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Vahnstiege M, Winter M, Nowak S, Wiemers-Meyer S. State-of-charge of individual active material particles in lithium ion batteries: a perspective of analytical techniques and their capabilities. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:24278-24286. [PMID: 37681262 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02932h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The state-of-charge (SOC) is an essential parameter for battery management systems to reflect and monitor the remaining capacity of individual battery cells. In addition to its application at the cell level, the SOC also plays an important role in the investigation of redox processes of cathode active materials (CAMs) in lithium ion batteries (LIBs) during electrochemical cycling. These processes can be influenced by a large variety of factors such as active material properties, inhomogeneities of the electrode, degradation phenomena and the charge/discharge protocol during cycling. Consequently, non-uniform redox reactions can occur, resulting in charge heterogeneities of the active material. This heterogeneity can translate into accelerated aging of the CAM and a reduction in reversible capacity of the battery cell, since the active material is not fully utilized. To understand and monitor the SOC heterogeneity at the mesoscale, a wide range of techniques have been implemented in the past. In this perspective an overview of current state-of-the-art techniques to evaluate charge heterogeneities of CAMs in LIBs is presented. Therefore, techniques which utilize synchrotron radiation like X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and transmission X-ray spectroscopy (TXM) are presented as well as Raman spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Next to these established techniques, classification single particle inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (CL-SP-ICP-OES) as a new approach is also discussed in this perspective. For these techniques, the areas of application, advantages as well as drawbacks are highlighted and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Vahnstiege
- University of Münster, MEET Battery Research Center, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Martin Winter
- University of Münster, MEET Battery Research Center, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany.
- Helmholtz-Institute Münster, IEK-12, FZ Jülich, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sascha Nowak
- University of Münster, MEET Battery Research Center, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Simon Wiemers-Meyer
- University of Münster, MEET Battery Research Center, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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2
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Li Q, Liang Q, Zhang H, Jiao S, Zhuo Z, Wang J, Li Q, Zhang JN, Yu X. Unveiling the High-valence Oxygen Degradation Across the Delithiated Cathode Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215131. [PMID: 36471651 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Charge compensation on anionic redox reaction (ARR) has been promising to realize extra capacity beyond transition metal redox in battery cathodes. The practical development of ARR capacity has been hindered by high-valence oxygen instability, particularly at cathode surfaces. However, the direct probe of surface oxygen behavior has been challenging. Here, the electronic states of surface oxygen are investigated by combining mapping of resonant Auger electronic spectroscopy (mRAS) and ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) on a model LiCoO2 cathode. The mRAS verified that no high-valence oxygen can sustain at cathode surfaces, while APXPS proves that cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) layer evolves and oxidizes upon oxygen gas contact. This work provides valuable insights into the high-valence oxygen degradation mode across the interface. Oxygen stabilization from surface architecture is proven a prerequisite to the practical development of ARR active cathodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghao Li
- College of Physics, Center for Marine Observation and Communications, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.,Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Qi Liang
- College of Physics, Center for Marine Observation and Communications, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Sichen Jiao
- Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zengqing Zhuo
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Junyang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Physics, Center for Marine Observation and Communications, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jie-Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiqian Yu
- Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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3
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Singh JP, Paidi AK, Chae KH, Lee S, Ahn D. Synchrotron radiation based X-ray techniques for analysis of cathodes in Li rechargeable batteries. RSC Adv 2022; 12:20360-20378. [PMID: 35919598 PMCID: PMC9277717 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01250b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Li-ion rechargeable batteries are promising systems for large-scale energy storage solutions. Understanding the electrochemical process in the cathodes of these batteries using suitable techniques is one of the crucial steps for developing them as next-generation energy storage devices. Due to the broad energy range, synchrotron X-ray techniques provide a better option for characterizing the cathodes compared to the conventional laboratory-scale characterization instruments. This work gives an overview of various synchrotron radiation techniques for analyzing cathodes of Li-rechargeable batteries by depicting instrumental details of X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray imaging, and X-ray near-edge fine structure-imaging. Analysis and simulation procedures to get appropriate information of structural order, local electronic/atomic structure, chemical phase mapping and pores in cathodes are discussed by taking examples of various cathode materials. Applications of these synchrotron techniques are also explored to investigate oxidation state, metal-oxygen hybridization, quantitative local atomic structure, Ni oxidation phase and pore distribution in Ni-rich layered oxide cathodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Pal Singh
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang-37673 Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Manav Rachna University Faridabad-121004 Haryana India
| | - Anil Kumar Paidi
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang-37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Hwa Chae
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul-02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Sangsul Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang-37673 Republic of Korea
- Xavisoptics Pohang-37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Docheon Ahn
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang-37673 Republic of Korea
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4
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Wang T, Huang TQ, Li XL, Ma L, Wang YK, Qiao Y, Gao SP, Shadike Z, Fu ZW. Anomalous Redox Features Induced by Strong Covalency in Layered NaTi 1-y V y S 2 Cathodes for Na-Ion Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205444. [PMID: 35468263 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The rising demand for energy density of cathodes means the need to raise the voltage or capacity of cathodes. Transition metal (TM) doping has been employed to enhance the electrochemical properties in multiple aspects. The redox voltage of doped cathodes usually falls in between the voltage of undoped layered cathodes. However, we found anomalous redox features in NaTi1-y Vy S2 . The first discharge platform potential (2.4 V) is significantly higher than that of undoped NaTiS2 and NaVS2 (both around 2.2 V), and the energy density is raised by 15 %. We speculate that the anomalous voltage is mainly attributed to the strong hybridization in the Ti-V-S system. Ti3+ and V3+ undergo charge transfer and form a more stable Ti (t2g 0 eg 0 ) and V (t2g 3 eg 0 ) electronic configuration. Our results indicate that higher voltage of cathode materials could be achieved by strong TM-ligand covalency, and this conclusion provides possible opportunities to explore high voltage materials for future layered cathodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Tao-Qing Huang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xun-Lu Li
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Lu Ma
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Yu-Ke Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yan Qiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shang-Peng Gao
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Zulipiya Shadike
- Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zheng-Wen Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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Wang T, Huang T, Li X, Ma L, Wang Y, Qiao Y, Gao S, Shadike Z, Fu Z. Anomalous Redox Features Induced by Strong Covalency in Layered NaTi
1−
y
V
y
S
2
Cathodes for Na‐Ion Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Tao‐Qing Huang
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Xun‐Lu Li
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Lu Ma
- National Synchrotron Light Source II Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Yu‐Ke Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yan Qiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Shang‐Peng Gao
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Zulipiya Shadike
- Institute of Fuel Cells School of Mechanical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Zheng‐Wen Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
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6
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Cheng C, Ding M, Yan T, Jiang J, Mao J, Feng X, Chan TS, Li N, Zhang L. Anionic Redox Activities Boosted by Aluminum Doping in Layered Sodium-Ion Battery Electrode. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2101524. [PMID: 35084117 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202101524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted widespread attention for large-scale energy storage, but one major drawback, i.e., the limited capacity of cathode materials, impedes their practical applications. Oxygen redox reactions in layered oxide cathodes are proven to contribute additionally high specific capacity, while such cathodes often suffer from irreversible structural transitions, causing serious capacity fading and voltage decay upon cycling, and the formation process of the oxidized oxygen species remains elusive. Herein, a series of Al-doped P2-type Na0.6 Ni0.3 Mn0.7 O2 cathode materials for SIBs are reported and the corresponding charge compensation mechanisms are investigated qualitatively and quantitatively. The combined analyses reveal that Al doping boosts the reversible oxygen redox reactions through the reductive coupling reactions between orphaned O 2p states in NaOAl local configurations and Ni4+ ions, as directly evidenced by X-ray absorption fine structure results. Additionally, Al doping also induces an increased interlayer spacing and inhibits the unfavorable P2 to O2 phase transition upon desodiation/sodiation, which is common in P2-type Mn-based cathode materials, leading to the great improvement in capacity retention and rate capability. This work provides deeper insights into the development of structurally stable and high-capacity layered cathode materials for SIBs with anion-cation synergetic contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cheng
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Manling Ding
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Tianran Yan
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jinsen Jiang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jing Mao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xuefei Feng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Ting-Shan Chan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Ning Li
- Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing, 401120, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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7
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Huang X, Zhang P, Liu Z, Ma B, Zhou Y, Tian X. Fluorine Doping Induced Crystal Space Change and Performance Improvement of Single Crystalline LiNi
0.6
Co
0.2
Mn
0.2
O
2
Layered Cathode Materials. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology College of Materials and Metallurgy Wuhan University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430081 P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology College of Materials and Metallurgy Wuhan University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430081 P. R. China
| | - Zhaofeng Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology College of Materials and Metallurgy Wuhan University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430081 P. R. China
| | - Ben Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology College of Materials and Metallurgy Wuhan University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430081 P. R. China
| | - Yingke Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology College of Materials and Metallurgy Wuhan University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430081 P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Tian
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology College of Materials and Metallurgy Wuhan University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430081 P. R. China
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