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Dutta S, Erchinger JE, Strieth-Kalthoff F, Kleinmans R, Glorius F. Energy transfer photocatalysis: exciting modes of reactivity. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1068-1089. [PMID: 38168974 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00190c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Excited (triplet) states offer a myriad of attractive synthetic pathways, including cycloadditions, selective homolytic bond cleavages and strain-release chemistry, isomerizations, deracemizations, or the fusion with metal catalysis. Recent years have seen enormous advantages in enabling these reactivity modes through visible-light-mediated triplet-triplet energy transfer catalysis (TTEnT). This tutorial review provides an overview of this emerging strategy for synthesizing sought-after organic motifs in a mild, selective, and sustainable manner. Building on the photophysical foundations of energy transfer, this review also discusses catalyst design, as well as the challenges and opportunities of energy transfer catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhabrata Dutta
- University of Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Johannes E Erchinger
- University of Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Felix Strieth-Kalthoff
- University of Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Roman Kleinmans
- University of Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Frank Glorius
- University of Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Zhen G, Zeng G, Jiang K, Wang F, Cao X, Yin B. Visible-Light-Induced Diradical-Mediated ipso-Cyclization towards Double Dearomative [2+2]-Cycloaddition or Smiles-Type Rearrangement. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203217. [PMID: 36460618 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
When mono-radical ipso-cyclization of aryl sulfonamides tend to undergo Smiles-type rearrangement through aromatization-driven C-S bond cleavage, diradical-mediated cyclization must perform in a distinct reaction pathway. It is interesting meanwhile challenging to tune the rate of C-S bond cleavage to achieve a chemically divergent reaction of (hetero) aryl sulfonamides in a visible-light induced energy transfer (EnT) reaction pathway involving diradical species. Herein a chemically divergent reaction based on the designed indole-tethered (hetero)arylsulfonamides is reported which involves a diradical-mediated ipso-cyclization and a controllable cleavage of an inherent C-S bond. The combined experimental and computational results have revealed that the cleavage of the C-S bond in these substrates can be controlled by tuning the heteroaryl moieties: a) If the (hetero)aryl is thienyl, furyl, phenanthryl, etc., the radical coupling of double dearomative diradicals (DDDR) precedes over C-S bond cleavage to afford cyclobutene fused indolines by double dearomative [2+2]-cycloaddition; b) if the (hetero)aryl is phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, indolyl etc., the cleavage of C-S bond in DDDR is favored over radical coupling to afford biaryl products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjin Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology (SCUT), State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Guohui Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology (SCUT), State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology (SCUT), State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Furong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology (SCUT), State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Biaolin Yin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology (SCUT), State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
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Kratena N, Marinic B, Donohoe TJ. Recent advances in the dearomative functionalisation of heteroarenes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:14213-14225. [PMID: 36545133 PMCID: PMC9749106 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04638e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dearomatisation reactions of (hetero)arenes have been widely employed as efficient methods to obtain highly substituted saturated cyclic compounds for over a century. In recent years, research in this area has shifted towards effecting additional C-C bond formation during the overall dearomative process. Moving away from classical hydrogenation-based strategies a wide range of reagents were found to be capable of initiating dearomatisation through nucleophilic addition (typically a reduction) or photochemically induced radical addition. The dearomatisation process gives rise to reactive intermediates which can be intercepted in an intra- or intermolecular fashion to deliver products with significantly increased molecular complexity when compared to simple dearomatisation. In this Perspective recent examples and strategies for the dearomative functionalisation of heteroaromatic systems will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Kratena
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Bruno Marinic
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Timothy J Donohoe
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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Gall BK, Smith AK, Ferreira EM. Dearomative (3+2) Cycloadditions between Indoles and Vinyldiazo Species Enabled by a Red-Shifted Chromium Photocatalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212187. [PMID: 36063422 PMCID: PMC9828771 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A direct dearomative photocatalyzed (3+2) cycloaddition between indoles and vinyldiazo reagents is described. The transformation is enabled by the development of a novel oxidizing CrIII photocatalyst, its specific reactivity attributed to increased absorptive properties over earlier Cr analogs and greater stability than Ru counterparts. A variety of fused indoline compounds are synthesized using this method, including densely functionalized ring systems that are feasible due to base-free conditions. Experimental insights corroborate a cycloaddition initiated by nucleophilic attack at C3 of the indole radical cation by the vinyldiazo species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley K. Gall
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA 30602USA
| | - Avery K. Smith
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA 30602USA
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Facile access to fused 2D/3D rings via intermolecular cascade dearomative [2 + 2] cycloaddition/rearrangement reactions of quinolines with alkenes. Nat Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-022-00784-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHybrid fused two-dimensional/three-dimensional (2D/3D) rings are important pharmacophores in drugs owing to their unique structural and physicochemical properties. Preparation of these strained ring systems often requires elaborate synthetic effort and exhibits low efficiency, thus representing a limiting factor in drug discovery. Here, we report two types of energy-transfer-mediated cascade dearomative [2 + 2] cycloaddition/rearrangement reactions of quinoline derivatives with alkenes, which provide a straightforward avenue to 2D/3D pyridine-fused 6−5−4−3- and 6−4−6-membered ring systems. Notably, this energy-transfer-mediated strategy features excellent diastereoselectivity that bypasses the general reactivity and selectivity issues of photochemical [2 + 2] cycloaddition of various other aromatics. Tuning the aza-arene substitutions enabled selective diversion of the iridium photocatalysed energy transfer manifold towards either cyclopropanation or cyclobutane-rearrangement products. Density functional theory calculations revealed a cascade energy transfer scenario to be operative.
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