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Gonzalez V, Cotte M, Vanmeert F, de Nolf W, Janssens K. X-ray Diffraction Mapping for Cultural Heritage Science: a Review of Experimental Configurations and Applications. Chemistry 2019; 26:1703-1719. [PMID: 31609033 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
X-ray diffraction (XRD) mapping consists in the acquisition of XRD patterns at each pixel (or voxel) of an area (or volume). The spatial resolution ranges from the micrometer (μXRD) to the millimeter (MA-XRD) scale, making the technique relevant for tiny samples up to large objects. Although XRD is primarily used for the identification of different materials in (complex) mixtures, additional information regarding the crystallite size, their orientation, and their in-depth distribution can also be obtained. Through mapping, these different types of information can be located on the studied sample/object. Cultural heritage objects are usually highly heterogeneous, and contain both original and later (degradation, conservation) materials. Their structural characterization is required both to determine ancient manufacturing processes and to evaluate their conservation state. Together with other mapping techniques, XRD mapping is increasingly used for these purposes. Here, the authors review applications as well as the various configurations for XRD mapping (synchrotron/laboratory X-ray source, poly-/monochromatic beam, micro/macro beam, 2D/3D, transmission/reflection mode). On-going hardware and software developments will further establish the technique as a key tool in heritage science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Gonzalez
- Science Department, Rijksmuseum, Hobbemastraat 22, 1071 ZC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marine Cotte
- ESRF, the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France.,Laboratoire d'Archéologie Moléculaire et Structurale (LAMS), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR8220, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Frederik Vanmeert
- Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry & Speciation (AXES), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wout de Nolf
- ESRF, the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Koen Janssens
- Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry & Speciation (AXES), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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Miliani C, Monico L, Melo MJ, Fantacci S, Angelin EM, Romani A, Janssens K. Zur Photochemie von Künstlerfarben: Strategien zur Verhinderung von Farbveränderungen in Kunstwerken. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Miliani
- CNR-Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (CNR-ISTM); via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italien
| | - Letizia Monico
- CNR-Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (CNR-ISTM); via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italien
- SMAArt Centre and Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology; University of Perugia; via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italien
- Department of Chemistry; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgien
| | - Maria J. Melo
- Department of Conservation and Restoration LAQV-REQUIMTE; Faculty of Sciences and Technology; NOVA University of Lisbon; 2829-516 Monte da Caparica Portugal
| | - Simona Fantacci
- CNR-Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (CNR-ISTM); via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italien
| | - Eva M. Angelin
- Department of Conservation and Restoration LAQV-REQUIMTE; Faculty of Sciences and Technology; NOVA University of Lisbon; 2829-516 Monte da Caparica Portugal
| | - Aldo Romani
- CNR-Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (CNR-ISTM); via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italien
- SMAArt Centre and Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology; University of Perugia; via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italien
| | - Koen Janssens
- Department of Chemistry; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgien
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Miliani C, Monico L, Melo MJ, Fantacci S, Angelin EM, Romani A, Janssens K. Photochemistry of Artists' Dyes and Pigments: Towards Better Understanding and Prevention of Colour Change in Works of Art. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7324-7334. [PMID: 29696761 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The absorption of light gives a pigment its colour and its reason for being, but it also creates excited states, that is, new molecules with an energy excess that can be dissipated through degradation pathways. Photodegradation processes provoke long-term, cumulative and irreversible colour changes (fading, darkening, blanching) of which the prediction and prevention are challenging tasks. Of all the environmental risks that affect heritage materials, light exposure is the only one that cannot be controlled without any impact on the optimal display of the exhibit. Light-induced alterations are not only associated with the pigment itself but also with its interactions with support/binder and, in turn, are further complicated by the nature of the environmental conditions. In this Minireview we investigate how chemistry, encompassing multi-scale analytical investigations of works of art, computational modelling and physical and chemical studies contributes to improve our prediction of artwork appearance before degradation and to establish effective preventive conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Miliani
- CNR-Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (CNR-ISTM), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Letizia Monico
- CNR-Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (CNR-ISTM), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy.,SMAArt Centre and Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maria J Melo
- Department of Conservation and Restoration LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Monte da, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Simona Fantacci
- CNR-Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (CNR-ISTM), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Eva M Angelin
- Department of Conservation and Restoration LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Monte da, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Aldo Romani
- CNR-Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (CNR-ISTM), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy.,SMAArt Centre and Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Koen Janssens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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