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Chen F, Ruan F, Xie X, Lu J, Sun W, Shao D, Chen M. Gold Nanocluster: A Photoelectric Converter for X-Ray-Activated Chemotherapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2402966. [PMID: 39044607 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Despite the promise of activatable chemotherapy, the development of a spatiotemporally controllable strategy for prodrug activation in deep tissues remains challenging. Herein, a proof-of-concept is proposed for a gold nanocluster-based strategy that utilizes X-ray irradiation to trigger the liberation of platinum (Pt)-based prodrug conjugates, thus enabling radiotherapy-directed chemotherapy. Mechanistically, the irradiated activation of prodrugs is achieved through direct photoelectron transfer from the excited-state gold nanoclusters to the Pt(IV) center, resulting in the release of cytotoxic Pt(II) agents. Compared to the traditional combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, this radiotherapy-directed chemotherapy strategy offers superior antitumor efficacy and safety benefits through spatiotemporal synergy at the tumor site. Additionally, this strategy elicits robust immunogenic cell death and yields profound outcomes for combined immunotherapy of breast cancer. This versatile strategy is ushering in a new era of radiation-mediated chemistry for controlled drug delivery and the precise regulation of biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangman Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Feixia Ruan
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Xiaochun Xie
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Junna Lu
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Dan Shao
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Meiwan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
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2
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Li W, Yin Z, Li X, Ma D, Yi S, Zhang Z, Zou C, Bu K, Dai M, Yue J, Chen Y, Zhang X, Zhang S. A hybrid quantum computing pipeline for real world drug discovery. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16942. [PMID: 39043787 PMCID: PMC11266395 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67897-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Quantum computing, with its superior computational capabilities compared to classical approaches, holds the potential to revolutionize numerous scientific domains, including pharmaceuticals. However, the application of quantum computing for drug discovery has primarily been limited to proof-of-concept studies, which often fail to capture the intricacies of real-world drug development challenges. In this study, we diverge from conventional investigations by developing a hybrid quantum computing pipeline tailored to address genuine drug design problems. Our approach underscores the application of quantum computation in drug discovery and propels it towards more scalable system. We specifically construct our versatile quantum computing pipeline to address two critical tasks in drug discovery: the precise determination of Gibbs free energy profiles for prodrug activation involving covalent bond cleavage, and the accurate simulation of covalent bond interactions. This work serves as a pioneering effort in benchmarking quantum computing against veritable scenarios encountered in drug design, especially the covalent bonding issue present in both of the case studies, thereby transitioning from theoretical models to tangible applications. Our results demonstrate the potential of a quantum computing pipeline for integration into real world drug design workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitang Li
- Tencent Quantum Lab, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Zhi Yin
- AceMapAI Biotechnology, Suzhou, 215000, China.
- School of Science, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Xiaoran Li
- AceMapAI Biotechnology, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | | | - Shuang Yi
- AceMapAI Biotechnology, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | | | - Chenji Zou
- Tencent Quantum Lab, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Kunliang Bu
- Tencent Quantum Lab, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Maochun Dai
- Tencent Quantum Lab, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Jie Yue
- Tencent Quantum Lab, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Yuzong Chen
- AceMapAI Joint Lab, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- AceMapAI Joint Lab, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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3
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James CC, de Bruin B, Reek JNH. Transition Metal Catalysis in Living Cells: Progress, Challenges, and Novel Supramolecular Solutions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306645. [PMID: 37339103 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The importance of transition metal catalysis is exemplified by its wide range of applications, for example in the synthesis of chemicals, natural products, and pharmaceuticals. However, one relatively new application is for carrying out new-to-nature reactions inside living cells. The complex environment of a living cell is not welcoming to transition metal catalysts, as a diverse range of biological components have the potential to inhibit or deactivate the catalyst. Here we review the current progress in the field of transition metal catalysis, and evaluation of catalysis efficiency in living cells and under biological (relevant) conditions. Catalyst poisoning is a ubiquitous problem in this field, and we propose that future research into the development of physical and kinetic protection strategies may provide a route to improve the reactivity of catalysts in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona C James
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost N H Reek
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Śmiłowicz D, Eisenberg S, LaForest R, Whetter J, Hariharan A, Bordenca J, Johnson CJ, Boros E. Metal-Mediated, Autolytic Amide Bond Cleavage: A Strategy for the Selective, Metal Complexation-Catalyzed, Controlled Release of Metallodrugs. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:16261-16270. [PMID: 37434328 PMCID: PMC10530410 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Activation of metalloprodrugs or prodrug activation using transition metal catalysts represents emerging strategies for drug development; however, they are frequently hampered by poor spatiotemporal control and limited catalytic turnover. Here, we demonstrate that metal complex-mediated, autolytic release of active metallodrugs can be successfully employed to prepare clinical grade (radio-)pharmaceuticals. Optimization of the Lewis-acidic metal ion, chelate, amino acid linker, and biological targeting vector provides means to release peptide-based (radio-)metallopharmaceuticals in solution and from the solid phase using metal-mediated, autolytic amide bond cleavage (MMAAC). Our findings indicate that coordinative polarization of an amide bond by strong, trivalent Lewis acids such as Ga3+ and Sc3+ adjacent to serine results in the N, O acyl shift and hydrolysis of the corresponding ester without dissociation of the corresponding metal complex. Compound [68Ga]Ga-10, incorporating a cleavable and noncleavable functionalization, was used to demonstrate that only the amide bond-adjacent serine effectively triggered hydrolysis in solution and from the solid phase. The corresponding solid-phase released compound [68Ga]Ga-8 demonstrated superior in vivo performance in a mouse tumor model compared to [68Ga]Ga-8 produced using conventional, solution-phase radiolabeling. A second proof-of-concept system, [67Ga]Ga-17A (serine-linked) and [67Ga]Ga-17B (glycine-linked) binding to serum albumin via the incorporated ibuprofen moiety, was also synthesized. These constructs demonstrated that complete hydrolysis of the corresponding [68Ga]Ga-NOTA complex from [67Ga]Ga-17A can be achieved in naïve mice within 12 h, as traceable in urine and blood metabolites. The glycine-linked control [68Ga]Ga-17B remained intact. Conclusively, MMAAC provides an attractive tool for selective, thermal, and metal ion-mediated control of metallodrug activation compatible with biological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Śmiłowicz
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Shawn Eisenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Rochelle LaForest
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Jennifer Whetter
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Annapoorani Hariharan
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Jake Bordenca
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Christopher J Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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5
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Ebensperger P, Zmyslia M, Lohner P, Braunreuther J, Deuringer B, Becherer A, Süss R, Fischer A, Jessen-Trefzer C. A Dual-Metal-Catalyzed Sequential Cascade Reaction in an Engineered Protein Cage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218413. [PMID: 36799770 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the creation of an artificial protein cage housing a dual-metal-tagged guest protein that catalyzes a linear, two-step sequential cascade reaction. The guest protein consists of a fusion protein of HaloTag and monomeric rhizavidin. Inside the protein capsid, we established a ruthenium-catalyzed allylcarbamate deprotection reaction followed by a gold-catalyzed ring-closing hydroamination reaction that led to indoles and phenanthridines with an overall yield of up to 66 % in aqueous solutions. Furthermore, we show that the encapsulation stabilizes the metal catalysts against deactivation by air, proteins and cell lysate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ebensperger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Alberstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Mariia Zmyslia
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Alberstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Philipp Lohner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Alberstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Judith Braunreuther
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Alberstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Benedikt Deuringer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Freiburg, Sonnenstrasse 5, 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Anita Becherer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Alberstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Regine Süss
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Freiburg, Sonnenstrasse 5, 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Anna Fischer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Alberstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Claudia Jessen-Trefzer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Alberstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
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6
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Gong Q, Li X, Li T, Wu X, Hu J, Yang F, Zhang X. A Carbon‐Carbon Bond Cleavage‐Based Prodrug Activation Strategy Applied to β‐Lapachone for Cancer‐Specific Targeting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210001. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qijie Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, and Department of Chemistry China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198 China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, and Department of Chemistry China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198 China
| | - Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, and Department of Chemistry China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198 China
| | - Xingsen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, and Department of Chemistry China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198 China
| | - Jiabao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, and Department of Chemistry China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198 China
| | - Fulai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, and Department of Chemistry China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198 China
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, and Department of Chemistry China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198 China
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7
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Kurimoto M, Chang T, Nishiyama Y, Suzuki T, Dohmae N, Tanaka K, Yokoshima S. Anticancer Approach Inspired by the Hepatotoxic Mechanism of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids with Glycosylated Artificial Metalloenzymes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205541. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michitaka Kurimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Tsung‐che Chang
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yoshitake Nishiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science 2-1 Hirosawa Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science 2-1 Hirosawa Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Katsunori Tanaka
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokoshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
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8
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Kurimoto M, Chang TC, Nishiyama Y, Suzuki T, Dohmae N, Tanaka K, Yokoshima S. Anticancer Approach Inspired by the Hepatotoxic Mechanism of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids with Glycosylated Artificial Metalloenzymes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tsung-che Chang
- Rikagaku Kenkyujo RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research JAPAN
| | | | | | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Rikagaku Kenkyujo Biomolecular Characterization Unit JAPAN
| | | | - Satoshi Yokoshima
- Nagoya Daigaku Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku 464-8601 Nagoya JAPAN
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9
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Gong Q, Li X, Li T, Wu X, Hu J, Yang F, Zhang X. A Carbon‐Carbon Bond Cleavage–Based Prodrug Activation Strategy Applied to β‐Lapachone for Cancer‐Specific Targeting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qijie Gong
- China Pharmaceutical University Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Xiang Li
- China Pharmaceutical University Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Tian Li
- China Pharmaceutical University Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Xingsen Wu
- China Pharmaceutical University Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Jiabao Hu
- China Pharmaceutical University Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Fulai Yang
- China Pharmaceutical University Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- China Pharmaceutical University Department of Chemsitry No.639 Longmian Avenue 211198 Nanjing CHINA
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10
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Huang Z, Luo Y, Zhang T, Ding Y, Chen M, Chen J, Liu Q, Huang Y, Zhao C. A Stimuli-Responsive Small-Molecule Metal-Carrying Prochelator: A Novel Prodrug Design Strategy for Metal Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203500. [PMID: 35513877 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Selective activation of prodrugs is an important approach to reduce the side effects of disease treatment. We report a prodrug design concept for metal complexes, termed "metal-carrying prochelator", which can co-carry a metal ion and chelator within a single small-molecule compound and remain inert until it undergoes a specifically triggered intramolecular chelation to synthesize a bioactive metal complex in situ for targeted therapy. As a proof-of-concept, we designed a H2 O2 -responsive small-molecule prochelator, DPBD, based on the strong chelator diethyldithiocarbamate (DTC) and copper. DPBD can carry Cu2+ (DPBD-Cu) and respond to elevated H2 O2 levels in tumor cells by releasing DTC, which rapidly chelates Cu2+ from DPBD-Cu affording a DTC-copper complex with high cytotoxicity, realizing potent antitumor efficacy with low systemic toxicity. Thus, with its unique intramolecularly triggered activation mechanism, this concept based on a small-molecule metal-carrying prochelator can help in the prodrug design of metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeqian Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yong Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yaqing Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Meixu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qiuxing Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yanjuan Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chunshun Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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11
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Huang Z, Luo Y, Zhang T, Ding Y, Chen M, Chen J, Liu Q, Huang Y, Zhao C. A Stimuli‐Responsive Small‐Molecule Metal‐Carrying Prochelator: A Novel Prodrug Design Strategy for Metal Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeqian Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Yong Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Yaqing Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Meixu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Qiuxing Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Yanjuan Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Chunshun Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
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