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Sang R, Fan R, Deng A, Gou J, Lin R, Zhao T, Hai Y, Song J, Liu Y, Qi B, Du G, Cheng M, Wei G. Degradation of Hexokinase 2 Blocks Glycolysis and Induces GSDME-Dependent Pyroptosis to Amplify Immunogenic Cell Death for Breast Cancer Therapy. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37376788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Hexokinase 2 (HK2) is the principal rate-limiting enzyme in the aerobic glycolysis pathway and determines the quantity of glucose entering glycolysis. However, the current HK2 inhibitors have poor activity, so we used proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology to design and synthesize novel HK2 degraders. Among them, C-02 has the best activity to degrade HK2 protein and inhibit breast cancer cells. It is demonstrated that C-02 could block glycolysis, cause mitochondrial damage, and then induce GSDME-dependent pyroptosis. Furthermore, pyroptosis induces cell immunogenic death (ICD) and activates antitumor immunity, thus improving antitumor immunotherapy in vitro and in vivo. These findings show that the degradation of HK2 can effectively inhibit the aerobic metabolism of breast cancer cells, thereby inhibiting their malignant proliferation and reversing the immunosuppressive microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxi Sang
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Renming Fan
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Aohua Deng
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Jiakui Gou
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ruizhuo Lin
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yongrui Hai
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Junke Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bing Qi
- Institute of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Gaofei Wei
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
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Koga Y, Hoang EM, Park Y, Keszei AFA, Murray J, Shao S, Liau BB. Discovery of C13-Aminobenzoyl Cycloheximide Derivatives that Potently Inhibit Translation Elongation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13473-13477. [PMID: 34403584 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Employed for over half a century to study protein synthesis, cycloheximide (CHX, 1) is a small molecule natural product that reversibly inhibits translation elongation. More recently, CHX has been applied to ribosome profiling, a method for mapping ribosome positions on mRNA genome-wide. Despite CHX's extensive use, CHX treatment often results in incomplete translation inhibition due to its rapid reversibility, prompting the need for improved reagents. Here, we report the concise synthesis of C13-amide-functionalized CHX derivatives with increased potencies toward protein synthesis inhibition. Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) revealed that C13-aminobenzoyl CHX (8) occupies the same site as CHX, competing with the 3' end of E-site tRNA. We demonstrate that 8 is superior to CHX for ribosome profiling experiments, enabling more effective capture of ribosome conformations through sustained stabilization of polysomes. Our studies identify powerful chemical reagents to study protein synthesis and reveal the molecular basis of their enhanced potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Koga
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Eileen M Hoang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Yongho Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Alexander F A Keszei
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jason Murray
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Sichen Shao
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Brian B Liau
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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Nguyen HTT, Kim JD, Raj V, Hwang IM, Yu NH, Park AR, Choi JS, Lee J, Kim JC. Deciphering the Relationship Between Cycloheximides Structures and Their Different Biological Activities. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:644853. [PMID: 33897655 PMCID: PMC8058199 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.644853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces species are the most important sources of antibacterial, antifungal, and phytotoxic metabolites. In this study, cycloheximide (CH) and acetoxycycloheximide (ACH) were isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp. JCK-6092. The antifungal and phytotoxic activities of the two compounds (CH and ACH) and a cycloheximide derivative, hydroxycycloheximide (HCH), were compared. CH exhibited the strongest antagonistic activity against all the true fungi tested, followed by ACH and HCH. However, both CH and ACH displayed similar mycelial growth inhibitory activities against several phytopathogenic oomycetes, and both were more active than that of HCH. Disparate to antifungal ability, ACH showed the strongest phytotoxic activity against weeds and crops, followed by HCH and CH. ACH caused chlorophyll content loss, leaf electrolytic leakage, and lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner. Its phytotoxicity was stronger than that of glufosinate-ammonium but weaker than that of paraquat in the in vitro experiments. CH and its derivatives are well-known protein synthesis inhibitors; however, the precise differences between their mechanism of action remain undiscovered. A computational study revealed effects of CHs on the protein synthesis of Pythium ultimum (oomycetes), Magnaporthe oryzae (true fungus), and Capsicum annum (plant) and deciphered the differences in their biological activities on different targets. The binding energies and conformation stabilities of each chemical molecule correlated with their biological activities. Thus, molecular docking study supported the experimental results. This is the first comparative study to suggest the ribosomal protein alteration mechanisms of CHs in plants and fungi and to thus show how the protein inhibitory activities of the different derivatives are altered using molecular docking. The correlation of structures features of CHs in respect to bond formation with desired protein was revealed by density functional theory. Overall collective results suggested that CHs can be used as lead molecules in the development of more potent fungicides and herbicides molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Thi Thu Nguyen
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jae Deok Kim
- Eco-Friendly and New Materials Research Group, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Vinit Raj
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - In Min Hwang
- Hygienic Safety and Analysis Center, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Nan Hee Yu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ae Ran Park
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jung Seob Choi
- Eco-Friendly and New Materials Research Group, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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