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Li X, Cheng J, Hou H, Meira DM, Liu L. Reactant-Induced Structural Evolution of Pt Catalysts Confined in Zeolite. JACS AU 2024; 4:666-679. [PMID: 38425920 PMCID: PMC10900205 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Reactant-induced structural evolutions of heterogeneous metal catalysts are frequently observed in numerous catalytic systems, which can be associated with the formation or deactivation of active sites. In this work, we will show the structural transformation of subnanometer Pt clusters in pure-silica MFI zeolite structure in the presence of CO, O2, and/or H2O and the catalytic consequences of the Pt-zeolite materials derived from various treatment conditions. By applying the appropriate pretreatment under a reactant atmosphere, we can precisely modulate the size distribution of Pt species spanning from single Pt atoms to small Pt nanoparticles (1-5 nm) in the zeolite matrix, resulting in the desirably active and stable Pt species for CO oxidation. We also show the incorporation of Fe into the zeolite framework greatly promotes the stability of Pt species against undesired sintering under harsh conditions (up to 650 °C in the presence of CO, O2, and moisture).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- Engineering
Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinling Cheng
- Engineering
Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huaming Hou
- National
Energy Center for Coal to Clean Fuels, Synfuels
China Co., Ltd., Huairou
District, Beijing 101407, China
| | - Debora M. Meira
- CLS@APS
sector 20, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne
National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Canadian
Light Source Inc., 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2 V3, Canada
| | - Lichen Liu
- Engineering
Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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2
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Albrahim MA, Shrotri A, Unocic RR, Hoffman AS, Bare SR, Karim AM. Size-Dependent Dispersion of Rhodium Clusters into Isolated Single Atoms at Low Temperature and the Consequences for CO Oxidation Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308002. [PMID: 37488071 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the dynamic structural evolution of supported metal clusters under reaction conditions is crucial to develop structure reactivity relations. Here, we followed the structure of different size Rh clusters supported on Al2 O3 using in situ/operando spectroscopy and ex situ aberration-corrected electron microscopy. We report a dynamic evolution of rhodium clusters into thermally stable isolated single atoms upon exposure to oxygen and during CO oxidation. Rh clusters partially disperse into single atoms at room temperature and the extent of dispersion increases as the Rh size decreases and as the reaction temperature increases. A strong correlation is found between the extent of dispersion and the CO oxidation kinetics. More importantly, dispersing Rh clusters into single atoms increases the activity at room temperature by more than two orders of magnitude due to the much lower activation energy on single atoms (40 vs. 130 kJ/mol). This work demonstrates that the structure and reactivity of small Rh clusters are very sensitive to the reaction environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik A Albrahim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24060, USA
| | - Abhijit Shrotri
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University Kita ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Raymond R Unocic
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37830, USA
| | - Adam S Hoffman
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA
| | - Simon R Bare
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA
| | - Ayman M Karim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24060, USA
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3
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Phongprueksathat N, Ting KW, Mine S, Jing Y, Toyoshima R, Kondoh H, Shimizu KI, Toyao T, Urakawa A. Bifunctionality of Re Supported on TiO 2 in Driving Methanol Formation in Low-Temperature CO 2 Hydrogenation. ACS Catal 2023; 13:10734-10750. [PMID: 37614518 PMCID: PMC10442859 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c01599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Low temperature and high pressure are thermodynamically more favorable conditions to achieve high conversion and high methanol selectivity in CO2 hydrogenation. However, low-temperature activity is generally very poor due to the sluggish kinetics, and thus, designing highly selective catalysts active below 200 °C is a great challenge in CO2-to-methanol conversion. Recently, Re/TiO2 has been reported as a promising catalyst. We show that Re/TiO2 is indeed more active in continuous and high-pressure (56 and 331 bar) operations at 125-200 °C compared to an industrial Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst, which suffers from the formation of methyl formate and its decomposition to carbon monoxide. At lower temperatures, precise understanding and control over the active surface intermediates are crucial to boosting conversion kinetics. This work aims at elucidating the nature of active sites and active species by means of in situ/operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS), and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). Transient operando DRIFTS studies uncover the activation of CO2 to form active formate intermediates leading to methanol formation and also active rhenium carbonyl intermediates leading to methane over cationic Re single atoms characterized by rhenium tricarbonyl complexes. The transient techniques enable us to differentiate the active species from the spectator one on TiO2 support, such as less reactive formate originating from spillover and methoxy from methanol adsorption. The AP-XPS supports the fact that metallic Re species act as H2 activators, leading to H-spillover and importantly to hydrogenation of the active formate intermediate present over cationic Re species. The origin of the unique reactivity of Re/TiO2 was suggested as the coexistence of cationic highly dispersed Re including single atoms, driving the formation of monodentate formate, and metallic Re clusters in the vicinity, activating the hydrogenation of the formate to methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nat Phongprueksathat
- Catalysis
Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, Netherlands
| | - Kah Wei Ting
- Institute
for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N-21, W-10, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Shinya Mine
- Institute
for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N-21, W-10, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yuan Jing
- Institute
for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N-21, W-10, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Ryo Toyoshima
- Department
of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi,
Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kondoh
- Department
of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi,
Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Shimizu
- Institute
for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N-21, W-10, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Takashi Toyao
- Institute
for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N-21, W-10, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Atsushi Urakawa
- Catalysis
Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, Netherlands
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4
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Miao W, Hao R, Wang J, Wang Z, Lin W, Liu H, Feng Z, Lyu Y, Li Q, Jia D, Ouyang R, Cheng J, Nie A, Wu J. Architecture Design and Catalytic Activity: Non-Noble Bimetallic CoFe/fe 3 O 4 Core-Shell Structures for CO 2 Hydrogenation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205087. [PMID: 36529701 PMCID: PMC9929264 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Non-noble metal catalysts now play a key role in promoting efficiently and economically catalytic reduction of CO2 into clean energy, which is an important strategy to ameliorate global warming and resource shortage issues. Here, a non-noble bimetallic catalyst of CoFe/Fe3 O4 nanoparticles is successfully designed with a core-shell structure that is well dispersed on the defect-rich carbon substrate for the hydrogenation of CO2 under mild conditions. The catalysts exhibit a high CO2 conversion activity with the rate of 30% and CO selectivity of 99%, and extremely robust stability without performance decay over 90 h in the reverse water gas shift reaction process. Notably, it is found that the reversible exsolution/dissolution of cobalt in the Fe3 O4 shell will lead to a dynamic and reversible deactivation/regeneration of the catalysts, accompanying by shell thickness breathing during the repeated cycles, via atomic structure study of the catalysts at different reaction stages. Combined with density functional theory calculations, the catalytic activity reversible regeneration mechanism is proposed. This work reveals the structure-property relationship for rational structure design of the advanced non-noble metallic catalyst materials with much improved performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkang Miao
- Materials Genome InstituteShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Ronghui Hao
- Materials Genome InstituteShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Jingzhou Wang
- Materials Genome InstituteShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Zihan Wang
- Materials Genome InstituteShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Wenxin Lin
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringZhejiang Sci‐Tech UniversityHangzhou310018China
| | - Heguang Liu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringXi'an University of TechnologyXi'an710048China
| | - Zhenjie Feng
- Materials Genome InstituteShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Yingchun Lyu
- Materials Genome InstituteShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Materials Genome InstituteShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Dongling Jia
- Collaborative Research CenterShanghai University of Medicine and Health SciencesShanghai201318China
| | - Runhai Ouyang
- Materials Genome InstituteShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Jipeng Cheng
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Anmin Nie
- Center for High Pressure ScienceState Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and TechnologyYanshan UniversityQinhuangdao066004China
| | - Jinsong Wu
- Nanostructure Research CenterWuhan University of TechnologyWuhan430070China
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5
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TiO2-supported Single-atom Catalysts: Synthesis, Structure, and Application. Chem Res Chin Univ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-022-2224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Qi R, Zhu B, Han Z, Gao Y. High-Throughput Screening of Stable Single-Atom Catalysts in CO 2 Reduction Reactions. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qi
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049 China
| | - Beien Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800 China
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Zhongkang Han
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800 China
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210 China
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7
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Tan CH, Nomanbhay S, Shamsuddin AH, Park YK, Hernández-Cocoletzi H, Show PL. Current Developments in Catalytic Methanation of Carbon Dioxide—A Review. FRONTIERS IN ENERGY RESEARCH 2022; 9. [DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2021.795423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of fossil fuel has increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations drastically over the last few decades. This leads to global warming and climate change, increasing the occurrence of more severe weather around the world. One promising solution to reduce anthropogenic CO2 emissions is methanation. Many researchers and industries are interested in CO2 methanation as a power-to-gas technology and carbon capture and storage (CCS) system. Producing an energy carrier, methane (CH4), via CO2 methanation and water electrolysis is an exceptionally effective method of capturing energy generated by renewables. To enhance methanation efficiency, numerous researches have been conducted to develop catalysts with high activity, CH4 selectivity, and stability against the reaction heat. Therefore, in this mini-review, the characteristics and recent advances of metal-based catalysts in methanation of CO2 is discussed.
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering Ministry of Education State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control Ministry of Education School of Public Health Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550025 P. R. China
| | - Hu Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering Ministry of Education State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 P. R. China
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering Ministry of Education State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 P. R. China
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10
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Jin R, Easa J, O'Brien CP. Highly Active CuO x/SiO 2 Dot Core/Rod Shell Catalysts with Enhanced Stability for the Reverse Water Gas Shift Reaction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:38213-38220. [PMID: 34346672 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cu-based catalysts are highly active and selective for several CO2 conversion reactions; however, traditional monometallic Cu-based catalysts suffer poor thermal stability due to the aggregation of copper particles at high temperatures. In this work, we demonstrate a crystal engineering strategy to controllably prepare copper/silica (CuOx/SiO2) catalysts for the reverse water gas shift reaction (RWGS) at high temperatures. We show that CuOx/SiO2 catalysts derived from the in situ reduction of pure copper silicate nanotubes in a CO2 and H2 atmosphere exhibit superior catalytic activity with enhanced stability compared to traditional monometallic Cu-based catalysts for the RWGS at high temperatures. Detailed structural characterization reveals that there is a strong interaction between Cu and SiO2 in CuOx/SiO2 catalysts, which produces more Cu+ sites and smaller CuOx nanoparticles. Moreover, CuOx/SiO2 catalysts possess a unique dot core/rod shell structure, which could prevent the aggregation of Cu particles. This structural confinement effect, enhanced CO2 adsorption by Cu+, and small CuOx nanoparticles presumably caused the catalyst's extraordinary activity with enhanced stability at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renxi Jin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Justin Easa
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Casey P O'Brien
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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11
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Wei J, Qin SN, Yang J, Ya HL, Huang WH, Zhang H, Hwang BJ, Tian ZQ, Li JF. Probing Single-Atom Catalysts and Catalytic Reaction Processes by Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9306-9310. [PMID: 33523581 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Developing advanced characterization techniques for single-atom catalysts (SACs) is of great significance to identify their structural and catalytic properties. Raman spectroscopy can provide molecular structure information, and thus, the technique is a promising tool for catalysis. However, its application in SACs remains a great challenge because of its low sensitivity. We develop a highly sensitive strategy that achieves the characterization of the structure of SACs and in situ monitoring of the catalytic reaction processes on them by shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) for the first time. Using the strategy, Pd SACs on different supports were identified by Raman spectroscopy and the nucleation process of Pd species from single atoms to nanoparticles was revealed. Moreover, the catalytic reaction processes of the hydrogenation of nitro compounds on Pd SACs were monitored in situ, and molecular insights were obtained to uncover the unique catalytic properties of SACs. This work provides a new spectroscopic tool for the in situ study of SACs, especially at solid-liquid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wei
- College of Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces,iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Si-Na Qin
- College of Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces,iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Ji Yang
- College of Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces,iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Han-Long Ya
- College of Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces,iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Wei-Hsiang Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces,iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Bing Joe Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- College of Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces,iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- College of Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces,iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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12
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Wei J, Qin S, Yang J, Ya H, Huang W, Zhang H, Hwang BJ, Tian Z, Li J. Probing Single‐Atom Catalysts and Catalytic Reaction Processes by Shell‐Isolated Nanoparticle‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wei
- College of Materials State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces,iChEM College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials College of Energy Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Si‐Na Qin
- College of Materials State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces,iChEM College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials College of Energy Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Ji Yang
- College of Materials State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces,iChEM College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials College of Energy Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Han‐Long Ya
- College of Materials State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces,iChEM College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials College of Energy Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Wei‐Hsiang Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei 10607 Taiwan
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Materials State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces,iChEM College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials College of Energy Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Bing Joe Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei 10607 Taiwan
| | - Zhong‐Qun Tian
- College of Materials State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces,iChEM College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials College of Energy Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Jian‐Feng Li
- College of Materials State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces,iChEM College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials College of Energy Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
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