1
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Xu YY, Gao ZH, Li CB, Ye S. Enantioselective N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed α-Oxidative Coupling of Enals with Carboxylic Acids Using an Iodine(III) Reagent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218362. [PMID: 36651829 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The enantioselective α-oxidative coupling of enals with carboxylic acids was developed via the umpolung of an NHC-bound enolate with an iodine(III) reagent. The corresponding α-acyloxyl-β,γ-unsaturated esters were afforded in good yields, with high regio- and enantioselectivities. The key step of the reaction involves the formation of enol iodine(III) intermediate from the enolate with iodosobenzene, which changes the polarity of α-carbon of the enal from nucleophilic to electrophilic, and thus facilitates the subsequent addition of carboxylate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Hua Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Cao-Bo Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Song Ye
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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2
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Yang X, Wei L, Wu Y, Zhou L, Zhang X, Chi YR. Atroposelective Access to 1,3-Oxazepine-Containing Bridged Biaryls via Carbene-Catalyzed Desymmetrization of Imines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202211977. [PMID: 36087019 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We disclose herein an atroposelective synthesis of novel bridged biaryls containing medium-sized rings via N-heterocyclic carbene organocatalysis. The reaction starts with addition of the carbene catalyst to the aminophenol-derived aldimine substrate. Subsequent oxidation and intramolecular desymmetrization lead to the formation of 1,3-oxazepine-containing bridged biaryls in good yields and excellent enantioselectivities. These novel bridged biaryl products can be readily transformed into chiral phosphite ligands. Preliminary density function theory calculations suggest that the origin of enantioselectivity arises from the more favorable frontier molecular orbital interactions in the transition state leading to the major product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine (Ministry of Educational of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Liwen Wei
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine (Ministry of Educational of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Yuelin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine (Ministry of Educational of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Liejin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Xinglong Zhang
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138632, Singapore
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- Division of Chemistry & Mathematical Science, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.,Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, P. R. China
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3
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Wu T, Tatton MR, Greaney MF. NHC Catalysis for Umpolung Pyridinium Alkylation via Deoxy‐Breslow Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117524. [PMID: 35103381 PMCID: PMC9306516 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Umpolung N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis of non‐aldehyde substrates offers new pathways for C−C bond formation, but has proven challenging to develop in terms of viable substrate classes. Here, we demonstrate that pyridinium ions can undergo NHC addition and subsequent intramolecular C−C bond formation through a deoxy‐Breslow intermediate. The alkylation demonstrates, for the first time, that deoxy‐Breslow intermediates are viable for catalytic umpolung of areniums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Wu
- School of Chemistry The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Matthew R. Tatton
- Early Chemical Development Pharmaceutical Sciences R&D, AstraZeneca Macclesfield SK10 2NA UK
| | - Michael F. Greaney
- School of Chemistry The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
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4
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Wu T, Tatton MR, Greaney MF. NHC Catalysis for Umpolung Pyridinium Alkylation via Deoxy-Breslow Intermediates. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 134:e202117524. [PMID: 38504766 PMCID: PMC10947523 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Umpolung N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis of non-aldehyde substrates offers new pathways for C-C bond formation, but has proven challenging to develop in terms of viable substrate classes. Here, we demonstrate that pyridinium ions can undergo NHC addition and subsequent intramolecular C-C bond formation through a deoxy-Breslow intermediate. The alkylation demonstrates, for the first time, that deoxy-Breslow intermediates are viable for catalytic umpolung of areniums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Wu
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Matthew R. Tatton
- Early Chemical DevelopmentPharmaceutical SciencesR&D, AstraZenecaMacclesfieldSK10 2NAUK
| | - Michael F. Greaney
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
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5
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Yang X, Xie Y, Xu J, Ren S, Mondal B, Zhou L, Tian W, Zhang X, Hao L, Jin Z, Chi YR. Carbene‐Catalyzed Activation of Remote Nitrogen Atoms of (Benz)imidazole‐Derived Aldimines for Enantioselective Synthesis of Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Yang
- Division of Chemistry & Mathematical Science School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Yongtao Xie
- Division of Chemistry & Mathematical Science School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
- International Joint Research Center for Molecular Science College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Jun Xu
- Division of Chemistry & Mathematical Science School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Shichao Ren
- Division of Chemistry & Mathematical Science School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Bivas Mondal
- Division of Chemistry & Mathematical Science School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Liejin Zhou
- Division of Chemistry & Mathematical Science School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Weiyi Tian
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Xinglong Zhang
- Institute of High Performance Computing A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Singapore 138632 Singapore
| | - Lin Hao
- Division of Chemistry & Mathematical Science School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Zhichao Jin
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering Ministry of Education Guizhou University Huaxi District Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- Division of Chemistry & Mathematical Science School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering Ministry of Education Guizhou University Huaxi District Guiyang 550025 China
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6
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Wang G, Zhang Q, Wei C, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Huang J, Wei D, Fu Z, Huang W. Asymmetric Carbene‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Functionalized Aldimines as 1,4‐Dipoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202017017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Qiao‐Chu Zhang
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University 100 Science Avenue Zhengzhou Henan Province 450001 China
| | - Chenlong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Linxue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Juhui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University 100 Science Avenue Zhengzhou Henan Province 450001 China
| | - Zhenqian Fu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
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7
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Wang G, Zhang Q, Wei C, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Huang J, Wei D, Fu Z, Huang W. Asymmetric Carbene‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Functionalized Aldimines as 1,4‐Dipoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7913-7919. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202017017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Qiao‐Chu Zhang
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University 100 Science Avenue Zhengzhou Henan Province 450001 China
| | - Chenlong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Linxue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Juhui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University 100 Science Avenue Zhengzhou Henan Province 450001 China
| | - Zhenqian Fu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
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8
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Yang X, Xie Y, Xu J, Ren S, Mondal B, Zhou L, Tian W, Zhang X, Hao L, Jin Z, Chi YR. Carbene‐Catalyzed Activation of Remote Nitrogen Atoms of (Benz)imidazole‐Derived Aldimines for Enantioselective Synthesis of Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7906-7912. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Yang
- Division of Chemistry & Mathematical Science School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Yongtao Xie
- Division of Chemistry & Mathematical Science School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
- International Joint Research Center for Molecular Science College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Jun Xu
- Division of Chemistry & Mathematical Science School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Shichao Ren
- Division of Chemistry & Mathematical Science School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Bivas Mondal
- Division of Chemistry & Mathematical Science School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Liejin Zhou
- Division of Chemistry & Mathematical Science School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Weiyi Tian
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Xinglong Zhang
- Institute of High Performance Computing A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Singapore 138632 Singapore
| | - Lin Hao
- Division of Chemistry & Mathematical Science School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Zhichao Jin
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering Ministry of Education Guizhou University Huaxi District Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- Division of Chemistry & Mathematical Science School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering Ministry of Education Guizhou University Huaxi District Guiyang 550025 China
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9
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David William Lupton. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:4212. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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David William Lupton. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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11
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Motaleb A, Rani S, Das T, Gonnade RG, Maity P. Phosphite‐Catalyzed C−H Allylation of Azaarenes via an Enantioselective [2,3]‐Aza‐Wittig Rearrangement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Motaleb
- Organic Chemistry Division CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune- 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad- 201002 India
| | - Soniya Rani
- Organic Chemistry Division CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune- 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad- 201002 India
| | - Tamal Das
- Organic Chemistry Division CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune- 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad- 201002 India
| | - Rajesh G. Gonnade
- Organic Chemistry Division CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune- 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad- 201002 India
| | - Pradip Maity
- Organic Chemistry Division CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune- 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad- 201002 India
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12
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Motaleb A, Rani S, Das T, Gonnade RG, Maity P. Phosphite-Catalyzed C-H Allylation of Azaarenes via an Enantioselective [2,3]-Aza-Wittig Rearrangement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14104-14109. [PMID: 31389132 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A phosphite-mediated [2,3]-aza-Wittig rearrangement has been developed for the regio- and enantioselective allylic alkylation of six-membered heteroaromatic compounds (azaarenes). The nucleophilic phosphite adducts of N-allyl salts undergo a stereoselective base-mediated aza-Wittig rearrangement and dissociation of the chiral phosphite for overall C-H functionalization of azaarenes. This method provides efficient access to tertiary and quaternary chiral centers in isoquinoline, quinoline, and pyridine systems, tolerating a broad variety of substituents on both the allyl part and azaarenes. Catalysis with chiral phosphites is also demonstrated with synthetically useful yields and enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Motaleb
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-, 201002, India
| | - Soniya Rani
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-, 201002, India
| | - Tamal Das
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-, 201002, India
| | - Rajesh G Gonnade
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-, 201002, India
| | - Pradip Maity
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-, 201002, India
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13
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Yoshida Y, Omori K, Hiroshige T, Mino T, Sakamoto M. Chemoselective Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Functionalized Aminals Through the Umpolung Organocascade Reaction of α‐Imino Amides. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:2737-2743. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Yoshida
- Molecular Chirality Research CenterGraduate School of Science and EngineeringChiba University 1–33, Yayoi-cho Inage-ku, Chiba-shi Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Kazuki Omori
- Molecular Chirality Research CenterGraduate School of Science and EngineeringChiba University 1–33, Yayoi-cho Inage-ku, Chiba-shi Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Tomohiko Hiroshige
- Molecular Chirality Research CenterGraduate School of Science and EngineeringChiba University 1–33, Yayoi-cho Inage-ku, Chiba-shi Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Takashi Mino
- Molecular Chirality Research CenterGraduate School of Science and EngineeringChiba University 1–33, Yayoi-cho Inage-ku, Chiba-shi Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Masami Sakamoto
- Molecular Chirality Research CenterGraduate School of Science and EngineeringChiba University 1–33, Yayoi-cho Inage-ku, Chiba-shi Chiba 263-8522 Japan
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