1
|
Qi H, Cui X, Zhang H, Tong Y, Qian M, Zhou W, Ding S, Qi H. Rationally Designed Matrix-Free Carbon Dots with Wavelength-Tunable Room-Temperature Phosphorescence. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201284. [PMID: 36719254 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the rational design of the matrix-free carbon dots (C-dots) with long wavelength and wavelength-tunable room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP). Taking advantage of microwave-assisted heating treatment, three RTP C-dots in boric acid (BA) composites are synthesized by using diethylenetriaminepentakis (methylphosphonic acid) as a multiple-sites crosslink agent, a moderately acid catalyst and P source; phenylenediamines (either o-PD, m-PD, or p-PD, respectively) as building block while BA as a carbonization-retardant matrix. After the water-soluble BA matrix is removed by dialysis, three matrix-free C-dots are obtained with RTP emission at 540, 550 and 570 nm under an excitation wavelength of 365 nm. Alterations of RTP emission of three matrix-free C-dots are ascribed to the difference in their particle size and band gap from n-π* transition. Furthermore, the application of three matrix-free C-dots are successfully performed in information encryption and decryption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hetong Qi
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Cui
- School of Future Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Hengqi Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yuxi Tong
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Manping Qian
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Wenshuai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Shujiang Ding
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Honglan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xue S, Li P, Sun L, An L, Qu D, Wang X, Sun Z. The Formation Process and Mechanism of Carbon Dots Prepared from Aromatic Compounds as Precursors: A Review. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2206180. [PMID: 36650992 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent carbon dots are a novel type of nanomaterial. Due to their excellent optical properties, they have extensive application prospects in many fields. Studying the formation process and fluorescence mechanism of CDs will assist scientists in understanding the synthesis of CDs and guide more profound applications. Due to their conjugated structures, aromatic compounds have been continuously used to synthesize CDs, with emissions ranging from blue to NIR. There is a lack of a systematic summary of the formation process and fluorescence mechanism of aromatic precursors to form CDs. In this review, the formation process of CDs is first categorized into three main classes according to the precursor types of aromatic compounds: amines, phenols, and polycyclics. And then, the fluorescence mechanism of CDs synthesized from aromatic compounds is summarized. The challenges and prospects are proposed in the last section.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Xue
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Lu Sun
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Li An
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Dan Qu
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Xiayan Wang
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Zaicheng Sun
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ye J, Chen Y, Gao C, Wang C, Hu A, Dong G, Chen Z, Zhou S, Xiong Y. Sustainable Conversion of Microplastics to Methane with Ultrahigh Selectivity by a Biotic-Abiotic Hybrid Photocatalytic System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202213244. [PMID: 36322457 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Efficient conversion of microplastics into fuels provides a promising strategy to alleviate environmental pollution and the energy crisis. However, the conventional processes are challenged by low product selectivity and potential secondary pollution. Herein, a biotic-abiotic photocatalytic system is designed by assembling Methanosarcina barkeri (M. b) and carbon dot-functionalized polymeric carbon nitrides (CDPCN), by which biodegradable microplastics-poly(lactic acid) after heat pretreatment can be converted into CH4 for five successive 24-day cycles with nearly 100 % CH4 selectivity by the assistance of additional CO2 . Mechanistic analyses showed that both photooxidation and photoreduction methanogenesis worked simultaneously via the fully utilizing photogenerated holes and electrons without chemical sacrificial quenchers. Further research validated the real-world applicability of M. b-CDPCN for non-biodegradable microplastic-to-CH4 conversion, offering a new avenue for engineering the plastic reuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ye
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yiping Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China.,College of Resources and Chemical Engineering, Sanming University, 365004, Sanming, China
| | - Chao Gao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Andong Hu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guowen Dong
- College of Resources and Chemical Engineering, Sanming University, 365004, Sanming, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shungui Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yujie Xiong
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Augustin A, Chuaicham C, Shanmugam M, Vellaichamy B, Rajendran S, Hoang TKA, Sasaki K, Sekar K. Recent development of organic-inorganic hybrid photocatalysts for biomass conversion into hydrogen production. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:2561-2582. [PMID: 36132286 PMCID: PMC9417503 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00119e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years, photocatalysis using solar radiation has been explored extensively to investigate the possibilities of producing fuels. The production and systematic usage of solar fuels can reduce the use of fossil-based fuels, which are currently the primary source for the energy. It is time for us to exploit renewable sources for our energy needs to progress towards a low-carbon society. This can be achieved by utilizing green hydrogen as the future energy source. Solar light-assisted hydrogen evolution through photocatalytic water splitting is one of the most advanced approaches, but it is a non-spontaneous chemical process and restricted by a kinetically demanding oxidation evolution reaction. Sunlight is one of the essential sources for the photoreforming (PR) of biomass waste into solar fuels, or/and lucrative fine chemicals. Hydrogen production through photoreforming of biomass can be considered energy neutral as it requires only low energy to overcome the activation barrier and an alternate method for the water splitting reaction. Towards the perspective of sustainability and zero emission norms, hydrogen production from biomass-derived feedstocks is an affordable and efficient process. Widely used photocatalyst materials, such as metal oxides, sulphides and polymeric semiconductors, still possess challenges in terms of their performance and stability. Recently, a new class of materials has emerged as organic-inorganic hybrid (OIH) photocatalysts, which have the benefits of both components, with peculiar properties and outstanding energy conversion capability. This work examines the most recent progress in the photoreforming of biomass and its derivatives using OIHs as excellent catalysts for hydrogen evolution. The fundamental aspects of the PR mechanism and different methods of hydrogen production from biomass are discussed. Additionally, an interaction between both composite materials at the atomic level has been discussed in detail in the recent literature. Finally, the opportunities and future perspective for the synthesis and development of OIH catalysts are discussed briefly with regards to biomass photo-reforming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashil Augustin
- Sustainable Energy and Environmental Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - Chitiphon Chuaicham
- Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Mariyappan Shanmugam
- Sustainable Energy and Environmental Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | | | - Saravanan Rajendran
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Tarapacá Avda. General Velásquez 1775 Arica Chile
| | - Tuan K A Hoang
- Institut de Recherche d'Hydro-Québec 1806, boul. Lionel-Boulet Varennes Québec J3X 1S1 Canada
| | - Keiko Sasaki
- Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Karthikeyan Sekar
- Sustainable Energy and Environmental Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Song X, Zhao S, Xu Y, Chen X, Wang S, Zhao P, Pu Y, Ragauskas AJ. Preparation, Properties, and Application of Lignocellulosic-Based Fluorescent Carbon Dots. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102486. [PMID: 35199466 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are a relatively new type of fluorescent carbon material with excellent performance and widespread application. As the most readily available and widely distributed biomass resource, lignocellulosics are a renewable bioresource with great potential. Research into the preparation of CDs with lignocellulose (LC-CDs) has become the focus of numerous researchers. Compared with other carbon sources, lignocellulose is low cost, rich in structural variety, exhibits excellent biocompatibility,[1] and the structures of CDs prepared by lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose are similar. This Review summarized research progress in the preparation of CDs from lignocellulosics in recent years and reviewed traditional and new preparation methods, physical and chemical properties, optical properties, and applications of LC-CDs, providing guidance for the formation and improvement of LC-CDs. In addition, the challenges of synthesizing LC-CDs were also highlighted, including the interaction of different lignocellulose components on the formation of LC-CDs and the nucleation and growth mechanism of LC-CDs; from this, current trends and opportunities of LC-CDs were examined, and some research methods for future research were put forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Song
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Siyu Zhao
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Ying Xu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Xinrui Chen
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Shuangfei Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Peitao Zhao
- School of Electrical and Power Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Center for Renewable Carbon, Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cailotto S, Massari D, Gigli M, Campalani C, Bonini M, You S, Vomiero A, Selva M, Perosa A, Crestini C. N-Doped Carbon Dot Hydrogels from Brewing Waste for Photocatalytic Wastewater Treatment. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:4052-4061. [PMID: 35155899 PMCID: PMC8829871 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The brewery industry annually produces huge amounts of byproducts that represent an underutilized, yet valuable, source of biobased compounds. In this contribution, the two major beer wastes, that is, spent grains and spent yeasts, have been transformed into carbon dots (CDs) by a simple, scalable, and ecofriendly hydrothermal approach. The prepared CDs have been characterized from the chemical, morphological, and optical points of view, highlighting a high level of N-doping, because of the chemical composition of the starting material rich in proteins, photoluminescence emission centered at 420 nm, and lifetime in the range of 5.5-7.5 ns. With the aim of producing a reusable catalytic system for wastewater treatment, CDs have been entrapped into a polyvinyl alcohol matrix and tested for their dye removal ability. The results demonstrate that methylene blue can be efficiently adsorbed from water solutions into the composite hydrogel and subsequently fully degraded by UV irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cailotto
- Department
of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’Foscari
University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy
- CSGI
− Italian Research Center for Colloids and Surface Science, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Daniele Massari
- Department
of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’Foscari
University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy
- CSGI
− Italian Research Center for Colloids and Surface Science, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Matteo Gigli
- Department
of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’Foscari
University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy
- CSGI
− Italian Research Center for Colloids and Surface Science, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Carlotta Campalani
- Department
of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’Foscari
University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Massimo Bonini
- CSGI
− Italian Research Center for Colloids and Surface Science, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Shujie You
- Division
of Material Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Alberto Vomiero
- Department
of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’Foscari
University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy
- Division
of Material Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Maurizio Selva
- Department
of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’Foscari
University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Alvise Perosa
- Department
of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’Foscari
University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Claudia Crestini
- Department
of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’Foscari
University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy
- CSGI
− Italian Research Center for Colloids and Surface Science, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lam E, Reisner E. A TiO 2 -Co(terpyridine) 2 Photocatalyst for the Selective Oxidation of Cellulose to Formate Coupled to the Reduction of CO 2 to Syngas. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23306-23312. [PMID: 34464003 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Immobilization of a phosphonated cobalt bis(terpyridine) catalyst on TiO2 nanoparticles generates a photocatalyst that allows coupling aqueous CO2 -to-syngas (CO and H2 ) reduction to selective oxidation of biomass-derived oxygenates or cellulose to formate. An enzymatic saccharification pre-treatment process is employed that enables the use of insoluble cellulose as an electron-donating substrate under benign aqueous conditions suitable for photocatalytic CO2 conversion. The hybrid photocatalyst consists of solely earth-abundant components, and its heterogeneous nature allows for reuse and operation in aqueous solution for several days at 25 °C, reaching a cellulose-to-formate conversion yield of 17 %. Thus, the proof-of-concept for valorizing two waste streams (CO2 and biomass) simultaneously into value-added chemicals through solar-driven catalysis is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Lam
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
A TiO
2
‐Co(terpyridine)
2
Photocatalyst for the Selective Oxidation of Cellulose to Formate Coupled to the Reduction of CO
2
to Syngas. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
9
|
Adler C, Krivtsov I, Mitoraj D, dos Santos‐Gómez L, García‐Granda S, Neumann C, Kund J, Kranz C, Mizaikoff B, Turchanin A, Beranek R. Sol-Gel Processing of Water-Soluble Carbon Nitride Enables High-Performance Photoanodes*. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2170-2179. [PMID: 33576576 PMCID: PMC8248241 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In spite of the enormous promise that polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) materials hold for various applications, the fabrication of high-quality, binder-free PCN films and electrodes has been a largely elusive goal to date. Here, we tackle this challenge by devising, for the first time, a water-based sol-gel approach that enables facile preparation of thin films based on poly(heptazine imide) (PHI), a polymer belonging to the PCN family. The sol-gel process capitalizes on the use of a water-soluble PHI precursor that allows formation of a non-covalent hydrogel. The hydrogel can be deposited on conductive substrates, resulting in formation of mechanically stable polymeric thin layers. The resulting photoanodes exhibit unprecedented photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance in alcohol reforming and highly selective (∼100 %) conversions with very high photocurrents (>0.25 mA cm-2 under 2 sun) down to <0 V vs. RHE. This enables even effective PEC operation under zero-bias conditions and represents the very first example of a 'soft matter'-based PEC system capable of bias-free photoreforming. The robust binder-free films derived from sol-gel processing of water-soluble PCN thus constitute a new paradigm for high-performance 'soft matter' photoelectrocatalytic systems and pave the way for further applications in which high-quality PCN films are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Adler
- Institute of ElectrochemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 4789081UlmGermany
| | - Igor Krivtsov
- Institute of ElectrochemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 4789081UlmGermany
| | - Dariusz Mitoraj
- Institute of ElectrochemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 4789081UlmGermany
| | - Lucía dos Santos‐Gómez
- Department of Physical and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Oviedo-CINN33006OviedoSpain
| | - Santiago García‐Granda
- Department of Physical and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Oviedo-CINN33006OviedoSpain
| | - Christof Neumann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich Schiller University JenaLessingstr. 1007743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry JenaCEEC Jena)Philosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Julian Kund
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical ChemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical ChemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical ChemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich Schiller University JenaLessingstr. 1007743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry JenaCEEC Jena)Philosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Radim Beranek
- Institute of ElectrochemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 4789081UlmGermany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Savateev A, Markushyna Y, Schüßlbauer CM, Ullrich T, Guldi DM, Antonietti M. Unconventional Photocatalysis in Conductive Polymers: Reversible Modulation of PEDOT:PSS Conductivity by Long-Lived Poly(Heptazine Imide) Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7436-7443. [PMID: 33259655 PMCID: PMC8048452 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In photocatalysis, small organic molecules are converted into desired products using light responsive materials, electromagnetic radiation, and electron mediators. Substitution of low molecular weight reagents with redox active functional materials may increase the utility of photocatalysis beyond organic synthesis and environmental applications. Guided by the general principles of photocatalysis, we design hybrid nanocomposites composed of n-type semiconducting potassium poly(heptazine imide) (K-PHI), and p-type conducting poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) as the redox active substrate. Electrical conductivity of the hybrid nanocomposite, possessing optimal K-PHI content, is reversibly modulated combining a series of external stimuli ranging from visible light under inert conditions and to dark conditions under an O2 atmosphere. Using a conductive polymer as the redox active substrate allows study of the photocatalytic processes mediated by semiconducting photocatalysts through electrical conductivity measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Savateev
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Yevheniia Markushyna
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Christoph M. Schüßlbauer
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyInterdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Tobias Ullrich
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyInterdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyInterdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Savateev A, Markushyna Y, Schüßlbauer CM, Ullrich T, Guldi DM, Antonietti M. Unkonventionelle Photokatalyse in leitfähigen Polymeren: Reversible Modulation der Leitfähigkeit von PEDOT:PSS durch langlebige Polyheptazinimid‐Radikale. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Savateev
- Abteilung der Kolloidchemie Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
| | - Yevheniia Markushyna
- Abteilung der Kolloidchemie Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
| | - Christoph M. Schüßlbauer
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Tobias Ullrich
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Abteilung der Kolloidchemie Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mazzanti S, Savateev A. Emerging Concepts in Carbon Nitride Organic Photocatalysis. Chempluschem 2020; 85:2499-2517. [PMID: 33215877 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nitrides encompass a class of transition-metal-free materials possessing numerous advantages such as low cost (few Euros per gram), high chemical stability, broad tunability of redox potentials and optical bandgap, recyclability, and a high absorption coefficient (>105 cm-1 ), which make them highly attractive for application in photoredox catalysis. In this Review, we classify carbon nitrides based on their unique properties, structure, and redox potentials. We summarize recently emerging concepts in heterogeneous carbon nitride photocatalysis, with an emphasis on the synthesis of organic compounds: 1) Illumination-Driven Electron Accumulation in Semiconductors and Exploitation (IDEASE); 2) singlet-triplet intersystem crossing in carbon nitride excited states and related energy transfer; 3) architectures of flow photoreactors; and 4) dual metal/carbon nitride photocatalysis. The objective of this Review is to provide a detailed overview regarding innovative research in carbon nitride photocatalysis focusing on these topics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mazzanti
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Research Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Aleksandr Savateev
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Research Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|