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Li Z, Shen J, Jiang Q, Shen S, Zhou J, Zeng H. Directionally aligned crown ethers as superactive organocatalysts for transition metal ion-free arylation of unactivated arenes. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200303. [PMID: 35560810 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
When one-dimensionally aligned to the same side, multiple non-covalently associated crown ether groups could act as a whole to yield a higher catalytic activity than an individual poorly active crown ether group, delivering the lowest catalyst loading of 1 - 2 mol% among all hitherto known organocatalysts for catalyzing direct arylation of unactivated arenes with haloarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojie Li
- Nanjing University, School of Medicine, CHINA
| | - Jie Shen
- Hainan University, Department of Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Qing Jiang
- Nanjing University, School of Medicine, CHINA
| | - Sheng Shen
- Nanjing University, School of Medicine, CHINA
| | - Jing Zhou
- Nanjing University, Medical School, 22 Hankou Road, 210093, Nanjing, CHINA
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2
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Maynard JRJ, Galmés B, Stergiou AD, Symes MD, Frontera A, Goldup SM. Anion-π Catalysis Enabled by the Mechanical Bond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202115961. [PMID: 35040543 PMCID: PMC9303940 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report a series of rotaxane-based anion-π catalysts in which the mechanical bond between a bipyridine macrocycle and an axle containing an NDI unit is intrinsic to the activity observed, including a [3]rotaxane that catalyses an otherwise disfavoured Michael addition in >60 fold selectivity over a competing decarboxylation pathway that dominates under Brønsted base conditions. The results are rationalized by detailed experimental investigations, electrochemical and computational analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bartomeu Galmés
- Department of ChemistryUniversitat de les Illes BalearsCrta de Valldemossa km 7.507122Palma de MallorcaBalearesSpain
| | - Athanasios D. Stergiou
- WestCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of Glasgow, Joseph Black BuildingUniversity AvenueGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Mark D. Symes
- WestCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of Glasgow, Joseph Black BuildingUniversity AvenueGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department of ChemistryUniversitat de les Illes BalearsCrta de Valldemossa km 7.507122Palma de MallorcaBalearesSpain
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3
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Maynard JRJ, Galmés B, Stergiou A, Symes M, Frontera A, Goldup SM. Anion‐π Catalysis Enabled by the Mechanical Bond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mark Symes
- University of Glasgow Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
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4
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Malenov DP, Zarić SD. New Type of Aromatic π-Systems for Anion Recognition: Strong Anion-π and C-H⋅⋅⋅Anion Interactions Between Halides and Aromatic Ligands in Half-Sandwich Compounds. Chemistry 2021; 27:17862-17872. [PMID: 34719802 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Half-sandwich compounds of benzene, cyclopentadienyl, pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, and indenyl were studied as a new type of aromatic π-systems for interactions with halide anions. Although uncoordinated benzene forms only C-H⋅⋅⋅anion interactions, and hexafluorobenzene forms only anion-π interactions, aromatic ligands in half-sandwich compounds can form both types of interactions, because their entire electrostatic potential surface is positive. These aromatic ligands can form stronger anion-π interactions than organic aromatic molecules, as a consequence of more pronounced dispersion and induction energy components. Moreover, C-H⋅⋅⋅anion interactions of aromatic ligands are stronger than anion-π interactions, and significantly stronger than C-H⋅⋅⋅anion interactions of benzene. Our study shows that transition-metal coordination can make aromatic moieties suitable for strong interactions with anions, and gives insight into the design of new anion receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan P Malenov
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Snežana D Zarić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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5
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Luo N, Ao YF, Wang DX, Wang QQ. Putting Anion-π Interactions at Work for Catalysis. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103303. [PMID: 34658085 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery two decades ago, anion-π interaction has been increasingly recognized as an important driving force. Extensive theoretical and experimental efforts on the ground-state anion-π binding and recognition have laid the bases for exploring its relevance in catalysis. Accordingly, the concept of "anion-π catalysis" that employing an electron-deficient π surface (π-acidic surface) for anionic reaction intermediate and transition state stabilization has emerged. This article shortly reviews the emergence and development of this concept, aiming to provide an emphasis on the general concept and key progress in this exciting area. To highlight the essential contribution of anion-π interactions, the contents are organized according to their role engaged in catalytic process, for example from both ground-state and transition-state stabilization to solely transition-state stabilization, mainly by a single π-face, and to cooperative π-face activation. A concluding remark and outlook on future development of this field is also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Fei Ao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - De-Xian Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qi-Qiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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6
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Luo N, Ao YF, Wang DX, Wang QQ. Exploiting Anion-π Interactions for Efficient and Selective Catalysis with Chiral Molecular Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20650-20655. [PMID: 34050685 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exploiting anion-π interactions in catalyst design is a fascinating direction to develop new and fundamental catalysis. For the appealing yet flexible π-face activation, can two or more π-acidic surfaces be manipulated for cooperative activation to achieve efficient transformation and particularly selectivity control is highly desirable. Here, we demonstrate a supramolecular π-catalysis strategy by establishing cooperative π-face activation in a confined electron-deficient cage cavity. The catalysts have a triazine based prism-like cage core and pendant chiral base sites. Only 2 mol % of cage catalyst efficiently catalyzed the decarboxylate Mannich reactions of sulfamate-headed cyclic aldimines and a series of malonic acid half thioesters in nearly quantitative yields and up to 97 % ee, enabling an unprecedent organocatalytic approach. The supramolecular π-cavity is essential in harnessing cooperative anion-π interactions for the efficient activation and excellent selectivity control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu-Fei Ao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - De-Xian Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qi-Qiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Luo N, Ao Y, Wang D, Wang Q. Exploiting Anion–π Interactions for Efficient and Selective Catalysis with Chiral Molecular Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yu‐Fei Ao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - De‐Xian Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Qi‐Qiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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8
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Gong H, Zhang C, Ogaki T, Inuzuka H, Hashizume D, Miyajima D. Azacalix[3]triazines: A Substructure of Triazine‐Based Graphitic Carbon Nitride Featuring Anion‐π Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Gong
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Takuya Ogaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka Prefecture University 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inuzuka
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Daigo Miyajima
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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9
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Gong H, Zhang C, Ogaki T, Inuzuka H, Hashizume D, Miyajima D. Azacalix[3]triazines: A Substructure of Triazine-Based Graphitic Carbon Nitride Featuring Anion-π Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16377-16381. [PMID: 33955147 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) has garnered broad research interest due to its unique catalytic properties. However, GCN, prepared by general methods, possesses myriad structural defects and it has been difficult to elucidate their intrinsic physical properties. We report the development of azacalix[3]triazines (AC3Ts), a substructure of triazine-based GCN (Tz-GCN). Despite the electron-deficient natures of triazine, AC3Ts capture protons as organic superbases. We reveal the unique anion-π interactions of AC3Ts that alters the ionization potentials of AC3Ts. To the best of our knowledge, these features have not yet been recognized for Tz-GCN. These unveiled features of AC3Ts are expected to expand the usage scope and possibilities for GCNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Gong
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Takuya Ogaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inuzuka
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Daigo Miyajima
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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Rather IA, Wagay SA, Ali R. Emergence of anion-π interactions: The land of opportunity in supramolecular chemistry and beyond. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Ciamician‐González‐Vorlesung: N. Martín / Premio a la excelencia investigadora: R. Fernández / Leibniz‐Preis: T. Bach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Ciamician–González Lectureship: N. Martín / Premio a la excelencia investigadora: R. Fernández / Leibniz Prize: T. Bach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:533. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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