1
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Li L, Ma T, Wang M. Protein-Integrated Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks: Chemistry and Biomedical Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400926. [PMID: 38529812 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are porous nanomaterials that offer exceptional biocompatibility and versatility for integrating proteins for biomedical applications. This minireview concisely discusses recent advancements in the chemistry and functionality of protein-HOF interfaces. It particularly focuses on strategic methodologies, such as the careful selection of building blocks and the genetic engineering of proteins, to facilitate protein-HOF interactions. We examine the role of enzyme encapsulation within HOFs, highlighting its capability to preserve enzyme function, a crucial aspect for applications in biosensing and disease diagnosis. Moreover, we discuss the emerging utility of nanoscale HOFs for intracellular protein delivery, illustrating their applicability as nanoreactors for intracellular catalysis and neuroprotective biorthogonal catalysis within cellular compartments. We highlight the significant advancement of designing biodegradable HOFs tailored for cytosolic protein delivery, underscoring their promising application in targeted cancer therapies. Finally, we provide a perspective viewpoint on the design of biocompatible protein-HOF assemblies, underlining their promising prospects in drug delivery, disease diagnosis, and broader biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS), Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tianyu Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS), Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS), Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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2
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Shi XM, Xu YT, Zhou BY, Wang B, Yu SY, Zhao WW, Jiang D, Chen HY, Xu JJ. Electrochemical Single-Cell Protein Therapeutics Using a Double-Barrel Nanopipette. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215801. [PMID: 36550087 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell protein therapeutics is expected to promote our in-depth understanding of how a specific protein with a therapeutic dosage treats the cell without population averaging. However, it has not yet been tackled by current single-cell nanotools. We address this challenge by the use of a double-barrel nanopipette, in which one lumen was used for electroosmotic cytosolic protein delivery and the other was customized for ionic evaluation of the consequence. Upon injection of protein DJ-1 through the delivery lumen, upregulation of the antioxidant protein could protect neural PC-12 cells against oxidative stress from phorbol myristate acetate exposure, as deduced by targeting of the cytosolic hydrogen peroxide by the detecting lumen. The nanotool developed in this study for single-cell protein therapeutics provides a perspective for future single-cell therapeutics involving different therapeutic modalities, such as peptides, enzymes and nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yi-Tong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bing-Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Si-Yuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Dechen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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3
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Liu J, Sheng J, Shao L, Zheng Q, Li W, Chen X, Mao L, Wang M. Tetraphenylethylene-Featured Fluorescent Supramolecular Nanoparticles for Intracellular Trafficking of Protein Delivery and Neuroprotection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26740-26746. [PMID: 34622541 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of protein into mammalian cells enables the dissection and manipulation of biological processes; however, this potency is challenged by the lack of an efficient protein delivery tool and a means to monitor its intracellular trafficking. Herein, we report that the hierarchical self-assembly of tetraphenylethylene (TPE)-featured metal-organic cages (MOCs) and β-cyclodextrin-conjugated polyethylenimine can generate fluorescent supramolecular nanoparticles (FSNPs) to deliver protein into neural cells, a cell line that is hard to transfect using conventional strategy. Further, the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) of TPE enabled the fluorescent monitoring of cytosolic protein release. It is found that FSNPs can deliver and release protein into cytosol for subcellular targeting as fast as 18 h post-delivery. Moreover, the delivery of molecular chaperone DJ-1 using FSNPs activates MAPK/ERK signaling of neural cells to protect cells from oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jinhan Sheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Leihou Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Qizhen Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Wenting Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xianghan Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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4
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Liu J, Sheng J, Shao L, Zheng Q, Li W, Chen X, Mao L, Wang M. Tetraphenylethylene‐Featured Fluorescent Supramolecular Nanoparticles for Intracellular Trafficking of Protein Delivery and Neuroprotection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Jinhan Sheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Leihou Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Qizhen Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Wenting Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xianghan Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- College of Chemistry Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Ming Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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5
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Wang C, Hong H, Chen M, Ding Z, Rui Y, Qi J, Li Z, Liu Z. A Cationic Micelle as In Vivo Catalyst for Tumor‐Localized Cleavage Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences China
| | - Hanyu Hong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences China
| | - Mengqi Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences China
| | - Zexuan Ding
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences China
| | - Yuchen Rui
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences China
| | - Jianyuan Qi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences China
| | - Zi‐Chen Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education Department of Polymer Science & Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Zhibo Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences China
- Peking University-Tsinghua University Center for Life Sciences Beijing 100871 China
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6
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Li W, Liu J, Shao L, Mao L, Wang M. DNAzyme-Catalyzed Cellular Oxidative Stress Amplification for Pro-protein Activation in Living Cells. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2608-2613. [PMID: 34155741 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The conditional control of protein function in response to the physiological change of cells is of great interest for studying protein function in biological settings and developing protein therapeutics. We report herein that catalase (CAT) DNAzyme can potentiate the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in living cells by knocking down catalase expression, which could further activate a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive pro-protein, RNase A-NBC, in situ. Using an optimized lipid nanoparticle delivery system to simultaneously introduce CAT DNAzyme and RNase A-NBC into cells, we show that the pro-protein, RNase A-NBC, could be activated in a significantly enhanced manner to prohibit tumor cell growth in different types of cancer cells. We believe the methodology of regulating pro-protein activity using DNAzyme biocatalysis to differentiate intracellular environment could further be extended to other functional proteins, and even fundamental investigations in living systems to develop pro-protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ji Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Leihou Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Organic Materials Testing Technology and Quality Evaluation, Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing, 100089, P. R. China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Ming Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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7
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Wang C, Hong H, Chen M, Ding Z, Rui Y, Qi J, Li ZC, Liu Z. A Cationic Micelle as In Vivo Catalyst for Tumor-Localized Cleavage Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19750-19758. [PMID: 34046980 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The emerging strategies of accelerating the cleavage reaction in tumors through locally enriching the reactants is promising. Yet, the applications are limited due to the lack of the tumor-selectivity for most of the reactants. Here we explored an alternative approach to leverage the rate constant by locally inducing an in vivo catalyst. We found that the desilylation-induced cleavage chemistry could be catalyzed in vivo by cationic micelles, and accelerated over 1400-fold under physiological condition. This micelle-catalyzed controlled release platform is demonstrated by the release of a 6-hydroxyl-quinoline-2-benzothiazole derivative (HQB) in two cancer cell lines and a NIR dye in mouse tumor xenografts. Through intravenous injection of a pH-sensitive polymer micelles, we successfully applied this strategy to a prodrug activation of hydroxyl camptothecin (OH-CPT) in tumors. Its "decaging" efficiency is 42-fold to that without cationic micelles-mediated catalysis. This micelle-catalyzed desilylation strategy unveils the potential that micelle may act beyond a carrier but a catalyst for local perturbing or activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, China
| | - Hanyu Hong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, China
| | - Mengqi Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, China
| | - Zexuan Ding
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, China
| | - Yuchen Rui
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, China
| | - Jianyuan Qi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, China
| | - Zi-Chen Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhibo Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, China.,Peking University-Tsinghua University Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100871, China
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8
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Liu J, Luo T, Xue Y, Mao L, Stang PJ, Wang M. Hierarchical Self-assembly of Discrete Metal-Organic Cages into Supramolecular Nanoparticles for Intracellular Protein Delivery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5429-5435. [PMID: 33247547 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hierarchical self-assembly (HAS) is a powerful approach to create supramolecular nanostructures for biomedical applications. This potency, however, is generally challenged by the difficulty of controlling the HAS of biomacromolecules and the functionality of resulted HAS nanostructures. Herein, we report a modular approach for controlling the HAS of discrete metal-organic cages (MOC) into supramolecular nanoparticles, and its potential for intracellular protein delivery and cell-fate specification. The hierarchical coordination-driven self-assembly of adamantane-functionalized M12 L24 MOC (Ada-MOC) and the host-guest interaction of Ada-MOC with β-cyclodextrin-conjugated polyethylenimine (PEI-βCD) afford supramolecular nanoparticles in a controllable manner. HAS maintains high efficiency and orthogonality in the presence of protein, enabling the encapsulation of protein into the nanoparticles for intracellular protein delivery for therapeutic application and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tianli Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yifei Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peter J Stang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Ming Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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9
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Liu J, Luo T, Xue Y, Mao L, Stang PJ, Wang M. Hierarchical Self‐assembly of Discrete Metal–Organic Cages into Supramolecular Nanoparticles for Intracellular Protein Delivery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Tianli Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yifei Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Peter J. Stang
- Department of Chemistry University of Utah 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020 Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - Ming Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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