1
|
Chen X, Lian Z, Kramer S. Enantioselective Intermolecular Radical Amidation and Amination of Benzylic C-H Bonds via Dual Copper and Photocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217638. [PMID: 36721305 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A method for direct access to enantioenriched benzylic amides and carbamate-protected primary benzylamines by C-H functionalization is reported. The C-H substrate is used as limiting reagent with only a small excess of the unactivated amide or carbamate nucleophile. The enantioselective intermolecular dehydrogenative C-N bond formation is enabled by a combination of a chiral copper catalyst, a photocatalyst, and an oxidant, and it takes place under mild conditions, which allow for a broad substrate scope. The method is compatible with late-stage C-H functionalization, and it provides easy access to 15 N-labeled amides and amines starting from cheap 15 NH4 Cl.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuemeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Zhong Lian
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, China
| | - Søren Kramer
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao Z, Liu Y, Wang S, Tang S, Ma D, Zhu Z, Guo C, Qiu Y. Site-Selective Electrochemical C-H Carboxylation of Arenes with CO 2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214710. [PMID: 36382417 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a direct, metal-free, and site-selective electrochemical C-H carboxylation of arenes by reductive activation using CO2 as the economic and abundant carboxylic source was reported. The electrocarboxylation was carried out in an operationally simple manner with high chemo- and regioselectivity, setting the stage for the challenging site-selective C-H carboxylation of unactivated (hetero)arenes. The robust nature of the electrochemical strategy was reflected by a broad scope of substrates with excellent atom economy and unique selectivity. Notably, the direct and selective C-H carboxylation of various challenging arenes worked well in this approach, including electron-deficient naphthalenes, pyridines, simple phenyl derivatives, and substituted quinolines. The method benefits from being externally catalyst-free, metal-free and base-free, which makes it extremely attractive for potential applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yin Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Siyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shunyao Tang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Dengke Ma
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zile Zhu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chengcheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Choi I, Trenerry MJ, Lee KS, King N, Berry JF, Schomaker JM. Divergent C-H Amidations and Imidations by Tuning Electrochemical Reaction Potentials. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201662. [PMID: 36166327 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical C-H functionalizations are attractive transformations, as they are capable of avoiding the use of transition metals, pre-oxidized precursors, or suprastoichiometric amounts of terminal oxidants. Herein an electrochemically tunable method was developed that enabled the divergent formation of cyclic amines or imines by applying different reaction potentials. Detailed cyclic voltammetry analyses, coupled with chronopotentiometry experiments, were carried out to provide insight into the mechanism, while atom economy was assessed through a paired electrolysis. Selective C-H amidations and imidations were achieved to afford five- to seven-membered sulfonamide motifs that could be employed for late-stage modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
- Present address, Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael J Trenerry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Ken S Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Nicholas King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - John F Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Jennifer M Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Selective functionalization of benzylic C(sp3)–H bonds to synthesize complex molecules. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
5
|
Stangier M, Scheremetjew A, Ackermann L. Chemo- and Site-Selective Electro-Oxidative Alkane Fluorination by C(sp 3 )-H Cleavage. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201654. [PMID: 35844078 PMCID: PMC9804291 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical fluorinations of C(sp3 )-H bonds with a nucleophilic fluoride source have been accomplished in a chemo- and site-selective fashion, avoiding the use of electrophilic F+ sources and stoichiometric oxidants. The introduced metal-free strategy exhibits high functional group tolerance, setting the stage for late-stage fluorinations of biorelevant motifs. The synthetic utility of the C(sp3 )-H fluorination was reflected by subsequent one-pot arylation of the generated benzylic fluorides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Stangier
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Alexej Scheremetjew
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Eckhardt P, Elliot Q, Alabugin IV, Opatz T. Two Paths to Oxidative C-H Amination Under Basic Conditions: A Theoretical Case Study Reveals Hidden Opportunities Provided by Electron Upconversion. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201637. [PMID: 35880945 PMCID: PMC9804812 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) leads to C-N bond formation under basic and oxidative conditions and is proposed to proceed via a two-electron bond formation mediated by carbenium ions. However, the formation of such high-energy intermediates is only possible in the presence of strong oxidants, which may lead to undesired side reactions and poor functional group tolerance. In this work we explore if oxidation under basic conditions allows the formation of three-electron bonds (resulting in "upconverted" highly-reducing radical-anions). The benefit of this "upconversion" process is in the ability to use milder oxidants (e. g., O2 ) and to avoid high-energy intermediates. Comparison of the two- and three-electron pathways using quantum mechanical calculations reveals that not only does the absence of a strong oxidant shut down two-electron pathways in favor of a three-electron path but, paradoxically, weaker oxidants react faster with the upconverted reductants by avoiding the inverted Marcus region for electron transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Eckhardt
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Quintin Elliot
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFlorida 32306USA
| | - Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFlorida 32306USA
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang Y, Sahoo PK, Ren P, Qin Y, Cauwenbergh R, Nimmegeers P, SivaRaman G, Van Passel S, Guidetti A, Das S. Transition metal-free approach for late-stage benzylic C(sp 3)-H etherifications and esterifications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:11454-11457. [PMID: 36148867 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02661a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a transition metal-free approach for the regioselective functionalization of benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds using alcohols and carboxylic acids as the nucleophiles. This straightforward and general route has provided various benzylic ethers and esters, including twelve pharmaceutically relevant compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- ORSY Division, Department of Chemistry, Universiteit Antwerpen, Campus Groenenborger, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium.
| | - Prakash Kumar Sahoo
- ORSY Division, Department of Chemistry, Universiteit Antwerpen, Campus Groenenborger, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium.
| | - Peng Ren
- ORSY Division, Department of Chemistry, Universiteit Antwerpen, Campus Groenenborger, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium.
| | - Yuman Qin
- ORSY Division, Department of Chemistry, Universiteit Antwerpen, Campus Groenenborger, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium.
| | - Robin Cauwenbergh
- ORSY Division, Department of Chemistry, Universiteit Antwerpen, Campus Groenenborger, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium.
| | - Philippe Nimmegeers
- Department of Engineering Management, Universiteit Antwerpen, Prinsstraat 13, 2000, Antwerpen, Belgium.,Intelligence in Processes, Advanced Catalysts and Solvents (iPRACS), Faculty of Applied Engineering, Universiteit Antwerpen, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Gandhi SivaRaman
- Department of Chemistry, Gandhigram Rural Institute, Gandhigram, 624032, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Steven Van Passel
- Department of Engineering Management, Universiteit Antwerpen, Prinsstraat 13, 2000, Antwerpen, Belgium.,Nanolab Centre of Excellence, Prinsstraat 13, 2000, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Andrea Guidetti
- Biophysics and Biomedical Physics (BIMEF), Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Shoubhik Das
- ORSY Division, Department of Chemistry, Universiteit Antwerpen, Campus Groenenborger, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ravindar L, Hasbullah SA, Hassan NI, Qin HL. Cross‐Coupling of C‐H and N‐H Bonds: a Hydrogen Evolution Strategy for the Construction of C‐N Bonds. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lekkala Ravindar
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Fakulti Teknologi dan Sains Maklumat Chemical Sciences Faculty of Science & Technology 43600 Bandar Baru Bangi MALAYSIA
| | - Siti Aishah Hasbullah
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi Chemical Sciences Faculty of Science & Technology 43600 Bandar Baru Bangi MALAYSIA
| | - Nurul Izzaty Hassan
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi Chemical Sciences Faculty of Science & Technology 43600 Bandar Baru Bangi MALAYSIA
| | - Hua-Li Qin
- Wuhan University of Technology School of Chemistry 430070 Hubei CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Roychowdhury P, Herrera RG, Tan H, Powers DC. Traceless Benzylic C-H Amination via Bifunctional N-Aminopyridinium Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200665. [PMID: 35483017 PMCID: PMC9256810 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
C-H amination reactions provide the opportunity to streamline the synthesis of nitrogen-containing organic small molecules. The impact of intermolecular C-H amination methods, however, is currently limited the frequent requirement for the amine precursors to bear activating groups, such as N-sulfonyl substituents, that are both challenging to remove and not useful synthetic handles for subsequent derivatization. Here, we introduce traceless nitrogen activation for C-H amination-which enables application of selective C-H amination chemistry to the preparation of diverse N-functionalized products-via sequential benzylic C-H N-aminopyridylation followed by Ni-catalyzed C-N cross-coupling with aryl boronic acids. Unlike many C-H amination reactions that provide access to protected amines, the current method installs an easily diversifiable synthetic handle that serves as a lynchpin for C-H amination, deaminative N-N functionalization sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Roychowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Roberto G Herrera
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Hao Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - David C Powers
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Roychowdhury P, Herrera RG, Tan H, Powers DC. Traceless Benzylic C−H Amination via Bifunctional
N
‐Aminopyridinium Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto G. Herrera
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Hao Tan
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - David C. Powers
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Baidya M, Maiti D, Roy L, De Sarkar S. Trifluoroethanol as a Unique Additive for the Chemoselective Electrooxidation of Enamines to Access Unsymmetrically Substituted NH‐Pyrroles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mrinmay Baidya
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 West Bengal India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 West Bengal India
| | - Lisa Roy
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai IOC Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre Bhubaneswar 751013 India
| | - Suman De Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 West Bengal India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhao J, Yuan H, Chen R, Chen H, Zhang Y. Electrochemical Catalytic Hydrocarbonylation of Arylacetylenes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyan Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Yuan
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Ruonan Chen
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Yanhua Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 Jiangsu P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Baidya M, Maiti D, Roy L, De Sarkar S. Trifluoroethanol as a Unique Additive for the Chemoselective Electrooxidation of Enamines to Access Unsymmetrically Substituted NH-Pyrroles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202111679. [PMID: 34851544 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical method for the synthesis of unsymmetrically substituted NH-pyrroles is described. The synthetic strategy comprises a challenging heterocoupling between two structurally diverse enamines via sequential chemoselective oxidation, addition, and cyclization processes. A series of aryl- and alkyl-substituted enamines were effectively cross-coupled from an equimolar mixture to synthesize various unsymmetrical pyrrole derivatives up to 84 % yield. The desired cross-coupling was achieved by tuning the oxidation potential of the enamines by utilizing a "magic effect" of the additive trifluoroethanol (TFE). Additionally, extensive computational studies reveal the unique role of TFE in promoting the heterocoupling process by regulating the activation energies of the reaction steps through H-bonding and C-H⋅⋅⋅π interactions. Importantly, the developed electrochemical protocol was found to be equally efficient for the homocoupling of enamines to form symmetric pyrroles up to 92 % yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mrinmay Baidya
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Lisa Roy
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, IOC Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre, Bhubaneswar, 751013, India
| | - Suman De Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang M, Shen L, Dong S, Li B, Meng F, Si W, Yang W. DTBP‐Mediated Cascade Spirocyclization and Dearomatization of Biaryl Ynones: Facile Access to Spiro[5.5]trienones through C(sp
3
)−H Bond Functionalization. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming‐Ming Zhang
- Guangling College and Institute of Pesticide of School of Horticulture and Plant Protection Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 P. R. China
| | - Liu‐Yu Shen
- Guangling College and Institute of Pesticide of School of Horticulture and Plant Protection Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 P. R. China
| | - Sa Dong
- Guangling College and Institute of Pesticide of School of Horticulture and Plant Protection Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 P. R. China
| | - Bing Li
- Guangling College and Institute of Pesticide of School of Horticulture and Plant Protection Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 P. R. China
| | - Fei Meng
- Guangling College and Institute of Pesticide of School of Horticulture and Plant Protection Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 P. R. China
| | - Wei‐Jie Si
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Anyang Normal University Anyang 455000 P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Chao Yang
- Guangling College and Institute of Pesticide of School of Horticulture and Plant Protection Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 P. R. China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hu J, Wang T, Zhang WJ, Hao H, Yu Q, Gao H, Zhang N, Chen Y, Xia XH, Chen HY, Xu JJ. Dissecting the Flash Chemistry of Electrogenerated Reactive Intermediates by Microdroplet Fusion Mass Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18494-18498. [PMID: 34129259 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A novel mass spectrometric method for probing the flash chemistry of electrogenerated reactive intermediates was developed based on rapid collision mixing of electrosprayed microdroplets by using a theta-glass capillary. The two individual microchannels of the theta-glass capillary are asymmetrically or symmetrically fabricated with a carbon bipolar electrode to produce intermediates in situ. Microdroplets containing the newly formed intermediates collide with those of the invoked reactants at sub-10 microsecond level, making it a powerful tool for exploring their ultrafast initial transformations. As a proof-of-concept, we present the identification of the key radical cation intermediate in the oxidative dimerization of 8-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline and also the first disclosure of previously hidden nitrenium ion involved reaction pathway in the C-H/N-H cross-coupling between N,N'-dimethylaniline and phenothiazine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Han Hao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Qiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xing-Hua Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hu J, Wang T, Zhang W, Hao H, Yu Q, Gao H, Zhang N, Chen Y, Xia X, Chen H, Xu J. Dissecting the Flash Chemistry of Electrogenerated Reactive Intermediates by Microdroplet Fusion Mass Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine School of Pharmacy Nanjing Medical University Nanjing 211166 China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Wen‐Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine School of Pharmacy Nanjing Medical University Nanjing 211166 China
| | - Han Hao
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Qiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Hang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine School of Pharmacy Nanjing Medical University Nanjing 211166 China
| | - Xing‐Hua Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Hong‐Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jing‐Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhao HB, Zhuang JL, Xu HC. Electrochemical Synthesis of Benzimidazoles via Dehydrogenative Cyclization of Amidines. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:1692-1695. [PMID: 33605037 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of efficient and sustainable methodologies for the synthesis of N-heterocycles is a constant focus of organic synthesis. Herein an electrochemical method is reported for the synthesis of benzimidazoles through dehydrogenative cyclization of easily available N-aryl amidines. The reactions were conducted under simple constant current conditions in an undivided cell without need for catalysts, chemical oxidants, or additives, and produced H2 as the only theoretical byproduct.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Bo Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Lab for Functional Materials Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, 116 Baoshan Road North, Guiyang, 550001, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Liang Zhuang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Lab for Functional Materials Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, 116 Baoshan Road North, Guiyang, 550001, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|