1
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Hashmi SZ, Bareth D, Dwivedi J, Kishore D, Alvi PA. Green advancements towards the electrochemical synthesis of heterocycles. RSC Adv 2024; 14:18192-18246. [PMID: 38854834 PMCID: PMC11157331 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02812k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic chemistry is a large field with diverse applications in the areas of biological research and pharmaceutical advancement. Numerous initiatives have been proposed to further enhance the reaction conditions to reach these compounds without using harmful compounds. This paper focuses on the recent advances in the eco-friendly and green synthetic procedures to synthesize N-, S-, and O-heterocycles. This approach demonstrates considerable potential in accessing such compounds while circumventing the need for stoichiometric quantities of oxidizing/reducing agents or catalysts containing precious metals. Merely employing catalytic quantities of these substances proves sufficient, thereby offering an optimal means of contributing to resource efficiency. Renewable electricity plays a crucial role in generating environmentally friendly electrons (oxidant/reductant) that serve as catalysts for a series of reactions. These reactions involve the production of reactive intermediates, which in turn allow the synthesis of new chemical bonds, enabling beneficial transformations to occur. Furthermore, the utilization of metals as active catalysts in electrochemical activation has been recognized as an effective approach for achieving selective functionalization. The aim of this review was to summarize the electrochemical synthetic procedures so that the undesirable side reactions can be considerably reduced and the practical potential range of the chemical reactions can be expanded significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Zeba Hashmi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - Diksha Bareth
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - Jaya Dwivedi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - Dharma Kishore
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - P A Alvi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
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2
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Hatch CE, Chain WJ. Electrochemically Enabled Total Syntheses of Natural Products. ChemElectroChem 2023; 10:e202300140. [PMID: 38106361 PMCID: PMC10723087 DOI: 10.1002/celc.202300140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical techniques have helped to enable the total synthesis of natural products since the pioneering work of Kolbe in the mid 1800's. The electrochemical toolset grows every day and these new possibilities change the way chemists look at and think about natural products. This review provides a perspective on total syntheses wherein electrochemical techniques enabled the carbon─carbon bond formations in the skeletal assembly of important natural products, discussion of mechanistic details, and representative examples of the bond formations enabled over the last several decades. These bond formations are often distinctly different from those possible with conventional chemistries and allow assemblies complementary to other techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad E Hatch
- Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 417 E. 68 St., New York, NY, 10065 (United States)
| | - William J Chain
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 163 The Green, Newark, DE, 19716 (United States)
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3
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Aslam S, Sbei N, Rani S, Saad M, Fatima A, Ahmed N. Heterocyclic Electrochemistry: Renewable Electricity in the Construction of Heterocycles. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:6175-6217. [PMID: 36844606 PMCID: PMC9948259 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Numerous applications in the realm of biological exploration and drug synthesis can be found in heterocyclic chemistry, which is a vast subject. Many efforts have been developed to further improve the reaction conditions to access this interesting family to prevent employing hazardous ingredients. In this instance, it has been stated that green and environmentally friendly manufacturing methodologies have been introduced to create N-, S-, and O-heterocycles. It appears to be one of the most promising methods to access these types of compounds avoiding use of stoichiometric amounts of oxidizing/reducing species or precious metal catalysts, in which only catalytic amounts are sufficient, and it represent an ideal way of contributing toward the resource economy. Thus, renewable electricity provides clean electrons (oxidant/reductant) that initiate a reaction cascade via producing reactive intermediates that facilitate in building new bonds for valuable chemical transformations. Moreover, electrochemical activation using metals as catalytic mediators has been identified as a more efficient strategy toward selective functionalization. Thus, indirect electrolysis makes the potential range more practical, and less side reactions can occur. The latest developments in using an electrolytic strategy to create N-, S-, and O-heterocycles are the main topic of this mini review, which was documented over the last five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Aslam
- Department
of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan60000, Pakistan
- The Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Najoua Sbei
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, EggensteinLeopoldshafen, 76344KarlsruheGermany
| | - Sadia Rani
- Department
of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan60000, Pakistan
| | - Manal Saad
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Aroog Fatima
- Department
of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan60000, Pakistan
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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4
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Guan Z, Zhu S, Ye Y, Li X, Liu Y, Wang P, Zhang H, Huang Z, Lei A. Synthesis of Cyclopentene Derivatives via Electrochemically Induced Intermolecular Selective (3+2) Annulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207059. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Guan
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Shuxiang Zhu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Yayu Ye
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Xiangwei Li
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Yanlong Liu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Pengjie Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Heng Zhang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Zhiliang Huang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
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5
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Guan Z, Zhu S, Ye Y, Li X, Liu Y, Wang P, Zhang H, Huang Z, Lei A. Synthesis of Cyclopentene Derivatives via Electrochemical‐Induced Intermolecular Selective (3+2) Annulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Guan
- Wuhan University The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences CHINA
| | - Shuxiang Zhu
- Wuhan University The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences CHINA
| | - Yayu Ye
- Wuhan University The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences CHINA
| | - Xiangwei Li
- Wuhan University The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences CHINA
| | - Yanlong Liu
- Wuhan University The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences CHINA
| | - Pengjie Wang
- Wuhan University The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences CHINA
| | - Heng Zhang
- Wuhan University The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences CHINA
| | - Zhiliang Huang
- Wuhan University The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences CHINA
| | - Aiwen Lei
- Wuhan University Chemistry the college of chemistry and molecular Sciences 430072 Wuhan CHINA
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6
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Panda J, Raiguru BP, Mishra M, Mohapatra S, Nayak S. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2‐
a
]pyridines: A Brief Review. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Panda
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack 753003 Odisha India
| | - Bishnu P. Raiguru
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack 753003 Odisha India
| | - Mitali Mishra
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack 753003 Odisha India
| | - Seetaram Mohapatra
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack 753003 Odisha India
| | - Sabita Nayak
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack 753003 Odisha India
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7
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Chen D, Nie X, Feng Q, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang Q, Huang L, Huang S, Liao S. Electrochemical Oxo-Fluorosulfonylation of Alkynes under Air: Facile Access to β-Keto Sulfonyl Fluorides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:27271-27276. [PMID: 34729882 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Radical fluorosulfonylation is emerging as an appealing approach for the synthesis of sulfonyl fluorides, which have widespread applications in many fields, in particular in the context of chemical biology and drug development. Here, we report the first investigation of FSO2 radical generation under electrochemical conditions, and the establishment of a new and facile approach for the synthesis of β-keto sulfonyl fluorides via oxo-fluorosulfonylation of alkynes with sulfuryl chlorofluoride as the radical precursor and air as the oxidant. This electrochemical protocol is amenable to access two different products (β-keto sulfonyl fluorides or α-chloro-β-keto sulfonyl fluorides) with the same reactants. The β-keto sulfonyl fluoride products can be utilized as useful building blocks in the synthesis of various derivatives and heterocycles, including the first synthesis of an oxathiazole dioxide compound. Furthermore, some β-keto sulfonyl fluorides and derivatives exhibited notably potent activities against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengfeng Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xingliang Nie
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Qingyuan Feng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yingyin Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yiheng Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Qiuyue Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Shenlin Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Saihu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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8
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Chen D, Nie X, Feng Q, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang Q, Huang L, Huang S, Liao S. Electrochemical Oxo‐Fluorosulfonylation of Alkynes under Air: Facile Access to β‐Keto Sulfonyl Fluorides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dengfeng Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Xingliang Nie
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University) College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Qingyuan Feng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Yingyin Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Yiheng Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Qiuyue Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Lin Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Shenlin Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Saihu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University) College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Beijing 100190 China
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9
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Thadathil DA, Varghese A, Radhakrishnan KV. The Renaissance of Electro‐Organic Synthesis for the Difunctionalization of Alkenes and Alkynes: A Sustainable Approach. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ditto Abraham Thadathil
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru, Karnataka 560029 India
| | - Anitha Varghese
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru, Karnataka 560029 India
| | - Kokkuvayil Vasu Radhakrishnan
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) Thiruvananthapuram 695019 India
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10
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Franco MS, Saba S, Rafique J, Braga AL. KIO
4
‐mediated Selective Hydroxymethylation/Methylenation of Imidazo‐Heteroarenes: A Greener Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Straesser Franco
- Departamento de Química Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina—UFSC Florianópolis 88040-900 SC-Brazil
| | - Sumbal Saba
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Goiás—UFG Goiânia 74690-900 GO-Brazil
| | - Jamal Rafique
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul—UFMS Campo Grande 79074-460 MS-Brazil
| | - Antonio Luiz Braga
- Departamento de Química Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina—UFSC Florianópolis 88040-900 SC-Brazil
- Department of Chemical Sciences Faculty of Science University of Johannesburg Doornfontein 2028 South Africa
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11
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Franco MS, Saba S, Rafique J, Braga AL. KIO 4 -mediated Selective Hydroxymethylation/Methylenation of Imidazo-Heteroarenes: A Greener Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18454-18460. [PMID: 34097781 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a KIO4 -mediated, sustainable and chemoselective approach for the one-pot C(sp2 )-H bond hydroxymethylation or methylenation of imidazo-heteroarenes with formaldehyde, generated in situ via the oxidative cleavage of ethylene glycol or glycerol (renewable reagents) through the Malaprade reaction. In the presence of ethylene glycol, a series of 3-hydroxymethyl-imidazo-heteroarenes was obtained in good to excellent yields. These compounds are important intermediates to access pharmaceutical drugs, e.g., Zolpidem. Furthermore, by using glycerol, bis(imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)methane derivatives were selectively obtained in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Straesser Franco
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina-UFSC, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC-Brazil
| | - Sumbal Saba
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás-UFG, Goiânia, 74690-900, GO-Brazil
| | - Jamal Rafique
- Instituto de Química, Universidade, Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul-UFMS, Campo Grande, 79074-460, MS-Brazil
| | - Antonio Luiz Braga
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina-UFSC, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC-Brazil.,Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
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12
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Chen N, Xu HC. Electrochemically Driven Radical Reactions: From Direct Electrolysis to Molecular Catalysis. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2306-2319. [PMID: 33734572 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organic radicals are versatile synthetic intermediates that provide reactivities and selectivities complementary to ionic species. Despite its long history, electrochemically driven radical reactions remain limited in scope. In the past few years, there have been dramatic increase in research activity in organic electrochemistry. We have been developing electrochemical and electrophotocatalytic methods for the generation and synthetic utilization of organic radicals. In our studies, various radical species such as alkene and arene radical cations and carbon- and heteroatom-centered radicals are generated from readily available precursors through direct electrolysis, molecular electrocatalysis or molecular electrophotocatalysis. These radical species undergo various inter- and intramolecular oxidative transformations to rapidly increase molecular complexity. The simultaneous occurrence of anodic oxidation and cathodic proton reduction allows the oxidative reactions to proceed through H2 evolution without external chemical oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chen
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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13
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Dagar N, Sen PP, Roy SR. Electrifying Sustainability on Transition Metal-Free Modes: An Eco-Friendly Approach for the Formation of C-N Bonds. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:1229-1257. [PMID: 33373494 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Embracing sustainable green methodologies and techniques in chemical transformations has always been in the limelight to the synthetic community. Electrosynthesis has emerged as a powerful, sustainable synthetic tool for molecular synthesis exploiting inexpensive electricity in place of sacrificial chemical oxidizing/reducing reagents. Herein, recent advances in the incorporation of transition metal-free redox mediators in electrosynthesis for the construction of C-N bonds are outlined. Furthermore, conjugation of this strategy with flow catalysis allows easy scale up of the synthesis of molecular assembly. This comprehensive Review provides an overview of metal-free mediated electro-construction of C-N bonds, focusing on the reaction mechanisms involved and its synthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Dagar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Partha Pratim Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sudipta Raha Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
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14
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Luo J, Hu B, Wu W, Hu M, Liu TL. Nickel‐Catalyzed Electrochemical C(sp
3
)−C(sp
2
) Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Benzyl Trifluoroborate and Organic Halides**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill Logan UT 84322 USA
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill Logan UT 84322 USA
| | - Wenda Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill Logan UT 84322 USA
| | - Maowei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill Logan UT 84322 USA
| | - T. Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill Logan UT 84322 USA
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15
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Luo J, Hu B, Wu W, Hu M, Liu TL. Nickel‐Catalyzed Electrochemical C(sp
3
)−C(sp
2
) Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Benzyl Trifluoroborate and Organic Halides**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6107-6116. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill Logan UT 84322 USA
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill Logan UT 84322 USA
| | - Wenda Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill Logan UT 84322 USA
| | - Maowei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill Logan UT 84322 USA
| | - T. Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill Logan UT 84322 USA
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16
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Makhal PN, Nandi A, Kaki VR. Insights into the Recent Synthetic Advances of Organoselenium Compounds. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka N. Makhal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Arijit Nandi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Venkata Rao Kaki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500037 India
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17
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Zhang Y, Lin Z, Ackermann L. Electrochemical C-H Amidation of Heteroarenes with N-Alkyl Sulfonamides in Aqueous Medium. Chemistry 2020; 27:242-246. [PMID: 33085807 PMCID: PMC7898600 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The construction of C-N bonds by free radical reactions represents a powerful synthetic approach for direct C-H amidations of arenes or heteroarenes. Developing efficient and more environmentally friendly synthetic methods for C-H amidation reactions remains highly desirable. Herein, metal-free electrochemical oxidative dehydrogenative C-H amidations of heteroarenes with N-alkylsulfonamides have been accomplished. The catalyst- and chemical-oxidant-free C-H amidation features an ample scope and employs electricity as the green and sole oxidant. A variety of heteroarenes, including indoles, pyrroles, benzofuran and benzothiophene, thereby underwent this C(sp2 )-H nitrogenation. Cyclic voltammetry studies and control experiments provided evidence for nitrogen-centered radicals being directly generated under metal-free electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced, Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Road 688, 321004, Jinhua, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Lin
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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18
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Lv S, Han X, Wang JY, Zhou M, Wu Y, Ma L, Niu L, Gao W, Zhou J, Hu W, Cui Y, Chen J. Tunable Electrochemical C-N versus N-N Bond Formation of Nitrogen-Centered Radicals Enabled by Dehydrogenative Dearomatization: Biological Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11583-11590. [PMID: 32203637 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Herein, an environmentally friendly electrochemical approach is reported that takes advantage of the captodative effect and delocalization effect to generate nitrogen-centered radicals (NCRs). By changing the reaction parameters of the electrode material and feedstock solubility, dearomatization enabled a selective dehydrogenative C-N versus N-N bond formation reaction. Hence, pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazole and tetraarylhydrazine frameworks were prepared through a sustainable transition-metal- and exogenous oxidant-free strategy with broad generality. Bioactivity assays demonstrated that pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazoles displayed antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity against human cancer cells. Compound 21 exhibited good photochemical properties with a large Stokes shift (approximately 130 nm) and was successfully applied to subcellular imaging. A preliminary mechanism investigation and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed the possible reaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shide Lv
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxin Han
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Yong Wang
- School of Light Industry and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Mingyang Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Yanwei Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Li Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Liwei Niu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Wei Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Wei Hu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Yuezhi Cui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Jianbin Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
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19
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Gao Y, Wu Z, Yu L, Wang Y, Pan Y. Alkyl Carbazates for Electrochemical Deoxygenative Functionalization of Heteroarenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongyuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination ChemistryJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Zhengguang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination ChemistryJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination ChemistryJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination ChemistryJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination ChemistryJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
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20
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Gao Y, Wu Z, Yu L, Wang Y, Pan Y. Alkyl Carbazates for Electrochemical Deoxygenative Functionalization of Heteroarenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10859-10863. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongyuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination ChemistryJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Zhengguang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination ChemistryJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination ChemistryJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination ChemistryJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination ChemistryJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
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21
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Lv S, Han X, Wang J, Zhou M, Wu Y, Ma L, Niu L, Gao W, Zhou J, Hu W, Cui Y, Chen J. Tunable Electrochemical C−N versus N−N Bond Formation of Nitrogen‐Centered Radicals Enabled by Dehydrogenative Dearomatization: Biological Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shide Lv
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxin Han
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 P. R. China
| | - Jian‐Yong Wang
- School of Light Industry and Engineering Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 P. R. China
| | - Mingyang Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 P. R. China
| | - Yanwei Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 P. R. China
| | - Li Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 P. R. China
| | - Liwei Niu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 P. R. China
| | - Wei Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 P. R. China
| | - Wei Hu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 P. R. China
| | - Yuezhi Cui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 P. R. China
| | - Jianbin Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250353 P. R. China
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22
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Hua J, Fang Z, Bian M, Ma T, Yang M, Xu J, Liu C, He W, Zhu N, Yang Z, Guo K. Electrochemical Synthesis of Spiro[4.5]trienones through Radical-Initiated Dearomative Spirocyclization. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:2053-2059. [PMID: 32012457 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel and green route has been developed for the electrochemical synthesis of spiro[4.5]trienones through radical-initiated dearomative spirocyclization of alkynes with diselenides. This metal-free and oxidant-free electrosynthesis reaction was performed in an undivided cell under mild conditions. A variety of selenation spiro[4.5]trienones products were prepared in moderate-to-good yields, showing a broad scope and functional group tolerance. Moreover, the developed continuous-flow system combined with electrosynthesis possesses the potential to achieve scaled-up reactions, overcoming the low efficiency of conventional electrochemical scaled-up reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Hua
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, P.R. China
| | - Mixue Bian
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, P.R. China
| | - Tao Ma
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, P.R. China
| | - Man Yang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, P.R. China
| | - Jia Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, P.R. China
| | - ChengKou Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, P.R. China
| | - Wei He
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, P.R. China
| | - Ning Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Yang
- College of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210003, P.R. China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, P.R. China
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23
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Song C, Liu K, Jiang X, Dong X, Weng Y, Chiang C, Lei A. Electrooxidation Enables Selective Dehydrogenative [4+2] Annulation between Indole Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7193-7197. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunlan Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei P. R. China
| | - Kun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei P. R. China
| | - Xu Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei P. R. China
| | - Xin Dong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei P. R. China
| | - Yue Weng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei P. R. China
| | - Chien‐Wei Chiang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei P. R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
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24
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Song C, Liu K, Jiang X, Dong X, Weng Y, Chiang C, Lei A. Electrooxidation Enables Selective Dehydrogenative [4+2] Annulation between Indole Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunlan Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei P. R. China
| | - Kun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei P. R. China
| | - Xu Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei P. R. China
| | - Xin Dong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei P. R. China
| | - Yue Weng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei P. R. China
| | - Chien‐Wei Chiang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei P. R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
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25
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Wang Y, Tian B, Ding M, Shi Z. Electrochemical Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling between Phenols and β-Dicarbonyl Compounds: Facile Construction of Benzofurans. Chemistry 2020; 26:4297-4303. [PMID: 31900957 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Preparative electrochemical synthesis is an ideal method for establishing green, sustainable processes. The major benefits of an electro-organic strategy over that of conventional chemical synthesis are the avoidance of reagent waste and mild reaction conditions. Here, an intermolecular cross-dehydrogenative coupling between phenols and β-dicarbonyl compounds has been developed to build various benzofurans under undivided electrolytic conditions. Neither transition metals nor external chemical oxidants are required to facilitate the dehydrogenation and dehydration processes. The key factor in success was the use of nBu4 NBF4 as the electrolyte and hexafluoroisopropanol as the solvent, which play key roles in the cyclocondensation step. This electrolysis is scalable and can be used as a key step in drug synthesis. On the basis of several experimental results, the mechanism, particularly of the remarkable anodic oxidation and cyclization process, was illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P.R. China
| | - Bailin Tian
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P.R. China
| | - Mengning Ding
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P.R. China
| | - Zhuangzhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P.R. China
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26
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Yin D, Jin J. Transition-Metal-Free Dehydrogenative N-N Coupling of Secondary Amines with KI/KIO4. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dehang Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road 200032 Shanghai China
| | - Jian Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road 200032 Shanghai China
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27
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Xu F, Long H, Song J, Xu H. De Novo Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Benzimidazolones and Benzoxazolones through an Electrochemical Dehydrogenative Cyclization Cascade. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province,iChEMCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Hao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province,iChEMCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Hai‐Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province,iChEMCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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28
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Xu F, Long H, Song J, Xu H. De Novo Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Benzimidazolones and Benzoxazolones through an Electrochemical Dehydrogenative Cyclization Cascade. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9017-9021. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province,iChEMCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Hao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province,iChEMCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Hai‐Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province,iChEMCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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29
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Feng P, Ma G, Chen X, Wu X, Lin L, Liu P, Chen T. Electrooxidative and Regioselective C-H Azolation of Phenol and Aniline Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8400-8404. [PMID: 30920715 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A general and practical protocol was developed for the regioselective C-H azolation of phenol and aniline derivatives by electrooxidative cross-coupling. The reaction occurs under metal-, oxidant-, and reagent-free conditions, allowing access to a wide variety of synthetically useful heteroarene derivatives. The reaction also tolerates a broad range of functional groups and is amenable to gram-scale synthesis. Finally, a preliminary mechanistic study indicated that a radical-radical-combination pathway might be involved in the coupling reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengju Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Guojian Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xing Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Environment and Civil, Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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30
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Feng P, Ma G, Chen X, Wu X, Lin L, Liu P, Chen T. Electrooxidative and Regioselective C−H Azolation of Phenol and Aniline Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengju Feng
- Department of ChemistryJinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Guojian Ma
- Department of ChemistryJinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- Department of ChemistryJinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Xing Wu
- Department of ChemistryJinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Ling Lin
- Department of ChemistryJinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Peng Liu
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Advanced NanomaterialsSchool of Environment and Civil, EngineeringDongguan University of Technology Dongguan 523808 China
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- Department of ChemistryJinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
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31
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Nikolaienko P, Jentsch M, Kale AP, Cai Y, Rueping M. Electrochemical and Scalable Dehydrogenative C(sp
3
)−H Amination via Remote Hydrogen Atom Transfer in Batch and Continuous Flow. Chemistry 2019; 25:7177-7184. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Nikolaienko
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Marc Jentsch
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH-Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Ajit P. Kale
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Yunfei Cai
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Magnus Rueping
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH-Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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32
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Liu D, Ma H, Fang P, Mei T. Nickel‐Catalyzed Thiolation of Aryl Halides and Heteroaryl Halides through Electrochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5033-5037. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Hong‐Xing Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYancheng Institute of Technology Yancheng 224051 China
| | - Ping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Tian‐Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
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33
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Singh D, Kumar G, Dheer D, Jyoti, Kushwaha M, Ahmed QN, Shankar R. BCl 3-Mediated C-N, C-S, and C-O Bond Formation of Imidazo[1,2- a]pyridine Benzylic Ethers. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:4530-4539. [PMID: 31459646 PMCID: PMC6648736 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
An efficient BCl3-mediated reaction of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines has been developed for the C-N, C-S, and C-O bond formation. The salient features of this method correspond to the substitution of different nucleophiles via in situ unconventional debenzylation. The developed process is applicable for the synthesis of a wide variety of ((3-amino/thio/alkoxy)-methyl)-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davinder Singh
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry Division, Medicinal Chemistry Division, and Quality Control and Quality Assurance
(QC & QA), CSIR-Indian Institute of
Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Gulshan Kumar
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry Division, Medicinal Chemistry Division, and Quality Control and Quality Assurance
(QC & QA), CSIR-Indian Institute of
Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Divya Dheer
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry Division, Medicinal Chemistry Division, and Quality Control and Quality Assurance
(QC & QA), CSIR-Indian Institute of
Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Jammu 180001, India
| | - Jyoti
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry Division, Medicinal Chemistry Division, and Quality Control and Quality Assurance
(QC & QA), CSIR-Indian Institute of
Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Manoj Kushwaha
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry Division, Medicinal Chemistry Division, and Quality Control and Quality Assurance
(QC & QA), CSIR-Indian Institute of
Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Qazi Naveed Ahmed
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry Division, Medicinal Chemistry Division, and Quality Control and Quality Assurance
(QC & QA), CSIR-Indian Institute of
Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Ravi Shankar
- Bio-Organic
Chemistry Division, Medicinal Chemistry Division, and Quality Control and Quality Assurance
(QC & QA), CSIR-Indian Institute of
Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Jammu 180001, India
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34
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Liu D, Ma H, Fang P, Mei T. Nickel‐Catalyzed Thiolation of Aryl Halides and Heteroaryl Halides through Electrochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Hong‐Xing Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYancheng Institute of Technology Yancheng 224051 China
| | - Ping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Tian‐Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
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35
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Li J, He L, Liu X, Cheng X, Li G. Electrochemical Hydrogenation with Gaseous Ammonia. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:1759-1763. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical SciencesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsNational Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry, EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Xianlin Rd. 163 Nanjing 210023 China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Salt Chemical IndustryCollege of Chemical EngineeringHuaiyin Institute of Technology Jiangsu Province Huaian 223003 China
| | - Lingfeng He
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical SciencesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsNational Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry, EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Xianlin Rd. 163 Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xu Liu
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical SciencesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsNational Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry, EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Xianlin Rd. 163 Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical SciencesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsNational Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry, EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Xianlin Rd. 163 Nanjing 210023 China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and EfficacyNanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Guigen Li
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical SciencesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsNational Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry, EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Xianlin Rd. 163 Nanjing 210023 China
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryTexas Tech University Lubbock TX USA
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36
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Li J, He L, Liu X, Cheng X, Li G. Electrochemical Hydrogenation with Gaseous Ammonia. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical SciencesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsNational Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry, EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Xianlin Rd. 163 Nanjing 210023 China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Salt Chemical IndustryCollege of Chemical EngineeringHuaiyin Institute of Technology Jiangsu Province Huaian 223003 China
| | - Lingfeng He
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical SciencesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsNational Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry, EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Xianlin Rd. 163 Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xu Liu
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical SciencesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsNational Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry, EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Xianlin Rd. 163 Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical SciencesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsNational Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry, EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Xianlin Rd. 163 Nanjing 210023 China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and EfficacyNanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Guigen Li
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical SciencesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsNational Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry, EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Xianlin Rd. 163 Nanjing 210023 China
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryTexas Tech University Lubbock TX USA
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37
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Zhang S, Li L, Wu P, Gong P, Liu R, Xu K. Substrate‐Dependent Electrochemical Dimethoxylation of Olefins. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Solar Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringNanyang Normal University Nanyang 473061 People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Li
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Solar Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringNanyang Normal University Nanyang 473061 People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wu
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Solar Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringNanyang Normal University Nanyang 473061 People's Republic of China
| | - Pengjuan Gong
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Solar Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringNanyang Normal University Nanyang 473061 People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Basic Medical SciencesAnhui Medical University 81 Meishan Road Hefei 230032 People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Xu
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Solar Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringNanyang Normal University Nanyang 473061 People's Republic of China
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38
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Gao Y, Mei H, Han J, Pan Y. Electrochemical Alkynyl/Alkenyl Migration for the Radical Difunctionalization of Alkenes. Chemistry 2018; 24:17205-17209. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongyuan Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Haibo Mei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Jianlin Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Yi Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
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39
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Wu ZJ, Li SR, Xu HC. Synthesis of N-Heterocycles by Dehydrogenative Annulation of N-Allyl Amides with 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; i ChEM and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Shi-Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; i ChEM and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; i ChEM and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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40
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Wu ZJ, Li SR, Xu HC. Synthesis of N-Heterocycles by Dehydrogenative Annulation of N-Allyl Amides with 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:14070-14074. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; i ChEM and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Shi-Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; i ChEM and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; i ChEM and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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