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Ennis C, Appadoo DRT, Boer SA, White NG. Vibrational mode analysis of hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs): synchrotron infrared studies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:10784-10797. [PMID: 35475452 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00796g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are a promising class of porous crystalline materials for gas sorption and gas separation technologies that can be constructed under mild synthetic conditions. In forming three-dimensional networks of flexible hydrogen bonds between donor/acceptor subunits, these materials have displayed high stability at elevated temperature and under vacuum. Although the structural properties of HOFs are commonly characterized by diffraction techniques, new complimentary methods to elucidate phase behaviour and host-guest interactions at the molecular level are sought, particularly those that can be applied under changing physical conditions or solvent environment. To this end, this study has applied synchrotron far-IR and mid-IR spectroscopy to probe the properties of two known and one new HOF system assembled from tetrahedral amidinium and carboxylate building blocks. All three frameworks produce feature-rich and resolved infrared profiles from 30 to 4000 cm-1 that provide information on hydrogen-bonded water solvent networks and the HOF channel topography via lattice and torsional bands. Comparison of experimental peaks to frequencies and atomic displacements (eigenvectors) predicted by high-level periodic DFT calculations have allowed for the assignment of vibrational modes associated with the aforementioned physicochemical properties. Now compiled, the specific vibrational modes identified as common to charge-assisted hydrogen-bonding motifs, as well as low frequency lattice and torsional bands attributed to HOF pore morphology and water-of-hydration networks, can act as diagnostic features in future spectroscopic investigations of HOF properties, such as those toward the design and tuning of host-guest properties for targeted applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Ennis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand. .,The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, New Zealand
| | - Dominique R T Appadoo
- ANSTO Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3148, Australia
| | - Stephanie A Boer
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Nicholas G White
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2600, Australia
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2
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Werny MJ, Zarupski J, ten Have IC, Piovano A, Hendriksen C, Friederichs NH, Meirer F, Groppo E, Weckhuysen BM. Correlating the Morphological Evolution of Individual Catalyst Particles to the Kinetic Behavior of Metallocene-Based Ethylene Polymerization Catalysts. JACS AU 2021; 1:1996-2008. [PMID: 35574041 PMCID: PMC8611720 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Kinetics-based differences in the early stage fragmentation of two structurally analogous silica-supported hafnocene- and zirconocene-based catalysts were observed during gas-phase ethylene polymerization at low pressures. A combination of focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) and nanoscale infrared photoinduced force microscopy (IR PiFM) revealed notable differences in the distribution of the support, polymer, and composite phases between the two catalyst materials. By means of time-resolved probe molecule infrared spectroscopy, correlations between this divergence in morphology and the kinetic behavior of the catalysts' active sites were established. The rate of polymer formation, a property that is inherently related to a catalyst's kinetics and the applied reaction conditions, ultimately governs mass transfer and thus the degree of homogeneity achieved during support fragmentation. In the absence of strong mass transfer limitations, a layer-by-layer mechanism dominates at the level of the individual catalyst support domains under the given experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J. Werny
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Dutch
Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jelena Zarupski
- Department
of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University
of Torino, Via G. Quarello
15A, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Dutch
Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Iris C. ten Have
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Piovano
- Department
of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University
of Torino, Via G. Quarello
15A, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Dutch
Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Coen Hendriksen
- SABIC
Technology Center, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Dutch
Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department
of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University
of Torino, Via G. Quarello
15A, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Dutch
Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Dutch
Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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3
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Jakob DS, Li N, Zhou H, Xu XG. Integrated Tapping Mode Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy with Photoinduced Force Microscopy for Correlative Chemical and Surface Potential Mapping. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2102495. [PMID: 34310045 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is a popular technique for mapping the surface potential at the nanoscale through measurement of the Coulombic force between an atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip and sample. The lateral resolution of conventional KPFM variants is limited to between ≈35 and 100 nm in ambient conditions due to the long-range nature of the Coulombic force. In this article, a novel way of generating the Coulombic force in tapping mode KPFM without the need for an external AC driving voltage is presented. A field-effect transistor (FET) is used to directly switch the electrical connectivity of the tip and sample on and off periodically. The resulting Coulomb force induced by Fermi level alignment of the tip and sample results in a detectable change of the cantilever oscillation at the FET-switching frequency. The resulting FET-switched KPFM delivers a spatial resolution of ≈25 nm and inherits the high operational speed of the AFM tapping mode. Moreover, the FET-switched KPFM is integrated with photoinduced force microscopy (PiFM), enabling simultaneous acquisitions of high spatial resolution chemical distributions and surface potential maps. The integrated FET-switched KPFM with PiFM is expected to facilitate characterizations of nanoscale electrical properties of photoactive materials, semiconductors, and ferroelectric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon S Jakob
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Nengxu Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huanping Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
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4
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Ferreira Sanchez D, Ihli J, Zhang D, Rohrbach T, Zimmermann P, Lee J, Borca CN, Böhlen N, Grolimund D, Bokhoven JA, Ranocchiari M. Spatio‐Chemical Heterogeneity of Defect‐Engineered Metal–Organic Framework Crystals Revealed by Full‐Field Tomographic X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Johannes Ihli
- Swiss Light Source Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Damin Zhang
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
- NanoElectroCatalysis Group Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Thomas Rohrbach
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Patric Zimmermann
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Jinhee Lee
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Camelia N. Borca
- Swiss Light Source Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Natascha Böhlen
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Daniel Grolimund
- Swiss Light Source Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Jeroen A. Bokhoven
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering ETH Zurich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Marco Ranocchiari
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
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Ferreira Sanchez D, Ihli J, Zhang D, Rohrbach T, Zimmermann P, Lee J, Borca CN, Böhlen N, Grolimund D, van Bokhoven JA, Ranocchiari M. Spatio-Chemical Heterogeneity of Defect-Engineered Metal-Organic Framework Crystals Revealed by Full-Field Tomographic X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:10032-10039. [PMID: 33523530 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of structural defects in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), often achieved through the fractional use of defective linkers, is emerging as a means to refine the properties of existing MOFs. These linkers, missing coordination fragments, create unsaturated framework nodes that may alter the properties of the MOF. A property-targeted utilization of this approach demands an understanding of the structure of the defect-engineered MOF. We demonstrate that full-field X-ray absorption near-edge structure computed tomography can help to improve our understanding. This was demonstrated by visualizing the chemical heterogeneity found in defect-engineered HKUST-1 MOF crystals. A non-uniform incorporation and zonation of the defective linker was discovered, leading to the presence of clusters of a second coordination polymer within HKUST-1. The former is suggested to be responsible, in part, for altered MOF properties; thereby, advocating for a spatio-chemically resolved characterization of MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johannes Ihli
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Damin Zhang
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,NanoElectroCatalysis Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Rohrbach
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Patric Zimmermann
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jinhee Lee
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Camelia N Borca
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Natascha Böhlen
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Grolimund
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jeroen A van Bokhoven
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Ranocchiari
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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