1
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Chong H, Liu X, Fang S, Yang X, Zhang Y, Wang T, Liu L, Kan Y, Zhao Y, Fan H, Zhang J, Wang X, Yao H, Yang Y, Gao Y, Zhao Q, Li S, Plymoth M, Xi J, Zhang Y, Wang C, Pang H. Organo-Pt ii Complexes for Potent Photodynamic Inactivation of Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria and the Influence of Configuration. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306936. [PMID: 38298088 PMCID: PMC11005693 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
PtII based organometallic photosensitizers (PSs) have emerged as novel potent photodynamic inactivation (PDI) reagents through their enhanced intersystem crossing (ISC) processes. Currently, few PtII PSs have been investigated as antibacterial materials, with relatively poor performances reported and with structure-activity relationships not well described. Herein, a pair of configurational isomers are reported of Bis-BODIPY (4,4-difluoro-boradizaindacene) embedded PtII PSs. The cis-isomer (cis-BBP) displayed enhanced 1O2 generation and better bacterial membrane anchoring capability as compared to the trans-isomer (trans-BBP). The effective PDI concentrations (efficiency > 99.9%) for cis-BBP in Acinetobacter baumannii (multi-drug resistant (MDR)) and Staphylococcus aureus are 400 nM (12 J cm-2) and 100 nM (18 J cm-2), respectively; corresponding concentrations and light doses for trans-BBP in the two bacteria are 2.50 µM (30 J cm-2) and 1.50 µM (18 J cm-2), respectively. The 50% and 90% minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50 and MIC90) ratio of trans-BBP to cis-BBP is 22.22 and 24.02 in A. baumannii (MDR); 21.29 and 22.36 in methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), respectively. Furthermore, cis-BBP displays superior in vivo antibacterial performance, with acceptable dark and photoinduced cytotoxicity. These results demonstrate cis-BBP is a robust light-assisted antibacterial reagent at sub-micromolecular concentrations. More importantly, configuration of PtII PSs should be an important issue to be considered in further PDI reagents design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chong
- Department of Chemical and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityNo. 180, Si‐Wang‐Ting Rd.YangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Xuanwei Liu
- Department of Chemical and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityNo. 180, Si‐Wang‐Ting Rd.YangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Siyu Fang
- Department of Chemical and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityNo. 180, Si‐Wang‐Ting Rd.YangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Xiaofei Yang
- Department of Chemical and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityNo. 180, Si‐Wang‐Ting Rd.YangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Yuefei Zhang
- Department of EmergencyAffiliated Hospital of Yangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225000China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Department of Chemical and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityNo. 180, Si‐Wang‐Ting Rd.YangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of NursingYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention andTreatment of Senile DiseasesNo. 88 South University Rd.Yangzhou225009P. R. China
| | - Yinshi Kan
- School of NursingYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention andTreatment of Senile DiseasesNo. 88 South University Rd.Yangzhou225009P. R. China
| | - Yueqi Zhao
- School of NursingYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention andTreatment of Senile DiseasesNo. 88 South University Rd.Yangzhou225009P. R. China
| | - Hongying Fan
- Testing Center of Yangzhou UniversityNo. 48 Wenhui East Rd.Yangzhou225009P. R. China
| | - Jingqi Zhang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083P. R. China
| | - Hang Yao
- Department of Chemical and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityNo. 180, Si‐Wang‐Ting Rd.YangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Yi Yang
- Center LaboratoryAffiliated Hospital of Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009P. R. China
| | - Yijian Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Shengliang Li
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Martin Plymoth
- Westmead hospitalSydneyNSW 2145Australia
- Department of Clinical MicrobiologyUmeå UniversityUmeå90187Sweden
| | - Juqun Xi
- Department of PharmacologyInstitute of Translational MedicineSchool of MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention andTreatment of Senile DiseasesYangzhou225009P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of NursingYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention andTreatment of Senile DiseasesNo. 88 South University Rd.Yangzhou225009P. R. China
| | - Chengyin Wang
- Department of Chemical and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityNo. 180, Si‐Wang‐Ting Rd.YangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Huan Pang
- Department of Chemical and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityNo. 180, Si‐Wang‐Ting Rd.YangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
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Yu H, Yu Y, Lin R, Liu M, Zhou Q, Liu M, Chen L, Wang W, Elzatahry AA, Zhao D, Li X. Camouflaged Virus-Like-Nanocarrier with a Transformable Rough Surface for Boosting Drug Delivery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216188. [PMID: 36722433 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Due to non-specific strong nano-bio interactions, it is difficult for nanocarriers with permanent rough surface to cross multiple biological barriers to realize efficient drug delivery. Herein, a camouflaged virus-like-nanocarrier with a transformable rough surface is reported, which is composed by an interior virus-like mesoporous SiO2 nanoparticle with a rough surface (vSiO2 ) and an exterior acid-responsive polymer. Under normal physiological pH condition, the spikes on vSiO2 are hidden by the polymer shell, and the non-specific strong nano-bio interactions are effectively inhibited. While in the acidic tumor microenvironment, the nanocarrier sheds the polymer camouflage to re-expose its rough surface. So, the retention ability and endocytosis efficiency of the nanocarrier are great improved. Owing to it's the dynamically variable rough surface, the rationally designed nanocarrier exhibits extended blood-circulation-time and enhanced tumor accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyue Yu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChem, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChem, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Runfeng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChem, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Minchao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChem, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qiaoyu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChem, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Mengli Liu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChem, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChem, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChem, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ahmed A Elzatahry
- Materials Science and Technology Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Dongyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChem, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChem, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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3
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Liu L, Yu W, Seitsonen J, Xu W, Lehto VP. Correct Identification of the Core-Shell Structure of Cell Membrane-Coated Polymeric Nanoparticles. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200947. [PMID: 36116117 PMCID: PMC10091812 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of negatively stained cell membrane (CM)-coated polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) reveal a characteristic core-shell structure. However, negative staining agents can create artifacts that complicate the determination of the actual NP structure. Herein, it is demonstrated with various bare polymeric core NPs, such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether-block-PLGA, and poly(caprolactone), that certain observed core-shell structures are actually artifacts caused by the staining process. To address this issue, fluorescence quenching was applied to quantify the proportion of fully coated NPs and statistical TEM analysis was used to identify and differentiate whether the observed core-shell structures of CM-coated PLGA (CM-PLGA) NPs are due to artifacts or to the CM coating. Integrated shells in TEM images of negatively stained CM-PLGA NPs are identified as artifacts. The present results challenge current understanding of the structure of CM-coated polymeric NPs and encourage researchers to use the proposed characterization approach to avoid misinterpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Liu
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Wei Yu
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Jani Seitsonen
- Nanomicroscopy Center Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University PO BOX 11000, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Wujun Xu
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vesa-Pekka Lehto
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
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4
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Zhao J, Yang Y, Xu X, Li H, Fei J, Liu Y, Zhang X, Li J. Super Light-Sensitive Photosensitizer Nanoparticles for Improved Photodynamic Therapy against Solid Tumors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210920. [PMID: 36050883 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective method for superficial cancer treatment. However, the limited light intensity in tissues, tumor hypoxia, and the low accumulation efficiency of photosensitizers (PSs) in tumors are still major challenges. Herein, we introduce super light-sensitive PS nanoparticles (designated HR NPs) that can increase singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) production and improve PS accumulation in tumors. HR NPs have the ability to produce a large amount of 1 O2 under ultralow power density light (0.05 mW cm-2 ) irradiation. More significantly, HR NPs have a long circulating time in tumor-bearing mice and can accumulate in tumors with high efficiency. When irradiated by light with a suitable wavelength, the nanoparticles exhibit excellent antitumor efficacy. This work will make it possible to cure solid tumors by PDT by enhancing the therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS, Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Yuguang Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The 4th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, 100048, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS, Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Medical Innovation Research Division, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100048, Beijing, China
| | - Jinbo Fei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS, Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Yilin Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- School of Science, Optoelectronics Research Center, Minzu University of China, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Junbai Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS, Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
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5
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Zhao J, Yang Y, Xu X, Li H, Fei J, Liu Y, Zhang X, Li J. Super Light‐Sensitive Photosensitizer Nanoparticles for Improved Photodynamic Therapy against Solid Tumors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Institute of Chemistry CAS: Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical ThermodynamicsKey Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Zhong Guan Cun Bei Yi Jie No.2 100190 Beijing CHINA
| | - Yuguang Yang
- Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital Depart of Dermatology Fu Cheng Road, No. 51 100048 Beijing CHINA
| | - Xia Xu
- Institute of Chemistry CAS: Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Zhong Guan Cun Bei Yi Jie No.2 100190 Beijing CHINA
| | - Hongyan Li
- Chinese PLA General Hospital Medical Innovation Research Division Fu Cheng Road, No. 51 100048 Beijing CHINA
| | - Jinbo Fei
- Institute of Chemistry CAS: Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Zhong Guan Cun Bei Yi Jie No.2 100190 Beijing CHINA
| | - Yilin Liu
- Institute of Chemistry CAS: Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Zhong Guan Cun Bei Yi Jie No.2 100190 Beijing CHINA
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Minzu University of China School of Science, Optoelectronics Research Center 100081 Beijing CHINA
| | - Junbai Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Chemistry Zhong Guan Cun Bei Yi Jie No.2 100190 Beijing CHINA
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6
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Wang C, Wu S. Research update on cell membrane camouflaged nanoparticles for cancer therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:944518. [PMID: 35992357 PMCID: PMC9388754 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.944518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell membrane-camouflaged biomimetic functionalization of nanoparticles has emerged as a promising strategy for cancer theranostics. These cell membranes used for camouflaging are generally isolated from natural or engineered erythrocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, T lymphatic cells, stem cells, and cancer cells. The camouflaging strategy of coating nanoparticles with cell membranes allows for tumor homotypic targeting through self-recognition as source cells, immune evasion, and a prolonged blood circulation time, thereby improving the effective payload delivery and tumor therapy. More so, some engineered cell membranes with functionalized peptides, proteins and moieties on membrane surface can be transferred for therapy in the same time. In this review, we summarize the latest research on various types of cell membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles aimed at anti-cancer therapy, focusing on the biological advantages of different cell membranes, constitutions of nanoparticles, fabrication processes, key findings, potential therapies, and discuss the major challenges and future opportunities.
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7
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Zhou C, Gao C, Wu Y, Si T, Yang M, He Q. Torque-Driven Orientation Motion of Chemotactic Colloidal Motors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116013. [PMID: 34981604 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We report a direct experimental observation of the torque-driven active reorientation of glucose-fueled flasklike colloidal motors to a glucose gradient exhibiting a positive chemotaxis. These streamlined flasklike colloidal motors are prepared by combining a hydrothermal synthesis and a vacuum infusion and can be propelled by an enzymatic cascade reaction in the glucose fuel. Their flasklike architecture can be used to recognize their moving posture, and thus the dynamic glucose-gradient-induced alignment and orientation-dependent motility during positive chemotaxis can be examined experimentally. The chemotactic mechanism is that the enzymatic reactions inside lead to the glucose acid gradient and the glucose gradient which generate two phoretic torques at the bottom and the opening respectively, and thus continuously steer it to the glucose gradient. Such glucose-fueled flasklike colloidal motors resembling the chemotactic capability of living organisms hold considerable potential for engineering active delivery vehicles in response to specific chemical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Changyong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yingjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Tieyan Si
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Mingcheng Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China
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8
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Xu Y, Tuo W, Yang L, Sun Y, Li C, Chen X, Yang W, Yang G, Stang PJ, Sun Y. Design of a Metallacycle-Based Supramolecular Photosensitizer for In Vivo Image-Guided Photodynamic Inactivation of Bacteria. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202110048. [PMID: 34806264 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infection is one of the greatest threats to public health. In vivo real-time monitoring and effective treatment of infected sites through non-invasive techniques, remain a challenge. Herein, we designed a PtII metallacycle-based supramolecular photosensitizer through the host-guest interaction between a pillar[5]arene-modified metallacycle and 1-butyl-4-[4-(diphenylamino)styryl]pyridinium. Leveraging the aggregation-induced emission supramolecular photosensitizer, we improved fluorescence performance and antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation. In vivo studies revealed that it displayed precise fluorescence tracking of S. aureus-infected sites, and in situ performed image-guided efficient PDI of S. aureus without noticeable side effects. These results demonstrated that metallacycle combined with host-guest chemistry could provide a paradigm for the development of powerful photosensitizers for biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wei Tuo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Chonglu Li
- Guangxi Key laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention & Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wenchao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Guangfu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Peter J Stang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Yao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
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9
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Xu Y, Tuo W, Yang L, Sun Y, Li C, Chen X, Yang W, Yang G, Stang PJ, Sun Y. Design of a Metallacycle‐Based Supramolecular Photosensitizer for In Vivo Image‐Guided Photodynamic Inactivation of Bacteria. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology Ministry of Education International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health College of Chemistry Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079 China
| | - Wei Tuo
- Department of Chemistry University of Utah 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020 Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of Radiology Union Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430022 China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Chemistry University of Utah 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020 Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - Chonglu Li
- Guangxi Key laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention & Treatment Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021 China
| | - Xiaoqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Technology Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Wenchao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology Ministry of Education International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health College of Chemistry Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079 China
| | - Guangfu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology Ministry of Education International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health College of Chemistry Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079 China
| | - Peter J. Stang
- Department of Chemistry University of Utah 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020 Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - Yao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology Ministry of Education International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health College of Chemistry Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079 China
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10
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Zhou C, Gao C, Wu Y, Si T, Yang M, He Q. Torque‐Driven Orientation Motion of Chemotactic Colloidal Motors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education) School of Medicine and Health Harbin Institute of Technology No. 92 XiDaZhi Street Harbin 150001 China
| | - Changyong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education) School of Medicine and Health Harbin Institute of Technology No. 92 XiDaZhi Street Harbin 150001 China
| | - Yingjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education) School of Medicine and Health Harbin Institute of Technology No. 92 XiDaZhi Street Harbin 150001 China
| | - Tieyan Si
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education) School of Medicine and Health Harbin Institute of Technology No. 92 XiDaZhi Street Harbin 150001 China
| | - Mingcheng Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Physical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory Dongguan, Guangdong 523808 China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education) School of Medicine and Health Harbin Institute of Technology No. 92 XiDaZhi Street Harbin 150001 China
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11
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Chen L, Zhou Z, Hu C, Maitz MF, Yang L, Luo R, Wang Y. Platelet Membrane-Coated Nanocarriers Targeting Plaques to Deliver Anti-CD47 Antibody for Atherosclerotic Therapy. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2022; 2022:9845459. [PMID: 35118420 PMCID: PMC8791388 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9845459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the principle cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) worldwide, is mainly characterized by the pathological accumulation of diseased vascular cells and apoptotic cellular debris. Atherogenesis is associated with the upregulation of CD47, a key antiphagocytic molecule that is known to render malignant cells resistant to programmed cell removal, or "efferocytosis." Here, we have developed platelet membrane-coated mesoporous silicon nanoparticles (PMSN) as a drug delivery system to target atherosclerotic plaques with the delivery of an anti-CD47 antibody. Briefly, the cell membrane coat prolonged the circulation of the particles by evading the immune recognition and provided an affinity to plaques and atherosclerotic sites. The anti-CD47 antibody then normalized the clearance of diseased vascular tissue and further ameliorated atherosclerosis by blocking CD47. In an atherosclerosis model established in ApoE-/- mice, PMSN encapsulating anti-CD47 antibody delivery significantly promoted the efferocytosis of necrotic cells in plaques. Clearing the necrotic cells greatly reduced the atherosclerotic plaque area and stabilized the plaques reducing the risk of plaque rupture and advanced thrombosis. Overall, this study demonstrated the therapeutic advantages of PMSN encapsulating anti-CD47 antibodies for atherosclerosis therapy, which holds considerable promise as a new targeted drug delivery platform for efficient therapy of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhongyi Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Manfred F. Maitz
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany
- Key Lab. for Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Li Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Rifang Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yunbing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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12
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Niu S, Zhang X, Williams GR, Wu J, Gao F, Fu Z, Chen X, Lu S, Zhu LM. Hollow Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Gated by Chitosan-Copper Sulfide Composites as Theranostic Agents for the Treatment of Breast Cancer. Acta Biomater 2021; 126:408-420. [PMID: 33731303 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The combination of chemotherapy and photothermal therapy (PTT) into a single formulation has attracted increasing attention as a strategy for enhancing cancer treatment. Here, hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HMSNs) were used as a base carrier material, loaded with the anti-cancer drug doxorubicin (DOX), and surface functionalized with chitosan (CS) and copper sulfide (CuS) nanodots to give HMSNs-CS-DOX@CuS. In this formulation, the CuS dots act as gatekeepers to seal the surface pores of the HMSNs, preventing a burst release of DOX into the systemic circulation. S-S bonds connect the CuS dots to the HMSNs; these are selectively cleaved under the reducing microenvironment of the tumor, permitting targeted drug release. This, coupled with the PTT properties of CuS, results in a potent chemo/PTT platform. The HMSNs-CS-DOX@CuS nanoparticles have a uniform size (150 ± 13 nm), potent photothermal properties (η = 36.4 %), and tumor-targeted and near infrared (NIR) laser irradiation-triggered DOX release. In vitro and in vivo experimental results confirmed that the material has good biocompatibility, but is effectively taken up by cancer cells. Moreover, the CuS nanodots permit simultaneous thermal/photoacoustic dual-modality imaging. Treatment with HMSNs-CS-DOX@CuS and NIR irradiation caused extensive apoptosis in cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo, and could dramatically extend the lifetimes of animals in a murine breast cancer model. The system developed in this work therefore merits further investigation as a potential nanotheranostic platform for cancer treatment. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Conventional cancer chemotherapy is accompanied by unavoidable off-target toxicity. Combination therapies, which can ameliorate these issues, are attracting significant attention. Here, the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) was encapsulated in the central cavity of chitosan (CS)-modified hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HMSNs). The prepared system can target drug release to the tumor microenvironment. When exposed to near infrared laser (NIR) irradiation, CuS nanodots located at the surface pores of the HMSNs generate energy, accelerating drug release. In addition, a systematic in vitro and in vivo evaluation confirmed the HMSNs-CS-DOX@CuS platform to give highly effective synergistic chemotherapeutic-photothermal therapy and have effective thermal/photoacoustic dual-imaging properties. This work may open up a new avenue for NIR-enhanced synergistic therapy with simultaneous thermal/photoacoustic dual imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Niu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, P.R. China
| | - Xuejing Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Gareth R Williams
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Jianrong Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, P.R. China
| | - Zi Fu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Xia Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Lu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Digital Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650500, P.R. China.
| | - Li-Min Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China.
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13
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Zhou B, Guo Z, Lin Z, Jiang BP, Shen XC. Stimuli-Responsive Nanomaterials for Smart Tumor-Specific Phototherapeutics. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:919-931. [PMID: 33345434 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phototherapy, a type of photoresponsive regulation of biological activities, together with additional stimuli-responsive features, offers significant potential for enhancing the precision and efficacy of cancer treatments. To achieve tumor-specific therapeutics, numerous studies have focused on the development of smart phototherapeutic nanomaterials (PNMs) that can respond to endogenous pathological characteristics (e. g., mild acidity, the overproduction of glutathione, the overproduction of hydrogen peroxide, the overexpression of specific surface receptors, etc.) present in the tumor and/or exogenous stimuli. Such responsiveness can effectively improve the physicochemical properties, cellular uptake, tumor-targeting performance, and pharmacokinetic profile of PNMs. Herein, we will systematically discuss recent advances in this field. Moreover, potential challenges and future directions in the development of stimuli-responsive PNMs are also presented to support the development of this emerging cutting-edge research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China
| | - Zhengxi Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoxin Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China
| | - Bang-Ping Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Can Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China
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14
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Wu G, Wei W, Zhang J, Nie W, Yuan L, Huang Y, Zuo L, Huang L, Xi X, Xie HY. A self-driven bioinspired nanovehicle by leukocyte membrane-hitchhiking for early detection and treatment of atherosclerosis. Biomaterials 2020; 250:119963. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Song X, Wang JP, Song Y, Qi T, Liang Li G. Bioinspired Healable Mechanochromic Function from Fluorescent Polyurethane Composite Film. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:272-276. [PMID: 32140381 PMCID: PMC7050239 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Camouflage and wound healing are two vital functions for cephalopods to survive from dangerous ocean risks. Inspired by these dual functions, herein, we report a new type of healable mechanochromic (HMC) material. The bifunctional HMC material consists of two tightly bonded layers. One layer is composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) for shielding. Another layer contains supramolecular hydrogen bonding polymers and fluorochromes for healing. The as‐synthesized HMC material exhibits a tunable and reversible mechanochromic function due to the strain‐induced surface structure of composite film. The mechanochromic function can be further restored after damage because of the incorporated healable polyurethane. The healing efficiency of the damaged HMC materials can even reach 98 % at 60 °C for 6 h. The bioinspired HMC material is expected to have potential applications in the information encryption and flexible displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Jun-Peng Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yan Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Tao Qi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Guo Liang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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16
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Zhang Y, Chen Y, Lo C, Zhuang J, Angsantikul P, Zhang Q, Wei X, Zhou Z, Obonyo M, Fang RH, Gao W, Zhang L. Inhibition of Pathogen Adhesion by Bacterial Outer Membrane-Coated Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11404-11408. [PMID: 31206942 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anti-adhesion therapies interfere with the bacterial adhesion to the host and thus avoid direct disruption of bacterial cycles for killing, which may alleviate resistance development. Herein, an anti-adhesion nanomedicine platform is made by wrapping synthetic polymeric cores with bacterial outer membranes. The resulting bacterium-mimicking nanoparticles (denoted "OM-NPs") compete with source bacteria for binding to the host. The "top-down" fabrication of OM-NPs avoids the identification of the adhesins and bypasses the design of agonists targeting these adhesins. In this study, OM-NPs are made with the membrane of Helicobacter pylori and shown to bind with gastric epithelial cells (AGS cells). Treatment of AGS cells with OM-NPs reduces H. pylori adhesion and such anti-adhesion efficacy is dependent on OM-NP concentration and its dosing sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA
| | - Yijie Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA
| | - Christopher Lo
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA
| | - Jia Zhuang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA
| | - Pavimol Angsantikul
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA
| | - Qiangzhe Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA
| | - Xiaoli Wei
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA
| | - Zhidong Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA
| | - Marygorret Obonyo
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ronnie H Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA
| | - Weiwei Gao
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA
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17
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Zhang Y, Chen Y, Lo C, Zhuang J, Angsantikul P, Zhang Q, Wei X, Zhou Z, Obonyo M, Fang RH, Gao W, Zhang L. Inhibition of Pathogen Adhesion by Bacterial Outer Membrane‐Coated Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering Chemical Engineering Program Moores Cancer Center University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92039 USA
| | - Yijie Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering Chemical Engineering Program Moores Cancer Center University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92039 USA
| | - Christopher Lo
- Department of NanoEngineering Chemical Engineering Program Moores Cancer Center University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92039 USA
| | - Jia Zhuang
- Department of NanoEngineering Chemical Engineering Program Moores Cancer Center University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92039 USA
| | - Pavimol Angsantikul
- Department of NanoEngineering Chemical Engineering Program Moores Cancer Center University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92039 USA
| | - Qiangzhe Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering Chemical Engineering Program Moores Cancer Center University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92039 USA
| | - Xiaoli Wei
- Department of NanoEngineering Chemical Engineering Program Moores Cancer Center University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92039 USA
| | - Zhidong Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering Chemical Engineering Program Moores Cancer Center University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92039 USA
| | - Marygorret Obonyo
- Department of Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Ronnie H. Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering Chemical Engineering Program Moores Cancer Center University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92039 USA
| | - Weiwei Gao
- Department of NanoEngineering Chemical Engineering Program Moores Cancer Center University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92039 USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering Chemical Engineering Program Moores Cancer Center University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92039 USA
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