1
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Kiyokawa K, Ishizuka M, Minakata S. Stereospecific Oxycyanation of Alkenes with Sulfonyl Cyanide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218743. [PMID: 36702752 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Oxycyanation of alkenes would allow the direct construction of useful β-hydroxy nitrile scaffolds. However, only limited examples of such reactions have been reported, and some problems including limited substrate scope and the lack of diastereocontrol in the case of the oxycyanation of internal alkenes have arisen. We herein report on the intermolecular oxycyanation of alkenes using p-toluenesulfonyl cyanide (TsCN) in the presence of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (B(C6 F5 )3 ) as a catalyst, affording products that contain a sulfinyloxy group and a cyano group at the vicinal position. The reaction features a stereospecific syn-addition. The reaction also shows a broad substrate scope with good functional group tolerance. Mechanistic investigations by experimental studies and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the reaction proceeds via an unprecedented stereospecific mechanism through the electrophilic cyanation of alkenes, in which B(C6 F5 )3 efficiently activates TsCN through the coordination of the cyano group to the boron center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Kiyokawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Miu Ishizuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Minakata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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2
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Wong A, Alcántara G, Avalos M, Wu G, Ménard G. Facile Synthesis of (C
6
F
5
)
2
BBr and (C
6
F
5
)
2
BX(OEt
2
) (X=Cl, Br) using Hydrogen Halides and Piers’ Borane. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Wong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
| | - Gustavo Alcántara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
| | - Matthew Avalos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
| | - Guang Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
| | - Gabriel Ménard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
- Department of Chemistry University of Calgary 2500 University Drive NW Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
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3
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Xie K, Oestreich M. Decarbonylative Transfer Hydrochlorination of Alkenes and Alkynes Based on a B(C
6
F
5
)
3
‐Initiated Grob Fragmentation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203692. [PMID: 35325506 PMCID: PMC9321001 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Readily available cyclohexa‐2,5‐dien‐1‐ylcarbonyl chloride derivatives are introduced as bench‐stable HCl surrogates for transfer hydrochlorination of terminal and internal alkenes as well as selected alkynes. The stepwise Grob fragmentation of those acyl chlorides into chloride, carbon monoxide, a low‐molecular‐weight arene, and a proton is promoted by B(C6F5)3. This decarbonylative transfer process enables the addition of HCl across C−C double and triple bonds with Markovnikov selectivity at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixue Xie
- Institut für Chemie Technische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie Technische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Germany
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4
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Xie K, Oestreich M. Decarbonylative Transfer Hydrochlorination of Alkenes and Alkynes Based on a B(C6F5)3‐Initiated Grob Fragmentation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaixue Xie
- Technische Universität Berlin: Technische Universitat Berlin Institute of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Technische Universität Berlin: Technische Universitat Berlin Chemistry Straße des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin GERMANY
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5
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Li L, Kail S, Weber SM, Hilt G. Indium‐katalysierte Transferhydrierung zur reduktiven Cyclisierung von 2‐Alkinylenonen zu trisubstituierten Furanen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luomo Li
- Institut für Chemie Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26111 Oldenburg Deutschland
| | - Sascha Kail
- Institut für Chemie Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26111 Oldenburg Deutschland
| | - Sebastian M. Weber
- Institut für Chemie Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26111 Oldenburg Deutschland
| | - Gerhard Hilt
- Institut für Chemie Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26111 Oldenburg Deutschland
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6
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Li L, Kail S, Weber SM, Hilt G. Indium-Catalysed Transfer Hydrogenation for the Reductive Cyclisation of 2-Alkynyl Enones towards Trisubstituted Furans. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23661-23666. [PMID: 34476880 PMCID: PMC8597135 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Indium tribromide catalysed the transfer hydrogenation from dihydroaromatic compounds, such as the commercially available γ-terpinene, to enones, which resulted in the cyclisation to trisubstituted furan derivatives. The reaction was initiated by a Michael addition of a hydride nucleophile to the enone subunit followed by a Lewis-acid-assisted cyclisation and the formation of a furan-indium intermediate and a Wheland intermediate derived from the dihydroaromatic starting material. The product was formed by protonation from the Wheland complex and replaced the indium tribromide substituent. In addition, a site-specific deuterium labelling of the dihydroaromatic HD surrogates resulted in site specific labelling of the products and gave useful insights into the reaction mechanism by H-D scrambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luomo Li
- Institut für ChemieCarl von Ossietzky Universität OldenburgCarl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9–1126111OldenburgGermany
| | - Sascha Kail
- Institut für ChemieCarl von Ossietzky Universität OldenburgCarl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9–1126111OldenburgGermany
| | - Sebastian M. Weber
- Institut für ChemieCarl von Ossietzky Universität OldenburgCarl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9–1126111OldenburgGermany
| | - Gerhard Hilt
- Institut für ChemieCarl von Ossietzky Universität OldenburgCarl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9–1126111OldenburgGermany
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7
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Li L, Hilt G. Indium Tribromide-Catalysed Transfer-Hydrogenation: Expanding the Scope of the Hydrogenation and of the Regiodivergent DH or HD Addition to Alkenes. Chemistry 2021; 27:11221-11225. [PMID: 34048092 PMCID: PMC8453857 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The transfer‐hydrogenation as well as the regioselective and regiodivergent addition of H−D from regiospecific deuterated dihydroaromatic compounds to a variety of 1,1‐di‐ and trisubstituted alkenes was realised with InBr3 in dichloro(m)ethane. In comparison with the previously reported BF3⋅Et2O‐catalysed process, electron‐deficient aryl‐substituents can be applied reliably and thereby several restrictions could be lifted, and new types of substrates could be transformed successfully in hydrodeuterogenation as well as deuterohydrogenation transfer‐hydrogenation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luomo Li
- Institut für Chemie, Oldenburg University, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hilt
- Institut für Chemie, Oldenburg University, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
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8
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Chen W, Fang H, Xie K, Oestreich M. The Cyclohexa-2,5-dienyl Group as a Placeholder for Hydrogen: Organocatalytic Michael Addition of an Acetaldehyde Surrogate. Chemistry 2020; 26:15126-15129. [PMID: 32808731 PMCID: PMC7756304 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
An aldehyde with a cyclohexa-2,5-dienyl group in the α-position is introduced as a storable surrogate of highly reactive acetaldehyde. The cyclohexa-2,5-dienyl unit is compatible with an enantioselective Michael addition to nitroalkenes promoted by a Hayashi-Jørgensen catalyst and can be removed by a boron Lewis acid mediated C-C bond cleavage. The robust two-step sequence does not require a large excess of the aldehyde component that is typically needed when directly using acetaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Chen
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Huaquan Fang
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kaixue Xie
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Sun F, Ni J, Cheng G, Fang X. Highly Regio‐ and Stereoselective Ni‐Catalyzed Hydrocyanation of 1,3‐Enynes. Chemistry 2020; 26:5956-5960. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feilong Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral DrugsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringFrontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesShanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Jie Ni
- Warshel Institute for Computational BiologySchool of, Life and Health SciencesThe Chinese University of, Hong Kong (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518172 P. R. China
| | - Gui‐Juan Cheng
- Warshel Institute for Computational BiologySchool of, Life and Health SciencesThe Chinese University of, Hong Kong (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518172 P. R. China
| | - Xianjie Fang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral DrugsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringFrontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesShanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
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10
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Yu P, Bismuto A, Morandi B. Iridium-Catalyzed Hydrochlorination and Hydrobromination of Alkynes by Shuttle Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:2904-2910. [PMID: 31769578 PMCID: PMC7028031 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Described herein are two different methods for the synthesis of vinyl halides by a shuttle catalysis based iridium-catalyzed transfer hydrohalogenation of unactivated alkynes. The use of 4-chlorobutan-2-one or tert-butyl halide as donors of hydrogen halides allows this transformation in the absence of corrosive reagents, such as hydrogen halides or acid chlorides, thus largely improving the functional-group tolerance and safety profile of these reactions compared to the state-of-the-art. This method has granted access to alkenyl halide compounds containing acid-sensitive groups, such as tertiary alcohols, silyl ethers, and acetals. The synthetic value of those methodologies has been demonstrated by gram-scale synthesis where low catalyst loading was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH ZürichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI8093ZürichSwitzerland
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wihelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Alessandro Bismuto
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH ZürichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI8093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Bill Morandi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH ZürichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI8093ZürichSwitzerland
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wihelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
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11
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Yu P, Bismuto A, Morandi B. Iridium‐katalysierte Hydrochlorierung und Hydrobromierung von Alkinen durch Shuttlekatalyse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Schweiz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wihelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
| | - Alessandro Bismuto
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Bill Morandi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Schweiz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wihelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
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12
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Walker JCL, Oestreich M. Lewis Acid Catalyzed Transfer Hydromethallylation for the Construction of Quaternary Carbon Centers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:15386-15389. [PMID: 31449730 PMCID: PMC6856816 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The design and gram-scale synthesis of a cyclohexa-1,4-diene-based surrogate of isobutene gas is reported. Using the highly electron-deficient Lewis acid B(C6 F5 )3 , application of this surrogate in the hydromethallylation of electron-rich styrene derivatives provided sterically congested quaternary carbon centers. The reaction proceeds by C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ) bond formation at a tertiary carbenium ion that is generated by alkene protonation. The possibility of two concurrent mechanisms is proposed on the basis of mechanistic experiments using a deuterated surrogate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes C. L. Walker
- Institut für ChemieTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 11510623BerlinGermany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für ChemieTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 11510623BerlinGermany
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13
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Walker JCL, Oestreich M. Lewis Säure‐katalysierte Transferhydromethallylierung für den Aufbau quartärer Kohlenstoffzentren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes C. L. Walker
- Institut für Chemie Technische Universität Berlin Straße des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie Technische Universität Berlin Straße des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Deutschland
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14
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Mauksch M, Tsogoeva SB. Hückel and Möbius Aromaticity in Charged Sigma Complexes. Chemistry 2019; 25:7457-7462. [PMID: 30969449 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In sigma complexes, intermediates in nucleophilic and electrophilic aromatic substitution and other reactions, delocalization in the aromatic ring is formally disrupted. Unexpectedly, computational evidence is presented that favorable processes contain aromatic sigma complexes. Tetracoordinated carbon therein surprisingly employs orbitals that are more similar to sp2 than to sp3 hybrids in sigma bonds with adjacent ring atoms. Both leaving groups and nucleo- or electrophiles may donate electrons to the π-system depending on the availability of p-type orbitals to fulfill Hückel (4N+2) or Möbius (4N) rules of aromaticity in analogy to conjugated transition-metal metallacycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mauksch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Computer Chemistry Center, Nägelsbachstrasse 25a, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Svetlana B Tsogoeva
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary, Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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15
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Hao Z, Shen Z, Li Y, Wang H, Zheng L, Wang R, Liu G, Zhan S. The Role of Alkali Metal in α‐MnO
2
Catalyzed Ammonia‐Selective Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:6351-6356. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Hao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental CriteriaTianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution ControlCollege of Environmental Science and EngineeringNankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Zhurui Shen
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Yi Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic SciencesDepartment of ChemistrySchool of ScienceTianjin UniversityCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Haitao Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental CriteriaTianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution ControlCollege of Environmental Science and EngineeringNankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institude of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Ruihua Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental CriteriaTianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution ControlCollege of Environmental Science and EngineeringNankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Guoquan Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental CriteriaTianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution ControlCollege of Environmental Science and EngineeringNankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Sihui Zhan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental CriteriaTianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution ControlCollege of Environmental Science and EngineeringNankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
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16
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Hao Z, Shen Z, Li Y, Wang H, Zheng L, Wang R, Liu G, Zhan S. The Role of Alkali Metal in α‐MnO
2
Catalyzed Ammonia‐Selective Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Hao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental CriteriaTianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution ControlCollege of Environmental Science and EngineeringNankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Zhurui Shen
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Yi Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic SciencesDepartment of ChemistrySchool of ScienceTianjin UniversityCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Haitao Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental CriteriaTianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution ControlCollege of Environmental Science and EngineeringNankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institude of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Ruihua Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental CriteriaTianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution ControlCollege of Environmental Science and EngineeringNankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Guoquan Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental CriteriaTianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution ControlCollege of Environmental Science and EngineeringNankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Sihui Zhan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental CriteriaTianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution ControlCollege of Environmental Science and EngineeringNankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
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