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Jin X, Wu Y, Dai C, Sun J, Ye M, Liu J, Cheng H. Catalyst-Free Accelerated Three-Component Synthesis of Betti Bases in Microdroplets. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202200206. [PMID: 36026555 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to their important roles in medicine and asymmetric metal catalysis, the formation of Betti bases has attracted wide interest in organic chemical community. Traditional multicomponent reaction methods for synthesizing Betti bases normally require long reaction times under harsh conditions (high temperature, microwave or ultrasonic irradiation, etc.) in the presence of various catalysts. In this study, we developed a mild, highly efficient and environmentally friendly method to synthesize Betti bases without the use of any catalysts in microdroplets. The Betti reaction was accelerated by 6.53×103 in microdroplets by comparing the measured rate constant in bulk. Fifteen Betti bases were synthesized by the microdroplet method using a variety of aldehydes, naphthols and amines with 68-98 % yields at a scaled-up amount of 1.9 g h-1 . Overall it is an attractive alternative to classic organic synthesis for the construction of Betti bases and derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Jin
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Yikang Wu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Chengbiao Dai
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Jiannan Sun
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Meiying Ye
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Heyong Cheng
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
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Ghosh J, Mendoza J, Cooks RG. Accelerated and Concerted Aza-Michael Addition and SuFEx Reaction in Microdroplets in Unitary and High-Throughput Formats. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202214090. [PMID: 36253886 PMCID: PMC10099520 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The sulfur fluoride exchange (SuFEx) reaction is significant in drug discovery, materials science, and chemical biology. Conventionally, it involves installation of SO2 F followed by fluoride exchange by a catalyst. We report catalyst-free Aza-Michael addition to install SO2 F and then SuFEx reaction with amines, both occurring in concert, in microdroplets under ambient conditions. The microdroplet reaction is accelerated by a factor of ∼104 relative to the corresponding bulk reaction. We suggest that the superacidic microdroplet surface assists SuFEx reaction by protonating fluorine to create a good leaving group. The reaction scope was established by performing individual reactions in microdroplets of 18 amines in four solvents and confirmed using high-throughput desorption electrospray ionization experiments. The study demonstrates the value of microdroplet-assisted accelerated reactions in combination with high-throughput experimentation for characterization of reaction scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotirmoy Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Joshua Mendoza
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Babu KN, Massarwe F, Shioukhi I, Masarwa A. Sequential Selective C-H and C(sp 3 )- + P Bond Functionalizations: An Entry to Bioactive Arylated Scaffolds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26199-26209. [PMID: 34618394 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphonium salts containing C(sp3 )-+ P bonds are among the most utilized reagents in organic synthesis for constructing C-C double bonds. However, their use as C-selective electrophilic groups is rare. Here, we explore an efficient and general transition-metal-free method for sequential chemo- and regioselective C-H and C(sp3 )-+ P bond functionalizations. In the present study, C-H alkylation resulting in the synthesis of benzhydryl triarylphosphonium salts was achieved by one-pot, four-component cross-coupling reactions of simple and commercially available starting materials. The utility of the resulting phosphonium salt building blocks was demonstrated by the chemoselective post-functionalization of benzylic C(sp3 )-+ PPh3 groups to achieve aminations, thiolations, and arylations. In this way, benzhydrylamines, benzhydrylthioethers, and triarylmethanes, structural motifs that are present in many pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, are readily accessed. These include the synthesis of two anticancer agents from simple materials in only two to three steps. Additionally, a protocol for late-stage functionalization of bioactive drugs has been developed using benzhydrylphosphonium salts. This new approach should provide novel transformations for application in both academic and pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Naresh Babu
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Fedaa Massarwe
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Israa Shioukhi
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Ahmad Masarwa
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
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Babu KN, Massarwe F, Shioukhi I, Masarwa A. Sequential Selective C−H and C(sp
3
)−
+
P Bond Functionalizations: An Entry to Bioactive Arylated Scaffolds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Naresh Babu
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
| | - Fedaa Massarwe
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
| | - Israa Shioukhi
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
| | - Ahmad Masarwa
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
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Cheng H, Tang S, Yang T, Xu S, Yan X. Accelerating Electrochemical Reactions in a Voltage-Controlled Interfacial Microreactor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19862-19867. [PMID: 32725670 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Microdroplet chemistry is attracting increasing attention for accelerated reactions at the solution-air interface. We report herein a voltage-controlled interfacial microreactor that enables acceleration of electrochemical reactions which are not observed in bulk or conventional electrochemical cells. The microreactor is formed at the interface of the Taylor cone in an electrospray emitter with a large orifice, thus allowing continuous contact of the electrode and the reactants at/near the interface. As a proof-of-concept, electrooxidative C-H/N-H coupling and electrooxidation of benzyl alcohol were shown to be accelerated by more than an order of magnitude as compared to the corresponding bulk reactions. The new electrochemical microreactor has unique features that allow i) voltage-controlled acceleration of electrochemical reactions by voltage-dependent formation of the interfacial microreactor; ii) "reversible" electrochemical derivatization; and iii) in situ mechanistic study and capture of key radical intermediates when coupled with mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyong Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, TX, 77845, USA.,College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Shuli Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Tingyuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Shiqing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
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