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Yang JK, Kwon H, Kim S. Recent advances in light-triggered cancer immunotherapy. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:2650-2669. [PMID: 38353138 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02842a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Light-triggered phototherapies, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), have shown strong therapeutic efficacy with minimal invasiveness and systemic toxicity, offering opportunities for tumor-specific therapies. Phototherapies not only induce direct tumor cell killing, but also trigger anti-tumor immune responses by releasing various immune-stimulating factors. In recent years, conventional phototherapies have been combined with cancer immunotherapy as synergistic therapeutic modalities to eradicate cancer by exploiting the innate and adaptive immunity. These combined photoimmunotherapies have demonstrated excellent therapeutic efficacy in preventing tumor recurrence and metastasis compared to phototherapy alone. This review covers recent advancements in combined photoimmunotherapy, including photoimmunotherapy (PIT), PDT-combined immunotherapy, and PTT-combined immunotherapy, along with their underlying anti-tumor immune response mechanisms. In addition, the challenges and future research directions for light-triggered cancer immunotherapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Kyoung Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dong-eui University, Busan, 47340, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hayoon Kwon
- Chemical & Biological integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehoon Kim
- Chemical & Biological integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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2
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Pena ES, Lifshits LM, Eckshtain-Levi M, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM. Metal-organic coordination polymers for delivery of immunomodulatory agents, and infectious disease and cancer vaccines. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:e1877. [PMID: 36630948 PMCID: PMC10405170 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic coordination polymers (CPs) are a broad class of materials that include metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). CPs are highly ordered crystalline materials that are composed of metal ions (or metal ion clusters) and multidentate organic ligands that serve as linkers. One-, two-, and three-dimensional CPs can be formed, with 2D and 3D structures referred to as MOFs. CPs have gained a lot of attention due to attractive structural features like structure versatility and tunability, and well-defined pores that enable the encapsulation of cargo. Further, CPs show a lot of promise for drug delivery applications, but only a very limited number of CPs are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. In this review, we outlined features that are desired for CP-based drug delivery platform, and briefly described most relevant characterization techniques. We highlighted some of the recent efforts directed toward developing CP-based drug delivery platforms with the emphasis on vaccines against cancer, infectious diseases, and viruses. We hope this review will be a helpful guide for those interested in the design and evaluation of CP-based immunological drug delivery platforms. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik S. Pena
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, USA
| | - Liubov M. Lifshits
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Meital Eckshtain-Levi
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eric M. Bachelder
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kristy M. Ainslie
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, USA
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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3
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Matlou GG, Abrahamse H. Nanoscale metal–organic frameworks as photosensitizers and nanocarriers in photodynamic therapy. Front Chem 2022; 10:971747. [PMID: 36092660 PMCID: PMC9458963 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.971747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a new therapeutic system for cancer treatment that is less invasive and offers greater selectivity than chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy. PDT employs irradiation light of known wavelength to excite a photosensitizer (PS) agent that undergoes photochemical reactions to release cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) that could trigger apoptosis or necrosis-induced cell death in tumor tissue. Nanoscale metal–organic frameworks (NMOFs) have unique structural advantages such as high porosity, large surface area, and tunable compositions that have attracted attention toward their use as photosensitizers or nanocarriers in PDT. They can be tailored for specific drug loading, targeting and release, hypoxia resistance, and with photoactive properties for efficient response to optical stimuli that enhance the efficacy of PDT. In this review, an overview of the basic chemistry of NMOFs, their design and use as photosensitizers in PDT, and as nanocarriers in synergistic therapies is presented. The review also discusses the morphology and size of NMOFs and their ability to improve photosensitizing properties and localize within a targeted tissue for effective and selective cancer cell death over healthy cells. Furthermore, targeting strategies that improve the overall PDT efficacy through stimulus-activated release and sub-cellular internalization are outlined with relevance to in vitro and in vivo studies from recent years.
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Wang W, Yu Y, Jin Y, Liu X, Shang M, Zheng X, Liu T, Xie Z. Two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks: from synthesis to bioapplications. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:207. [PMID: 35501794 PMCID: PMC9059454 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As a typical class of crystalline porous materials, metal-organic framework possesses unique features including versatile functionality, structural and compositional tunability. After being reduced to two-dimension, ultrathin metal-organic framework layers possess more external excellent properties favoring various technological applications. In this review article, the unique structural properties of the ultrathin metal-organic framework nanosheets benefiting from the planar topography were highlighted, involving light transmittance, and electrical conductivity. Moreover, the design strategy and versatile fabrication methodology were summarized covering discussions on their applicability and accessibility, especially for porphyritic metal-organic framework nanosheet. The current achievements in the bioapplications of two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks were presented comprising biocatalysis, biosensor, and theranostic, with an emphasis on reactive oxygen species-based nanomedicine for oncology treatment. Furthermore, current challenges confronting the utilization of two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks and future opportunities in emerging research frontiers were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuting Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yilan Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Min Shang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaohua Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Zhigang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.
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Dai J, Hu JJ, Dong X, Chen B, Dong X, Liu R, Xia F, Lou X. Deep Downregulation of PD-L1 by Caged Peptide-Conjugated AIEgen/miR-140 Nanoparticles for Enhanced Immunotherapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117798. [PMID: 35224832 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Downregulating programmed cell death ligand 1(PD-L1) protein levels in tumor cells is an effective way to achieve immune system activation for oncology treatment, but current strategies are inadequate. Here, we design a caged peptide-AIEgen probe (GCP) to self-assemble with miR-140 forming GCP/miR-140 nanoparticles. After entering tumor cells, GCP/miR-140 disassembles in the presence of Cathepsin B (CB) and releases caged GO203 peptide, miR-140 and PyTPA. Peptide decages in the highly reductive intracellular environment and binds to mucin 1 (MUC1), thereby downregulating the expression of PD-L1. Meanwhile, miR-140 reduces PD-L1 expression by targeting downregulation of PD-L1 mRNA. Under the action of PyTPA-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT), tumor-associated antigens are released, triggering immune cell attack on tumor cells. This multiple mechanism-based strategy of deeply downregulating PD-L1 in tumor cells activates the immune system and thus achieves effective immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430034, China
| | - Jing-Jing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaoqi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Biao Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430034, China
| | - Xiyuan Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430034, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Fan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaoding Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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6
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Deep Downregulation of PD‐L1 by Caged Peptide‐Conjugated AIEgen/miR‐140 Nanoparticles for Enhanced Immunotherapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Alves SR, Calori IR, Tedesco AC. Photosensitizer-based metal-organic frameworks for highly effective photodynamic therapy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 131:112514. [PMID: 34857293 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses a photosensitizer, molecular oxygen, and visible light as an alternative clinical protocol against located malignant tumors and other diseases. More recently, PDT has been combined to immunotherapy as a promising option to treat metastatic cancer. However, previous generations of photosensitizers (PSs) revealed clinical difficulties such as long-term skin photosensitivity (first generation), the need for drug delivery vehicles (second generation), and intracellular self-aggregation (third generation), which have generated a somewhat confusing scenario in PDT approaches and evolution. Recently, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with exceptionally high PS loading as a building unit of MOF framework have emerged as fourth-generation PS and presented outstanding outcomes under pre-clinical studies. For PS-based MOFs, the inorganic building unit (metal ions/clusters) plays an important role as a coadjuvant in PDT to alleviate hypoxia, to decrease antioxidant species, to yield ROS, or to act as a contrast agent for imaging-guided therapy. In this review, we intend to carry out a broad update on the recent history and the characteristics of PS-based MOFs from basic chemistry to the structure relationship with biological application in PDT. The details and variables that result in different photophysics, size, and morphology, are discussed. Also, we present an overview of the achievements on the pre-clinical assays in combination with other strategies, including alleviating hypoxia in solid tumors, chemotherapy, and the most recent immunotherapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara Rodrigues Alves
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering - Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil.
| | - Italo Rodrigo Calori
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering - Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Claudio Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering - Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil.
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Ma B, Bianco A. Recent Advances in 2D Material-Mediated Immuno-Combined Cancer Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2102557. [PMID: 34510729 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, cancer immunotherapy has started to attract a lot of attention, becoming one of the alternatives in the clinical treatment of cancer. Indeed, one of the advantages of immunotherapy is that both primary and distant tumors can be efficiently eradicated through a triggered immune response. Due to their large specific surface area and unique physicochemical properties, 2D materials have become popular in cancer immunotherapy, especially as efficient drug carriers. They have been also exploited as photothermal platforms, chemodynamic agents, and photosensitizers to further enhance the efficacy of the therapy. In this review, the focus is on the recent development of 2D materials as new tools to combine immunotherapy with chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, chemodynamic therapy, radiotherapy, and radiodynamic therapy. These innovative synergistic approaches intend to go beyond the classical strategies based on a simple delivery function of immune modulators by nanomaterials. Furthermore, the effects of the 2D materials themselves and their surface properties (e.g., chemical modification and protein corona formation) on the induction of an immune response will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojin Ma
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Alberto Bianco
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, Strasbourg, 67000, France
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Wang H, Liu Y, Zhu X, Chen C, Fu Z, Wang M, Lin D, Chen Z, Lu C, Yang H. Multistage Cooperative Nanodrug Combined with PD-L1 for Enhancing Antitumor Chemoimmunotherapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2101199. [PMID: 34382363 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Combinatorial CpG oligonucleotide (CPG) and chemotherapy drug represent a promising approach to reactivate immune system. However, these two agents possess different physicochemical properties, hindering the application of direct self-assembly of these two cargos into a single nanostructure. Here, a multistage cooperative nanodrug is developed by the direct self-assembly of cis-platinum (CDDP, Pt), l-arginine (l-Arg, R), and CPG (defined as PtR/CPG) for antitumor chemoimmunotherapy. First, the CDDP can induce cell apoptosis. Meanwhile, CDDP also promotes the production of H2 O2 , catalyzing the conversion of l-Arg into nitric oxide (NO). The generated NO decreases the multidrug resistance of cells toward CDDP. Thus, the synergistic effects of CDDP and NO can trigger immunogenic cell death to produce tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). The TAAs and CPG will induce the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and enhance antigen presentation ability of DCs. In this way, the PtR/CPG can reverse the immunosuppressive microenvironment, sensitizing tumors to immune checkpoint inhibitors mediated by the programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibody. Furthermore, the PtR/CPG combined with the PD-L1 antibody decreases the exhaustion and dysfunction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes to elicit durable systemic immune response. As a result, the prepared PtR/CPG nanodrug in combination with PD-L1 may be highly significant for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihui Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Yongfei Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Chengyun Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Zhangcheng Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Min Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Danying Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Zhaowei Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Chunhua Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Huanghao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, P. R. China
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Zhang G, Wang N, Sun H, Fu X, Zhai S, Cui J. Self-adjuvanting photosensitizer nanoparticles for combination photodynamic immunotherapy. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:6940-6949. [PMID: 34528658 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01139a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Combination cancer immunotherapy that synergizes the advantages of multiple therapeutic agents has shown great potential in tumor treatment. Herein, we report the one-step assembly of therapeutic nanoparticles (NPs) to co-deliver photosensitizers and adjuvants for combination photodynamic therapy (PDT) and immunotherapy. The NPs are obtained via self-assembly of chlorin e6 (Ce6) and imidazoquinoline-based TLR7 agonists (IMDQ), which results in a high loading efficacy of 72.2% and 27.8% for Ce6 and IMDQ, respectively. Upon laser irradiation, the resulting NPs could not only effectively induce photodynamic immunogenic cancer cell death, but also elicit robust antitumor immunity, leading to significant inhibition of both primary and distant tumors in a bilateral tumor model. This study demonstrates the potential of self-assembled NPs in co-delivering multiple therapeutics for potential immunotherapy to enhance the antitumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
| | - Haifeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
| | - Xiao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
| | - Shumei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
| | - Jiwei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.,Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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11
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Gao P, Chen Y, Pan W, Li N, Liu Z, Tang B. Antitumor Agents Based on Metal–Organic Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Centre of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong Institute of Molecular and Nano Science Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Centre of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong Institute of Molecular and Nano Science Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Wei Pan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Centre of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong Institute of Molecular and Nano Science Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Na Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Centre of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong Institute of Molecular and Nano Science Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Lab Carbon Based Functional Materials and Devices Soochow University Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Centre of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong Institute of Molecular and Nano Science Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
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PolyTLR7/8a-conjugated, antigen-trapping gold nanorods elicit anticancer immunity against abscopal tumors by photothermal therapy-induced in situ vaccination. Biomaterials 2021; 275:120921. [PMID: 34139508 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanovaccine can elicit antigen-specific immune responses against tumor cells expressing homologous antigens and has attracted enormous attention in cancer immunotherapy. However, tumor heterogeneity remarkably hinders the development of nanovaccines. Here we demonstrate that PTT-induced in situ vaccination cancer therapy can elicit potent antitumor immunity against disseminated and metastatic tumors. Gold nanorods (AuNRs) covalently coupled with amphiphilic polyTLR7/8a and MMP-2-sensitive R9-PEG conjugate (AuNRs-IMQD-R9-PEG) were developed as a new biocompatible PTT agent with favorable photothermal efficiency and stability. Importantly, AuNRs-IMQD-R9-PEG can effectively absorb tumor-derived protein antigens, forming nanovaccines directly in vivo and enhance the activation of host dendritic cells (DCs), thereby amplifying adaptive antitumor T-cell responses, triggering effector memory immune responses, and activating innate antitumor immunity. Remarkably, peri-tumoral administration of low-dose multifunctional AuNRs followed by non-invasive near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation enables efficient tandem PTT-vaccination treatment modality that can inhibit local as well as untreated distant and metastatic tumors in mice inoculated with poorly immunogenic, highly metastatic 4T1 tumors. Our findings indicate that AuNRs-IMQD-R9-PEG-mediated in situ cancer vaccination provides a powerful immunotherapy characterized by markedly increased infiltration of effector CD8+ T, natural killer T (NKT) cells in tumors and long-term animal survival, thus, offering a promising therapeutic strategy for advanced, disseminated cancers.
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Zeng R, He T, Lu L, Li K, Luo Z, Cai K. Ultra-thin metal-organic framework nanosheets for chemo-photodynamic synergistic therapy. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:4143-4153. [PMID: 33973611 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00528f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Synergistic therapies, such as chemo-photodynamic therapy, have been growing fast because of their efficacy against cancers. Although metal-organic frameworks have been widely studied in the field of drug delivery, the metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with a two-dimensional (2D) structure integrated by photosensitizers are rarely reported. However, chemo-photodynamic therapy still has limitations such as the inhibitory effect from intracellular glutathione (GSH). In this work, a simple bottom-up synthesis method was used to synthesize a pH-responsive drug delivery system with a 2D MOF structure. In particular, tetracarboxyporphyrin (TCPP) derivatives were coordinated with bivalent copper ions as organic bridging molecules in a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solution, and copper porphyrin MOFs (Cu-TCPP nanosheets) were synthesized by a hydrothermal method from bottom to top. DOX was loaded onto Cu-TCPP nanosheets by π-π stacking with a high drug loading rate of 33%. DOX@Cu-TCPP nanosheets showed pH-responsive DOX releasing behaviour and significant GSH scavenging ability. In addition, the evaluation of in vitro and in vivo treatment showed that DOX@Cu-TCPP nanosheets had high anti-tumor activity and excellent biocompatibility. Therefore, this study opens a new idea for the application of MOF nanosheets in tumor therapy and provides a supporting basis for the treatment of cancers by chemo-photodynamic synergistic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zeng
- Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China.
| | - Tingting He
- Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China.
| | - Lu Lu
- Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China.
| | - Ke Li
- Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China.
| | - Zhong Luo
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China.
| | - Kaiyong Cai
- Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China.
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14
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Hu J, Gu Y, Liu M, Zhang W, Chen H, Chen G. Bacteria mimics bearing carbohydrates, oligodeoxynucleotides and designed shapes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 56:10887-10889. [PMID: 32804182 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02239j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We utilize a facile and gentle strategy to fabricate bacteria mimics ("bacillus" and "coccus") endowed with carbohydrates, oligodeoxynucleotides and designed shapes via dopamine-polymer based nanoparticle fabrication and DNA-based multivalent interactions. These bacteria mimics with TLR- and CLR-targeted capabilities are demonstrated to exhibit enhanced immune stimulating efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hu
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research and School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Gu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Mengjie Liu
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research and School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China.
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research and School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China.
| | - Hong Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Gaojian Chen
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research and School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China. and State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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15
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Gao P, Chen Y, Pan W, Li N, Liu Z, Tang B. Antitumor Agents Based on Metal–Organic Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16763-16776. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Centre of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong Institute of Molecular and Nano Science Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Centre of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong Institute of Molecular and Nano Science Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Wei Pan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Centre of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong Institute of Molecular and Nano Science Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Na Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Centre of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong Institute of Molecular and Nano Science Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Lab Carbon Based Functional Materials and Devices Soochow University Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Centre of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong Institute of Molecular and Nano Science Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
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16
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Xin H, Wang F, Luo R, Lei J. Parallel Lipid Peroxide Accumulation Strategy Based on Bimetal-Organic Frameworks for Enhanced Ferrotherapy. Chemistry 2021; 27:4307-4311. [PMID: 33377225 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis, a nonapoptotic cell-death pathway, is commonly regulated by ether lipid peroxide generation or glutathione consumption. In this work, a parallel lipid peroxide accumulation strategy was designed based on catalytic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for enhanced ferrotherapy. The bimetallic MOF was synthesized with iron porphyrin as a linker and cupric ion as a metal node, and erastin, a ferroptosis inducer, was sandwiched between the MOF layers with 4,4'-dipyridyl disulfide as spacers. In a tumor microenvironment, erastin was released from the layered MOFs through glutathione-responsive cleavage. The exfoliated MOFs served as a dual Fenton reaction inducer to generate numerous hydroxyl radicals for the accumulation of lipid peroxide, while erastin-aggravated glutathione depletion down-regulated glutathione peroxidase 4; this then inhibited the consumption of lipid peroxide. Therefore, a parallel lipid peroxide accumulation strategy was established for enhanced ferrotherapy that effectively inhibited tumor growth in live mice, opening up new opportunities to treat apoptosis-insensitive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Rengan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
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17
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Sun X, He G, Xiong C, Wang C, Lian X, Hu L, Li Z, Dalgarno SJ, Yang YW, Tian J. One-Pot Fabrication of Hollow Porphyrinic MOF Nanoparticles with Ultrahigh Drug Loading toward Controlled Delivery and Synergistic Cancer Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:3679-3693. [PMID: 33464038 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hollow nanostructures have attracted significant research interest in drug delivery systems due to their high capacities for drug loading and unique physicochemical properties, showing great potential in specific biomedical applications. Herein, hollow porphyrinic metal-organic framework (H-PMOF) nanoparticles with a mesoporous spherical shell have been fabricated via a facile self-sacrificial ZIF-8 nanoparticle template strategy. The H-PMOF nanoplatform not only demonstrates a greatly enhanced photodynamic therapy efficacy compared with nonhollow porphyrinic MOF nanoparticles but also can be used as a superior drug carrier to co-load doxorubicin (DOX) and indocyanine green (ICG) with an ultrahigh drug-loading capacity of 635%. Furthermore, cancer cell membrane camouflage of the (DOX and ICG)@H-PMOF composite nanoparticles affords a biomimetic nanoplatform, that is, (DOX and ICG)@H-PMOF@mem (DIHPm for short), with an outstanding homologous tumor-targeting and immune-escaping ability. Interestingly, DIHPm shows both pH-controlled and near-infrared laser-triggered DOX release. Both in vitro and in vivo studies of DIHPm demonstrate an excellent imaging-guided synergistic photodynamic/photothermal/chemotherapy anticancer activity with negligible systemic toxicity. The development of the high-performance H-PMOF nanoplatform provides new insights into the design of MOF-based multifunctional nanomedicines for combination cancer therapy and precise theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE), Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Guihua He
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE), Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Chuxiao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE), Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Chenyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE), Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Lian
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE), Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Liefeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE), Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Zhike Li
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE), Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Scott J Dalgarno
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Ying-Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry (NMAC), College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jian Tian
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE), Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
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18
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Li J, Luo Y, Pu K. Electromagnetic Nanomedicines for Combinational Cancer Immunotherapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12682-12705. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingchao Li
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University 70 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637457 Singapore
| | - Yu Luo
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering Tongji University 1239 Siping Road Shanghai 200092 China
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University 70 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637457 Singapore
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19
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Li J, Luo Y, Pu K. Electromagnetic Nanomedicines for Combinational Cancer Immunotherapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingchao Li
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University 70 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637457 Singapore
| | - Yu Luo
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering Tongji University 1239 Siping Road Shanghai 200092 China
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University 70 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637457 Singapore
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20
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Fu Y, Guan H, Yin J, Kong X. Probing molecular motions in metal-organic frameworks with solid-state NMR. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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De Silva P, Saad MA, Thomsen HC, Bano S, Ashraf S, Hasan T. Photodynamic therapy, priming and optical imaging: Potential co-conspirators in treatment design and optimization - a Thomas Dougherty Award for Excellence in PDT paper. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020; 24:1320-1360. [PMID: 37425217 PMCID: PMC10327884 DOI: 10.1142/s1088424620300098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a photochemistry-based approach, approved for the treatment of several malignant and non-malignant pathologies. It relies on the use of a non-toxic, light activatable chemical, photosensitizer, which preferentially accumulates in tissues/cells and, upon irradiation with the appropriate wavelength of light, confers cytotoxicity by generation of reactive molecular species. The preferential accumulation however is not universal and, depending on the anatomical site, the ratio of tumor to normal tissue may be reversed in favor of normal tissue. Under such circumstances, control of the volume of light illumination provides a second handle of selectivity. Singlet oxygen is the putative favorite reactive molecular species although other entities such as nitric oxide have been credibly implicated. Typically, most photosensitizers in current clinical use have a finite quantum yield of fluorescence which is exploited for surgery guidance and can also be incorporated for monitoring and treatment design. In addition, the photodynamic process alters the cellular, stromal, and/or vascular microenvironment transiently in a process termed photodynamic priming, making it more receptive to subsequent additional therapies including chemo- and immunotherapy. Thus, photodynamic priming may be considered as an enabling technology for the more commonly used frontline treatments. Recently, there has been an increase in the exploitation of the theranostic potential of photodynamic therapy in different preclinical and clinical settings with the use of new photosensitizer formulations and combinatorial therapeutic options. The emergence of nanomedicine has further added to the repertoire of photodynamic therapy's potential and the convergence and co-evolution of these two exciting tools is expected to push the barriers of smart therapies, where such optical approaches might have a special niche. This review provides a perspective on current status of photodynamic therapy in anti-cancer and anti-microbial therapies and it suggests how evolving technologies combined with photochemically-initiated molecular processes may be exploited to become co-conspirators in optimization of treatment outcomes. We also project, at least for the short term, the direction that this modality may be taking in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpamali De Silva
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mohammad A. Saad
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hanna C. Thomsen
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shazia Bano
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shoaib Ashraf
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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22
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Ni K, Lan G, Guo N, Culbert A, Luo T, Wu T, Weichselbaum RR, Lin W. Nanoscale metal-organic frameworks for x-ray activated in situ cancer vaccination. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb5223. [PMID: 33008911 PMCID: PMC7852401 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb5223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines have been actively pursued to bolster antitumor immunity. Here, we designed nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (nMOFs) as locally activable immunotherapeutics to release danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and tumor antigens and deliver pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) for in situ personalized cancer vaccination. When activated by x-rays, nMOFs effectively generate reactive oxygen species to release DAMPs and tumor antigens while delivering CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as PAMPs to facilitate the maturation of antigen-presenting cells. Together, DAMPs, tumor antigens, and PAMPs expand cytotoxic T cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes to reinvigorate the adaptive immune system for local tumor regression. When treated in combination with an immune checkpoint inhibitor, the local therapeutic effects of nMOF-based vaccines were extended to distant tumors via attenuating T cell exhaustion. Our work demonstrates the potential of nMOFs as x-ray-activable in situ cancer vaccines to awaken the host's innate and adaptive immune systems for systemic antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyuan Ni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Guangxu Lan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Nining Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and the Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - August Culbert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Taokun Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ralph R Weichselbaum
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and the Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wenbin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and the Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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23
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Seth A, Derami HG, Gupta P, Wang Z, Rathi P, Gupta R, Cao T, Morrissey JJ, Singamaneni S. Polydopamine-Mesoporous Silica Core-Shell Nanoparticles for Combined Photothermal Immunotherapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:42499-42510. [PMID: 32838525 PMCID: PMC7942218 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy involves a cascade of events that ultimately leads to cytotoxic immune cells effectively identifying and destroying cancer cells. Responsive nanomaterials, which enable spatiotemporal orchestration of various immunological events for mounting a highly potent and long-lasting antitumor immune response, are an attractive platform to overcome challenges associated with existing cancer immunotherapies. Here, we report a multifunctional near-infrared (NIR)-responsive core-shell nanoparticle, which enables (i) photothermal ablation of cancer cells for generating tumor-associated antigen (TAA) and (ii) triggered release of an immunomodulatory drug (gardiquimod) for starting a series of immunological events. The core of these nanostructures is composed of a polydopamine nanoparticle, which serves as a photothermal agent, and the shell is made of mesoporous silica, which serves as a drug carrier. We employed a phase-change material as a gatekeeper to achieve concurrent release of both TAA and adjuvant, thus efficiently activating the antigen-presenting cells. Photothermal immunotherapy enabled by these nanostructures resulted in regression of primary tumor and significantly improved inhibition of secondary tumor in a mouse melanoma model. These biocompatible, biodegradable, and NIR-responsive core-shell nanostructures simultaneously deliver payload and cause photothermal ablation of the cancer cells. Our results demonstrate potential of responsive nanomaterials in generating highly synergistic photothermal immunotherapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushree Seth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Hamed Gholami Derami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Prashant Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Zheyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Priya Rathi
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Rohit Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Thao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Jeremiah J. Morrissey
- Department of Anesthesiology, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Srikanth Singamaneni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
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24
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Qiao C, Zhang R, Wang Y, Jia Q, Wang X, Yang Z, Xue T, Ji R, Cui X, Wang Z. Rabies Virus‐Inspired Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) for Targeted Imaging and Chemotherapy of Glioma. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqiang Qiao
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging Ministry of Education School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an Shaanxi 710126 China
| | - Ruili Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging Ministry of Education School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an Shaanxi 710126 China
| | - Yongdong Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging Ministry of Education School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an Shaanxi 710126 China
| | - Qian Jia
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging Ministry of Education School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an Shaanxi 710126 China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging Ministry of Education School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an Shaanxi 710126 China
| | - Zuo Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging Ministry of Education School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an Shaanxi 710126 China
| | - Tengfei Xue
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging Ministry of Education School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an Shaanxi 710126 China
| | - Renchuan Ji
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging Ministry of Education School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an Shaanxi 710126 China
| | - Xiufang Cui
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging Ministry of Education School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an Shaanxi 710126 China
| | - Zhongliang Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging Ministry of Education School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an Shaanxi 710126 China
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25
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Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy, particularly checkpoint blockade immunotherapy (CBI), has revolutionized the treatment of some cancers by reactivating the antitumor immunity of hosts with durable response and manageable toxicity. However, many cancer patients with low tumor antigen exposure and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments do not respond to CBI. A variety of methods have been investigated to reverse immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments and turn "cold" tumors "hot" with the goal of extending the therapeutic benefits of CBI to a broader population of cancer patients. Immunostimulatory adjuvant treatments, such as cancer vaccines, photodynamic therapy (PDT), radiotherapy (RT), radiotherapy-radiodynamic therapy (RT-RDT), and chemodynamic therapy (CDT), promote antigen presentation and T cell priming and, when used in combination with CBI, reactivate and sustain systemic antitumor immunity. Cancer vaccines directly provide tumor antigens, while immunoadjuvant therapies such as PDT, RT, RT-RDT, and CDT kill cancer cells in an immunogenic fashion to release tumor antigens in situ. Direct administration of tumor antigens or indirect intratumoral immunoadjuvant therapies as in situ cancer vaccines initiate the immuno-oncology cycle for antitumor immune response.With the rapid growth of cancer nanotechnology in the past two decades, a large number of nanoparticle platforms have been studied, and some nanomedicines have been translated into clinical trials. Nanomedicine provides a promising strategy to enhance the efficacy of immunoadjuvant therapies to potentiate cancer immunotherapy. Among these nanoparticle platforms, nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (nMOFs) have emerged as a unique class of porous hybrid nanomaterials with metal cluster secondary building units and organic linkers. With molecular modularity, structural tunability, intrinsic porosity, tunable stability, and biocompatibility, nMOFs are ideally suited for biomedical applications, particularly cancer treatments.In this Account, we present recent breakthroughs in the design of nMOFs as nanocarriers for cancer vaccine delivery and as nanosensitizers for PDT, CDT, RT, and RT-RDT. The versatility of nMOFs allows them to be fine-tuned to effectively load tumor antigens and immunoadjuvants as cancer vaccines and significantly enhance the local antitumor efficacy of PDT, RT, RT-RDT, and CDT via generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) for in situ cancer vaccination. These nMOF-based treatments are further combined with cancer immunotherapies to elicit systemic antitumor immunity. We discuss novel strategies to enhance light tissue penetration and overcome tumor hypoxia in PDT, to increase energy deposition and ROS diffusion in RT, to combine the advantages of PDT and RT to enable RT-RDT, and to trigger CDT by hijacking aberrant metabolic processes in tumors. Loading nMOFs with small-molecule drugs such as an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitor, the toll-like receptor agonist imiquimod, and biomacromolecules such as CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and anti-CD47 antibody synergizes with nMOF-based radical therapies to enhance their immunotherapeutic effects. Further combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors activates systemic antitumor immune responses and elicits abscopal effects. With structural and compositional tunability, nMOFs are poised to provide a new clinically deployable nanotechnology platform to promote immunostimulatory tumor microenvironments by delivering cancer vaccines, mediating PDT, enhancing RT, enabling RT-RDT, and catalyzing CDT and potentiate cancer immunotherapy.
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26
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Qiao C, Zhang R, Wang Y, Jia Q, Wang X, Yang Z, Xue T, Ji R, Cui X, Wang Z. Rabies Virus‐Inspired Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) for Targeted Imaging and Chemotherapy of Glioma. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16982-16988. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqiang Qiao
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging Ministry of Education School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an Shaanxi 710126 China
| | - Ruili Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging Ministry of Education School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an Shaanxi 710126 China
| | - Yongdong Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging Ministry of Education School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an Shaanxi 710126 China
| | - Qian Jia
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging Ministry of Education School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an Shaanxi 710126 China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging Ministry of Education School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an Shaanxi 710126 China
| | - Zuo Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging Ministry of Education School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an Shaanxi 710126 China
| | - Tengfei Xue
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging Ministry of Education School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an Shaanxi 710126 China
| | - Renchuan Ji
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging Ministry of Education School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an Shaanxi 710126 China
| | - Xiufang Cui
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging Ministry of Education School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an Shaanxi 710126 China
| | - Zhongliang Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging Ministry of Education School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an Shaanxi 710126 China
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27
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Ni K, Lan G, Lin W. Nanoscale Metal-Organic Frameworks Generate Reactive Oxygen Species for Cancer Therapy. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:861-868. [PMID: 32607433 PMCID: PMC7318063 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In the past 15 years, enormous progress has been made in cancer nanotechnology, and a several nanoparticles have entered clinical testing for cancer treatment. Among these nanoparticles are nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (nMOFs), a class of organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials constructed from metal binding sites and bridging ligands, which have attracted significant attention for their ability to integrate porosity, crystallinity, compositional and structural tunability, multifunctionality, and biocompatibility into a singular nanomaterial for cancer therapies. This Outlook article summarizes the progress on the design of nMOFs as nanosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT), radiotherapy (RT), radiotherapy-radiodynamic therapy (RT-RDT), and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) via nMOF-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated under external energy stimuli or in the presence of endogenous chemical triggers. Inflammatory responses induced by nMOF-mediated ROS generation activate tumor microenvironments to potentiate cancer immunotherapy, extending the local treatment effects of nMOF-based ROS therapy to distant tumors via abscopal effects. Future research directions in nMOF-mediated ROS therapies and the prospect of clinical applications of nMOFs as cancer therapeutics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyuan Ni
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, and Ludwig Center
for Metastasis Research, The University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Guangxu Lan
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, and Ludwig Center
for Metastasis Research, The University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Wenbin Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, and Ludwig Center
for Metastasis Research, The University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- E-mail:
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28
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Shin H, Na K. Cancer-Targetable pH-Sensitive Zinc-Based Immunomodulators Combined with Photodynamic Therapy for in Situ Vaccination. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:3430-3439. [PMID: 33463185 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A cancer vaccine is a promising immunotherapy modality, but the heterogenicity of tumors and substantial time and costs required in tumor-associated antigen (TAA) screening have hindered the development of an individualized vaccine. Herein, we propose in situ vaccination using cancer-targetable pH-sensitive zinc-based immunomodulators (CZIs) to elicit antitumor immune response against TAAs of patients' tumors without the ex vivo identification processes. In the tumor microenvironment, CZIs promote the release of large amounts of TAAs and exposure of calreticulin on the cell surface via immunogenic cell death through the combined effect of excess zinc ions and photodynamic therapy (PDT). With these properties, CZIs potentiate antitumor immunity and inhibit tumor growth as well as lung metastasis in CT26 tumor-bearing mice. This nanoplatform may suggest an alternative therapeutic strategy to overcoming the limitations of existing cancer vaccines and may broaden the application of nanoparticles for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejun Shin
- Center for Photomedicine, Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Na
- Center for Photomedicine, Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi do 14662, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical-Chemical Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi do 14662, Republic of Korea
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29
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Hu C, Cai L, Liu S, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Pang M. Copper-Doped Nanoscale Covalent Organic Polymer for Augmented Photo/Chemodynamic Synergistic Therapy and Immunotherapy. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1661-1670. [PMID: 32393025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to the specific tumor microenvironment (TME) and immunosuppressive state of cancer cells, conventional antitumor therapies face severe challenges, such as high rates of recurrence and metastasis. Herein, Cu-PPT nanoparticles were synthesized based on copper acetate, p-phenylenediamine, and 5,10,15,20-tetra-(4-aminophenyl)porphyrin via oxidative coupling reaction for the first time, and the resultant product was used for synergistic photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), and chemodynamic therapy (CDT). The polymer nanoparticles exhibited excellent photodynamic and photothermal effect with a photothermal conversion efficacy of 40.1% under 650 and 808 nm laser irradiation, respectively. Encapsulated Cu(I)/Cu(II) ions permitted Cu-PPT with glutathione (GSH) peroxidase-mimicking, catalase-mimicking, and Fenton-like activity to regulate TME. Depletion of overexpressed GSH would reduce antioxidant capacity, generated O2 could relieve hypoxia for enhancing PDT, and hyperthermia from PTT could promote the yield of ·OH. This multifunctional nanosystem with cascade reactions could inhibit tumor growth and activate immune responses effectively. By further combining with antiprogrammed death-ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1) checkpoint blockade therapy, distant tumor growth and cancer metastasis were successfully suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun 130022, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Lihan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun 130022, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Sainan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun 130022, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Maolin Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun 130022, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
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30
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Luo T, Ni K, Culbert A, Lan G, Li Z, Jiang X, Kaufmann M, Lin W. Nanoscale Metal–Organic Frameworks Stabilize Bacteriochlorins for Type I and Type II Photodynamic Therapy. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7334-7339. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Abstract
The biomaterials have been well designed as photoabsorbing/sensitizing agents or effective carriers to enhance the photoimmunotherapeutic efficacy and evade their side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muchao Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- PR China
| | - Qian Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- PR China
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