1
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Misselwitz E, Spengler J, Rominger F, Kivala M. Indenoannulated Tridecacyclene: An All-Carbon Seven-Stage Redox-Amphoter. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400696. [PMID: 38563636 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
We disclose an indenoannulated tridecacyclene comprising a central cyclooctatetraene moiety with multiple adjacent pentagonal rings which is accessible in a concise synthetic sequence. The saddle-shaped geometry of the non-benzenoid polycyclic scaffold and its unique packing behavior in the solid state were characterized by X-ray crystallography. In electrochemical studies, the compound undergoes seven reversible redox events comprising five reductions and two oxidations. The dicationic and dianionic species obtained by chemical oxidation and reduction, respectively, were characterized spectroscopically in solution. Density functional theory calculations were applied to provide insights into aromaticity evolution in the respective charged species, highlighting the beneficial effect of the non-benzenoid moieties on charge stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Misselwitz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Spengler
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Milan Kivala
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Borstelmann J, Schneider L, Rominger F, Deschler F, Kivala M. Helically Chiral π-Expanded Azocines Through Regioselective Beckmann Rearrangement and Their Charged States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202405570. [PMID: 38716767 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
We report a synthetic approach to π-expanded [6]helicenes incorporating tropone and azocine units in combination with a 5-membered ring, which exhibit intriguing structural, electronic, and chiroptical properties. The regioselective Beckmann rearrangement allows the isolation of helical scaffolds containing 8-membered lactam, azocine, and amine units. As shown by X-ray crystallographic analysis, the incorporation of tropone or azocine units leads to highly distorted [6]helicene moieties, with distinct packing motifs in the solid state. The compounds exhibit promising optoelectronic properties with considerable photoluminescence quantum yields and tunable emission wavelengths depending on the relative position of the nitrogen center within the polycyclic framework. Separation of the enantiomers by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) allowed characterization of their chiroptical properties by circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) spectroscopy. The azocine compounds feature manifold redox chemistry, allowing for the characterization of the corresponding radical anions and cations as well as the dications and dianions, with near-infrared (NIR) absorption bands extending beyond 3000 nm. Detailed theoretical studies provided insights into the aromaticity evolution upon reduction and oxidation, suggesting that the steric strain prevents the azocine unit from undergoing aromatization, while the indene moiety dominates the observed redox chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Borstelmann
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lars Schneider
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Deschler
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Milan Kivala
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Kumar V, Bharathkumar HJ, Dongre SD, Gonnade R, Krishnamoorthy K, Babu SS. Isomer Effect on Energy Storage of π-Extended S-Shaped Double[6]Heterohelicene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311657. [PMID: 37782466 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Recently, chiral and nonplanar cutouts of graphene have been the favorites due to their unique optical, electronic, and redox properties and high solubility compared with their planar counterparts. Despite the remarkable progress in helicenes, π-extended heterohelicenes have not been widely explored. As an anode in a lithium-ion battery, the racemic mixture of π-extended double heterohelical nanographene containing thienothiophene core exhibited a high lithium storage capability, attaining a specific capacity of 424 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 with excellent rate capability and superior long-term cycling performance over 6000 cycles with negligible fade. As a first report, the π-extended helicene isomer (PP and MM), with the more interlayer distance that helps faster diffusion of ions, has exhibited a high capacity of 300 mAh g-1 at 2 A g-1 with long-term cycling performance over 1500 cycles compared to the less performing MP and PM isomer and racemic mixture (150 mAh g-1 at 2 A g-1 ). As supported by single-crystal X-ray analysis, a unique molecular design of nanographenes with a fixed (helical) molecular geometry, avoiding restacking of the layers, renders better performance as an anode in lithium-ion batteries. Interestingly, the recycled nanographene anode material displayed comparable performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viksit Kumar
- Organic Chemistry Division, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - H J Bharathkumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Sangram D Dongre
- Organic Chemistry Division, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Rajesh Gonnade
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Kothandam Krishnamoorthy
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Sukumaran Santhosh Babu
- Organic Chemistry Division, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
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4
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Ejlli B, Rominger F, Freudenberg J, Bunz UHF, Müllen K. Ring-Expanding Rearrangement of Benzo-Fused Tris-Cycloheptenylenes towards Nonplanar Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203735. [PMID: 36602008 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A strongly twisted benzo-fused tris-cycloheptenylene, containing three dibenzosuberenone units fused to a common benzene ring, was subjected to Ramirez olefination and subsequent palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling with 4-substituted phenylboronic acids. The high steric demand within the overcrowded, benzene-rich benzo-fused tris-cycloheptenylenes enforced an unprecedented 1,2-rearrangement upon π-extension during the Suzuki coupling reaction. According to crystal structure analysis, the resulting negatively curved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consist of two heptagons and one octagon surrounding a central benzene ring as a result of strain release. In the solid state, the materials exhibit a blue to blue-green fluorescence with increased quantum yields and a hypsochromic shift of the emission maxima compared to their respective solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ejlli
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,InnovationLab, Speyerer Strasse 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe H F Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Advanced Materials, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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5
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Zhang K, Hope PA, El Bitar Nehme M, Linden A, Spingler B, Rickhaus M. Azatriseptanes: Strained Framework Analogs of [7,7,7]Circulenes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203954. [PMID: 36542683 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of heptagon-embedded polycyclic aromatic compounds are essential for understanding the effect of negative curvature on carbon allotropes such as fullerenes and graphenes that have applications in functional organic materials. However, owing to the synthetic difficulties in functionalizing and embedding seven-membered rings, these strain-challenged structures are relatively unexplored. We report here the synthesis, characterization, and properties of a triarylamine core bridged with ethano chains at the 2,2'-positions. In doing so, we provide access to the first heterocycle containing three fused heptagon rings with a nitrogen at its core (BATA-NHAc). X-ray crystallographic analysis and DFT calculations revealed a remarkably strained structure wherein two of the bridged aryl units approach coplanarity, while the third ring is twisted out of plane at 70°. UV-vis and emission spectroscopies identify red-shifted absorption and concentration-dependent emission profiles, respectively, as a result of the unique conformation and self-assembly properties of BATA-NHAc. Furthermore, cyclic voltammetry shows a decrease in the oxidation potential for BATA-NHAc in comparison to the non-bridged analog. This study opens new avenues in understanding the structure-property relationships of curved π-aromatics and the construction of π-frameworks of increasing complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philip A Hope
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mélissa El Bitar Nehme
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Linden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michel Rickhaus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Wang J, Gámez FG, Marín-Beloqui J, Diaz-Andres A, Miao X, Casanova D, Casado J, Liu J. Synthesis of a Dicyclohepta[a,g]heptalene-Containing Polycyclic Conjugated Hydrocarbon and the Impact of Non-Alternant Topologies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217124. [PMID: 36511094 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Incorporating non-hexagonal rings into polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbons (PCHs) can significantly affect their electronic and optoelectronic properties and chemical reactivities. Here, we report the first bottom-up synthesis of a dicyclohepta[a,g]heptalene-embedded PCH (1) with four continuous heptagons, which are arranged in a "Z" shape. Compared with its structural isomer bischrysene 1 R with only hexagonal rings, compound 1 presents a distinct antiaromatic character, especially the inner heptalene core, which possesses clear antiaromatic nature. In addition, PCH 1 exhibits a narrower highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy gap than its benzenoid contrast 1 R, as verified by experimental measurements and theoretical calculations. Our work reported herein not only provides a new way to synthesize novel PCHs with non-alternant topologies but also offers the possibility to tune their electronic and optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junting Wang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fernando Gordillo Gámez
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga, Campus de Teations s/n, 229071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Jose Marín-Beloqui
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga, Campus de Teations s/n, 229071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Aitor Diaz-Andres
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018, Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Xiaohe Miao
- Instrumentation and Service Center for Physical Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018, Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,IKERBASQUE-Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga, Campus de Teations s/n, 229071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Junzhi Liu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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7
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Izquierdo-García P, Fernández-García JM, Perles J, Fernández I, Martín N. Electronic Control of the Scholl Reaction: Selective Synthesis of Spiro vs Helical Nanographenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215655. [PMID: 36495528 PMCID: PMC10107473 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Scholl oxidation has become an essential reaction in the bottom-up synthesis of molecular nanographenes. Herein, we describe a Scholl reaction controlled by the electronic effects on the starting substrate (1 a, b). Anthracene-based polyphenylenes lead to spironanographenes under Scholl conditions. In contrast, an electron-deficient anthracene substrate affords a helically arranged molecular nanographene formed by two orthogonal dibenzo[fg,ij]phenanthro-[9,10,1,2,3-pqrst]pentaphene (DBPP) moieties linked through an octafluoroanthracene core. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations predict that electronic effects control either the first formation of spirocycles and subsequent Scholl reaction to form spironanographene 2, or the expected dehydrogenation reaction leading solely to the helical nanographene 3. The crystal structures of four of the new spiro compounds (syn 2, syn 9, anti 9 and syn 10) were solved by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The photophysical properties of the new molecular nanographene 3 reveal a remarkable dual fluorescent emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Izquierdo-García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avd. de la Complutense, S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M Fernández-García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avd. de la Complutense, S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefina Perles
- Laboratorio de Difracción de Rayos X de Monocristal, SIdI, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7 Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avd. de la Complutense, S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avd. de la Complutense, S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA-Nanociencia, C/Faraday, 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Yang L, Ju YY, Medel MA, Fu Y, Komber H, Dmitrieva E, Zhang JJ, Obermann S, Campaña AG, Ma J, Feng X. Helical Bilayer Nonbenzenoid Nanographene Bearing a [10]Helicene with Two Embedded Heptagons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216193. [PMID: 36413379 PMCID: PMC10107200 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The precision synthesis of helical bilayer nanographenes (NGs) with new topology is of substantial interest because of their exotic physicochemical properties. However, helical bilayer NGs bearing non-hexagonal rings remain synthetically challenging. Here we present the efficient synthesis of the first helical bilayer nonbenzenoid nanographene (HBNG1) from a tailor-made azulene-embedded precursor, which contains a novel [10]helicene backbone with two embedded heptagons. Single-crystal X-ray analysis reveals its highly twisted bilayer geometry with a record small interlayer distance of 3.2 Å among the reported helical bilayer NGs. Notably, the close interlayer distance between the two layers offers intramolecular through-space conjugation as revealed by in situ spectroelectrochemistry studies together with DFT simulations. Furthermore, the chiroptical properties of the P/M enantiomers of HBNG1 are also evaluated by circular dichroism and circularly polarized luminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yang-Yang Ju
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Miguel A Medel
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Unidad de Excelencia de Química (UEQ)., Facultad de Ciencias., Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Yubin Fu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Evgenia Dmitrieva
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jin-Jiang Zhang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Obermann
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Araceli G Campaña
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Unidad de Excelencia de Química (UEQ)., Facultad de Ciencias., Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Ji Ma
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
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9
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Pedersen VBR, Pedersen SK, Jin Z, Kofod N, Laursen BW, Baryshnikov GV, Nuckolls C, Pittelkow M. Electronic Materials: An Antiaromatic Propeller Made from the Four-Fold Fusion of Tetraoxa[8]circulene and Perylene Diimides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212293. [PMID: 36173989 PMCID: PMC9828547 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of an antiaromatic tetraoxa[8]circulene annulated with four perylene diimides (PDI), giving a dynamic non-planar π-conjugated system, is described. The molecule contains 32 aromatic rings surrounding one formally antiaromatic planarized cyclooctatetraene (COT). The intense absorption (ϵ=3.35×105 M-1 cm-1 in CH2 Cl2 ) and emission bands are assigned to internal charge-transfer transitions in the combined PDI-circulene π-system. The spectroscopic data is supported by density functional theory calculations, and nuclear independent chemical shift calculation indicate that the antiaromatic COT has increased aromaticity in the reduced state. Electrochemical studies show that the compound can reversibly reach the tetra- and octa-anionic states by reduction of the four PDI units, and the deca-anionic state by reduction of the central COT ring. The material functions effectively in bulk hetero junction solar cells as a non-fullerene acceptor, reaching a power conversion efficiency of 6.4 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor B. R. Pedersen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 52100Copenhagen ØDenmark
| | - Stephan K. Pedersen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 52100Copenhagen ØDenmark
| | - Zexin Jin
- Department of ChemistryColumbia University3000 BroadwayNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Nicolaj Kofod
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 52100Copenhagen ØDenmark
| | - Bo W. Laursen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 52100Copenhagen ØDenmark
| | - Glib V. Baryshnikov
- Department of Science and TechnologyLaboratory of Organic ElectronicsLinköping UniversityNorrköpingSE-60174Sweden
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of ChemistryColumbia University3000 BroadwayNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Michael Pittelkow
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 52100Copenhagen ØDenmark
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10
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Bergner J, Walla C, Rominger F, Dreuw A, Kivala M. Inducing Curvature to Pyracylene upon π‐Expansion. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201554. [PMID: 35652474 PMCID: PMC9543126 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We disclose a successive π‐expansion of pyracylene towards boat‐shaped polycyclic scaffolds. The unique structural features of the resulting compounds were revealed by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. Depending on the extent of π‐expansion the compounds display intense bathochromically shifted absorption bands in their UV/Vis spectra and are prone to several redox events as documented by cyclic voltammetry. The experimental observations are in line with the computational studies based on density functional theory, suggesting progressive narrowing of the HOMO–LUMO gap and distinct evolution of the electronic structure and aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Bergner
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Christian Walla
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 205 A 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 205 A 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Milan Kivala
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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11
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Wang S, Tang M, Wu L, Bian L, Jiang L, Liu J, Tang Z, Liang Y, Liu Z. Linear Nonalternant Isomers of Acenes Fusing Multiple Azulene Units. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205658. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shangshang Wang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Department of Chemistry School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310024 China
| | - Min Tang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Department of Chemistry School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310024 China
| | - Lin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Department of Chemistry School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310024 China
| | - Lifang Bian
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Department of Chemistry School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310024 China
| | - Liang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Department of Chemistry School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310024 China
| | - Jiali Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Department of Chemistry School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310024 China
| | - Zheng‐Bin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Department of Chemistry School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310024 China
| | - Yimin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Department of Chemistry School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310024 China
| | - Zhichang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Department of Chemistry School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310024 China
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12
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Fei Y, Liu J. Synthesis of Defective Nanographenes Containing Joined Pentagons and Heptagons. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201000. [PMID: 35470978 PMCID: PMC9259726 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Defective nanographenes containing joined pentagons and heptagons exhibit striking physicochemical properties from both experimental and theoretical perspectives compared with their pure hexagonal counterparts. Thus, the synthesis and characterization of these unique polyarenes with well-defined defective topologies have attracted increasing attention. Despite extensive research on nonalternant molecules since the last century, most studies focused on the corresponding mutagenic and carcinogenic activities. Recently, researchers have realized that the defective domain induces geometric bending and causes electronic perturbation, thus leading to significant alteration of the photophysical properties. This review discusses the synthesis and characterization of small nonalternant polycyclic hydrocarbons in the early stage and recent developments in embedding pentagon-heptagon (5-7) pairs into large carbon skeletons through in-solution chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Fei
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic ChemistryThe University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Junzhi Liu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic ChemistryThe University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
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13
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Linear Nonalternant Isomers of Acenes Fusing Multiple Azulene Units. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Wu F, Ma J, Lombardi F, Fu Y, Liu F, Huang Z, Liu R, Komber H, Alexandropoulos DI, Dmitrieva E, Lohr TG, Israel N, Popov AA, Liu J, Bogani L, Feng X. Benzo-Extended Cyclohepta[def]fluorene Derivatives with Very Low-Lying Triplet States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202170. [PMID: 35290699 PMCID: PMC9324097 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Open-shell non-alternant polycyclic hydrocarbons (PHs) are attracting increasing attention due to their promising applications in organic spintronics and quantum computing. Herein we report the synthesis of three cyclohepta[def]fluorene-based diradicaloids (1-3), by fusion of benzo rings on its periphery for the thermodynamic stabilization, as evidenced by multiple characterization techniques. Remarkably, all of them display a very narrow optical energy gap (Eg opt =0.52-0.69 eV) and persistent stability under ambient conditions (t1/2 =11.7-33.3 h). More importantly, this new type of diradicaloids possess a low-lying triplet state with an extremely small singlet-triplet energy gap, as low as 0.002 kcal mol-1 , with a clear dependence on the molecular size. This family of compounds thus offers a new route to create non-alternant open-shell PHs with high-spin ground states, and opens up novel possibilities and insights into understanding the structure-property relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fupeng Wu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ji Ma
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Yubin Fu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Fupin Liu
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Zhijie Huang
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Renxiang Liu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Evgenia Dmitrieva
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thorsten G Lohr
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Noel Israel
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexey A Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Junzhi Liu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lapo Bogani
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
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15
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Qiu ZL, Chen XW, Huang YD, Wei RJ, Chu KS, Zhao XJ, Tan YZ. Nanographene with Multiple Embedded Heptagons: Cascade Radical Photocyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116955. [PMID: 35191583 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although heptagons are widely found in graphenic materials, the precise synthesis of nanocarbons containing heptagons remains a challenge, especially for the nanocarbons containing multiple-heptagons. Herein, we show that photo-induced radical cyclization (PIRC) can be used to synthesize multi-heptagon-embedded nanocarbons. Notably, a nanographene containing six heptagons (1) was obtained via a six-fold cascade PIRC reaction. The structure of 1 was clearly validated and showed a Monkey-saddle-shaped conformation. Experimental bond analysis and theoretical calculations indicated that the heptagons in 1 were non-aromatic, whereas the peripheral rings were highly aromatic. Compared to planar nanographene with the same number of π electrons, 1 had a similar optical gap due to a compromise between the decreased conjugation in the wrapped structure and enhanced electronic delocalization at the rim. Electrochemical studies showed that 1 had low-lying oxidation potentials, which was attributed to the nitrogen-doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Lin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xuan-Wen Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yu-Dong Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Rong-Jing Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Ke-Shan Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xin-Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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16
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Wu F, Ma J, Lombardi F, Fu Y, Liu F, Huang Z, Liu R, Komber H, Alexandropoulos DI, Dmitrieva E, Lohr TG, Israel N, Popov AA, Liu J, Bogani L, Feng X. Benzo‐Extended Cyclohepta[
def
]fluorene Derivatives with Very Low‐Lying Triplet States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fupeng Wu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstrasse 4 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Ji Ma
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstrasse 4 01062 Dresden Germany
| | | | - Yubin Fu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstrasse 4 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Fupin Liu
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Zhijie Huang
- Department of Materials University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3PH UK
| | - Renxiang Liu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstrasse 4 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V. Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | | | - Evgenia Dmitrieva
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Thorsten G. Lohr
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstrasse 4 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Noel Israel
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Junzhi Liu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
| | - Lapo Bogani
- Department of Materials University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3PH UK
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstrasse 4 01062 Dresden Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics Weinberg 2 06120 Halle Germany
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17
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Matsuo Y, Kise K, Morimoto Y, Osuka A, Tanaka T. Fold-in Synthesis of a Pentabenzopentaaza[10]circulene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116789. [PMID: 34995398 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A pentabenzopentaaza[10]circulene has been synthesized as the largest fully conjugated hetero[n]circulene via a fold-in oxidative fusion reaction of an ortho-phenylene-bridged cyclic pyrrole pentamer. This circulene takes a saddle-distorted structure with bond lengths of the central ten-membered-ring in the range of 1.455-1.493 Å. Relatively broad absorption and fluorescence spectra were observed, which reflects its flexible structure, in accordance with the low-temperature NMR spectra and theoretical calculations. The energy barrier for saddle-to-saddle interconversion was estimated to be quite small (≈3 kcal mol-1 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Matsuo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Koki Kise
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yuki Morimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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18
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Qiu Z, Chen X, Huang Y, Wei R, Chu K, Zhao X, Tan Y. Nanographene with Multiple Embedded Heptagons: Cascade Radical Photocyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen‐Lin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Xuan‐Wen Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Yu‐Dong Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Rong‐Jing Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Ke‐Shan Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Xin‐Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Yuan‐Zhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
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19
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Matsuo Y, Kise K, Morimoto Y, Osuka A, Tanaka T. Fold‐in Synthesis of a Pentabenzopentaaza[10]circulene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Koki Kise
- Kyoto University: Kyoto Daigaku Chemistry JAPAN
| | | | | | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Chemistry Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho 606-8502 Kyoto JAPAN
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20
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Schnitzlein M, Mützel C, Shoyama K, Farrell JM, Würthner F. PAHs Containing both Heptagon and Pentagon: Corannulene Extension by [5+2] Annulation. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schnitzlein
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Carina Mützel
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Kazutaka Shoyama
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Jeffrey M. Farrell
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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21
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Jassas RS, Mughal EU, Sadiq A, Alsantali RI, Al-Rooqi MM, Naeem N, Moussa Z, Ahmed SA. Scholl reaction as a powerful tool for the synthesis of nanographenes: a systematic review. RSC Adv 2021; 11:32158-32202. [PMID: 35495486 PMCID: PMC9041733 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05910f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanographenes, or extended polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, have been attracting increasing attention owing to their widespread applications in organic electronics. However, the atomically precise fabrication of nanographenes has thus far been achieved only through synthetic organic chemistry. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are popular research subjects due to their high stability, rigid planar structure, and characteristic optical spectra. The recent discovery of graphene, which can be regarded as giant PAH, has further stimulated research interest in this area. Chemists working with nanographene and heterocyclic analogs thereof have chosen it as their preferred tool for the assembly of large and complex architectures. The Scholl reaction has maintained significant relevance in contemporary organic synthesis with many advances in recent years and now ranks among the most useful C-C bond-forming processes for the generation of the π-conjugated frameworks of nanographene or their heterocyclic analogs. A broad range of oxidants and Lewis acids have found use in Scholl-type processes, including Cu(OTf)2/AlCl3, FeCl3, MoCl5, PIFA/BF3-Et2O, and DDQ, in combination with Brønsted or Lewis acids, and the surface-mediated reaction has found especially wide applications in PAH synthesis. Undoubtedly, the utility of the Scholl reaction is supreme in the construction of nanographene and their heterocyclic analogues. The detailed analysis of the progress achieved in this field reveals that many groups have contributed by pushing the boundary of structural possibilities, expanding into surface-assisted cyclodehydrogenation and developing new reagents. In this review, we highlight and discuss the recent modifications in the Scholl reaction for nanographene synthesis using numerous oxidant systems. In addition, the merits or demerits of each oxidative reagent is described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab S Jassas
- Department of Chemistry, Jamoum University College, Umm Al-Qura University 21955 Makkah Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Amina Sadiq
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. College Women University Sialkot-51300 Pakistan
| | - Reem I Alsantali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University P.O. Box 11099 Taif 21944 Saudi Arabia
| | - Munirah M Al-Rooqi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University 21955 Makkah Saudi Arabia
| | - Nafeesa Naeem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat Gujrat-50700 Pakistan
| | - Ziad Moussa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University P.O. Box 15551 Al Ain United Arab Emirates
| | - Saleh A Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University 21955 Makkah Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University 21955 Makkah Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University 71516 Assiut Egypt
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