N‐Hydroxycarbamates Enabled by Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18069-18074. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan‐Zheng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Qing‐Ru Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
- School of Physical Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech University 100 Haike Road Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Shu‐Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
- School of Physical Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech University 100 Haike Road Shanghai 201210 China
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6
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Cheng Y, Zhao Q, Zhang X, You S. Asymmetric Dearomatization of Indole Derivatives with N‐Hydroxycarbamates Enabled by Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan‐Zheng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Qing‐Ru Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
- School of Physical Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech University 100 Haike Road Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Shu‐Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
- School of Physical Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech University 100 Haike Road Shanghai 201210 China
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7
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Ahmed W, Zhang S, Yu X, Feng X, Yamamoto Y, Bao M. Direct Carbohydroxylation of Arylalkenes with Allylic Alcohols: Cooperative Catalysis of Copper, Silver, and a Brønsted Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:2495-2499. [PMID: 30600884 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian 116023 China
- School of Petroleum and Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Panjin 124221 China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian 116023 China
- School of Petroleum and Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Panjin 124221 China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian 116023 China
- School of Petroleum and Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Panjin 124221 China
| | - Xiujuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian 116023 China
- School of Petroleum and Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Panjin 124221 China
| | - Yoshinori Yamamoto
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian 116023 China
- School of Petroleum and Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Panjin 124221 China
- Research Organization of Science and TechnologyRitsumeikan University Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Ming Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian 116023 China
- School of Petroleum and Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Panjin 124221 China
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8
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Ahmed W, Zhang S, Yu X, Feng X, Yamamoto Y, Bao M. Direct Carbohydroxylation of Arylalkenes with Allylic Alcohols: Cooperative Catalysis of Copper, Silver, and a Brønsted Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116023 China
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; Panjin 124221 China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116023 China
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; Panjin 124221 China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116023 China
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; Panjin 124221 China
| | - Xiujuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116023 China
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; Panjin 124221 China
| | - Yoshinori Yamamoto
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116023 China
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; Panjin 124221 China
- Research Organization of Science and Technology; Ritsumeikan University; Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Ming Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116023 China
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; Panjin 124221 China
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9
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Luo J, Fang Y, Mao X, Yang M, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Chen G, Ji Y. Organocatalytic Asymmetric Cyclization Reaction of 2‐Alkynyl‐3,3‐Difluoro‐3
H
‐Indoles and 2‐Mercaptoimidazoles: Access to
gem
‐Difluorinated C2‐Spiro Indolines. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Luo
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Environmentally Functional Materials and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringGuangzhou University 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu‐Bo Fang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Environmentally Functional Materials and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringGuangzhou University 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang‐Yu Mao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Environmentally Functional Materials and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringGuangzhou University 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Environmentally Functional Materials and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringGuangzhou University 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu‐Lei Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQufu Normal University Qufu 273165, Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Yun‐Lin Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Environmentally Functional Materials and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringGuangzhou University 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Guo‐Shu Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Environmentally Functional Materials and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringGuangzhou University 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Yong‐Fei Ji
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Environmentally Functional Materials and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringGuangzhou University 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
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10
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Mao XY, Lin XT, Yang M, Chen GS, Liu YL. Organocatalytic Synthesis of gem
-Difluorinated C2-Spiro Indolines and Pyrimido[1,2-a
]benzimidazoles from 2-Alkynyl-3,3-Difluoro-3H
-Indoles. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yu Mao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Environmentally Functional Materials and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Guangzhou University; 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Tong Lin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Environmentally Functional Materials and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Guangzhou University; 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Environmentally Functional Materials and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Guangzhou University; 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Shu Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Environmentally Functional Materials and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Guangzhou University; 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Lin Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Environmentally Functional Materials and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Guangzhou University; 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
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11
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Xia ZL, Zheng C, Wang SG, You SL. Catalytic Asymmetric Dearomatization of Indolyl Dihydropyridines through an Enamine Isomerization/Spirocyclization/Transfer Hydrogenation Sequence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Lei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Shou-Guo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin 300072 China
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12
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Xia ZL, Zheng C, Wang SG, You SL. Catalytic Asymmetric Dearomatization of Indolyl Dihydropyridines through an Enamine Isomerization/Spirocyclization/Transfer Hydrogenation Sequence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2653-2656. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Lei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Shou-Guo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin 300072 China
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