1
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Li QY, Lambert EC, Kaur R, Hammer NI, Delcamp JH. Symmetric dicyanobenzothiadiazole (DCBT) dyes with a 1.5 eV excited state reduction potential range. RSC Adv 2024; 14:6521-6531. [PMID: 38390512 PMCID: PMC10880648 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06575h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Strong molecular photooxidants are important in many disciplines including organic synthesis and renewable energy. In these fields, strongly oxidizing chromophores are employed to drive various transformations from challenging bond formations to energy storage systems. A range of photooxidant strengths are needed to drive these processes. A series of 8 symmetrically bisarylated 5,6-dicyano[2,1,3]benzothiadiazole (DCBT) dyes were studied for their tunability toward breadth of light absorption and photooxidant strength. The dye oxidation strength and light absorption tunability is the result of appending various aryl substituents on the periphery of the DCBT core which shows remarkable tunability of the final chromophore. The dyes are studied via steady-state absorption and emission, time-correlated single photon counting, computational analysis, and cyclic voltammetry. In changing the peripheral aryl substituents via electronics, sterics, and π-conjugation length, a series of dyes are arrived at with a dramatic 1.5 eV range in oxidizing strength and >200 nm (0.95 eV) absorption maxima tunability. Furthermore, two dyes in the series exhibit strong oxidizing strength while still approaching red light absorbance (>650 nm onset) which provides unique opportunities for the use of lower energy light to affect chemical transformations. Ultimately, this series provides options for photooxidations that allow for energetic tuning and selectivity for a given chemical transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi University, 322 Coulter Hall MS 38677 USA
| | - Ethan C Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi University, 322 Coulter Hall MS 38677 USA
| | - Ravinder Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi University, 322 Coulter Hall MS 38677 USA
| | - Nathan I Hammer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi University, 322 Coulter Hall MS 38677 USA
| | - Jared H Delcamp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi University, 322 Coulter Hall MS 38677 USA
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory 2230 Tenth Street, Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433 USA
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2
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Žurauskas J, Boháčová S, Wu S, Butera V, Schmid S, Domański M, Slanina T, Barham JP. Electron-Poor Acridones and Acridiniums as Super Photooxidants in Molecular Photoelectrochemistry by Unusual Mechanisms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307550. [PMID: 37584300 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Electron-deficient acridones and in situ generated acridinium salts are reported as potent, closed-shell photooxidants that undergo surprising mechanisms. When bridging acyclic triarylamine catalysts with a carbonyl group (acridones), this completely diverts their behavior away from open-shell, radical cationic, 'beyond diffusion' photocatalysis to closed-shell, neutral, diffusion-controlled photocatalysis. Brønsted acid activation of acridones dramatically increases excited state oxidation power (by +0.8 V). Upon reduction of protonated acridones, they transform to electron-deficient acridinium salts as even more potent photooxidants (*E1/2 =+2.56-3.05 V vs SCE). These oxidize even electron-deficient arenes where conventional acridinium salt photooxidants have thusfar been limited to electron-rich arenes. Surprisingly, upon photoexcitation these electron-deficient acridinium salts appear to undergo two electron reductive quenching to form acridinide anions, spectroscopically-detected as their protonated forms. This new behaviour is partly enabled by a catalyst preassembly with the arene, and contrasts to conventional SET reductive quenching of acridinium salts. Critically, this study illustrates how redox active chromophoric molecules initially considered photocatalysts can transform during the reaction to catalytically active species with completely different redox and spectroscopic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Žurauskas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Soňa Boháčová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16000, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Shangze Wu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Valeria Butera
- Central European Institute of Technology, CEITEC, 61200 Brno (Czech Republic), Department of Science and Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, University of Palermo, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Simon Schmid
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michał Domański
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16000, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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3
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Meier A, Badalov SV, Biktagirov T, Schmidt WG, Wilhelm R. Diquat Based Dyes: A New Class of Photoredox Catalysts and Their Use in Aerobic Thiocyanation. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203541. [PMID: 36700523 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A series of new organic donor-π-acceptor dyes incorporating a diquat moiety as a novel electron-acceptor unit have been synthesized and characterized. The analytical data were supported by DFT calculations. These dyes were explored in the aerobic thiocyanation of indoles and pyrroles. Here they showed a high photocatalytic activity under visible light, giving isolated yields of up to 97 %. In addition, the photocatalytic activity of standalone diquat and methyl viologen through formation of an electron donor acceptor complex is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Meier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstr. 6, 38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Sabuhi V Badalov
- Lehrtuhl für Theoretische Materialphysik, Universität Paderborn, 33095, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Timur Biktagirov
- Lehrtuhl für Theoretische Materialphysik, Universität Paderborn, 33095, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Wolf Gero Schmidt
- Lehrtuhl für Theoretische Materialphysik, Universität Paderborn, 33095, Paderborn, Germany
| | - René Wilhelm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstr. 6, 38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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4
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Kwon Y, Lee J, Noh Y, Kim D, Lee Y, Yu C, Roldao JC, Feng S, Gierschner J, Wannemacher R, Kwon MS. Formation and degradation of strongly reducing cyanoarene-based radical anions towards efficient radical anion-mediated photoredox catalysis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:92. [PMID: 36609499 PMCID: PMC9822901 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35774-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanoarene-based photocatalysts (PCs) have attracted significant interest owing to their superior catalytic performance for radical anion mediated photoredox catalysis. However, the factors affecting the formation and degradation of cyanoarene-based PC radical anion (PC•‒) are still insufficiently understood. Herein, we therefore investigate the formation and degradation of cyanoarene-based PC•‒ under widely-used photoredox-mediated reaction conditions. By screening various cyanoarene-based PCs, we elucidate strategies to efficiently generate PC•‒ with adequate excited-state reduction potentials (Ered*) via supra-efficient generation of long-lived triplet excited states (T1). To thoroughly investigate the behavior of PC•‒ in actual photoredox-mediated reactions, a reductive dehalogenation is carried out as a model reaction and identified the dominant photodegradation pathways of the PC•‒. Dehalogenation and photodegradation of PC•‒ are coexistent depending on the rate of electron transfer (ET) to the substrate and the photodegradation strongly depends on the electronic and steric properties of the PCs. Based on the understanding of both the formation and photodegradation of PC•‒, we demonstrate that the efficient generation of highly reducing PC•‒ allows for the highly efficient photoredox catalyzed dehalogenation of aryl/alkyl halides at a PC loading as low as 0.001 mol% with a high oxygen tolerance. The present work provides new insights into the reactions of cyanoarene-based PC•‒ in photoredox-mediated reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghwan Kwon
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea ,grid.42687.3f0000 0004 0381 814XDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwook Lee
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjin Noh
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea ,grid.42687.3f0000 0004 0381 814XDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Doyon Kim
- grid.42687.3f0000 0004 0381 814XDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Yungyeong Lee
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Changhoon Yu
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Juan Carlos Roldao
- grid.482876.70000 0004 1762 408XMadrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049 Spain ,grid.452382.a0000 0004 1768 3100Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Manuel Lardizabal Ibilbidea 4, San Sebastián, 20018 Spain
| | - Siyang Feng
- grid.482876.70000 0004 1762 408XMadrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049 Spain
| | - Johannes Gierschner
- grid.482876.70000 0004 1762 408XMadrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049 Spain
| | - Reinhold Wannemacher
- grid.482876.70000 0004 1762 408XMadrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049 Spain
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
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5
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Lasky MR, Salvador TK, Mukhopadhyay S, Remy MS, Vaid TP, Sanford MS. Photochemical C(sp 2 )-H Pyridination via Arene-Pyridinium Electron Donor-Acceptor Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208741. [PMID: 36100577 PMCID: PMC9828204 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the development of a photochemical method for C(sp2 )-H pyridination that leverages the photoexcitation of electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes. Experimental and DFT studies show that black light (λmax ≈350 nm) irradiation of solutions of protonated pyridines (acceptors) and aromatic C-H substrates (donors) results in single electron transfer to form aryl radical cation intermediates that can be trapped with pyridine nucleophiles under aerobic conditions. With some modification of the reaction conditions, this EDA activation mode is also effective for promoting the oxidatively triggered SN Ar pyridination of aryl halides. Overall, this report represents an inexpensive and atom-economical approach to photochemical pyridination reactions that eliminates the requirement of an exogenous photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Lasky
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Michigan930 North University AvenueAnn ArborMichigan48109USA
| | - Tolani K. Salvador
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Michigan930 North University AvenueAnn ArborMichigan48109USA
| | | | | | - Thomas P. Vaid
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Michigan930 North University AvenueAnn ArborMichigan48109USA
| | - Melanie S. Sanford
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Michigan930 North University AvenueAnn ArborMichigan48109USA
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6
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Park G, Karimi M, Liu W, Gabbaï FP. Green‐Light‐Driven Reductive Elimination of Chlorine from a Carbene‐Xanthylium Gold(III) Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206265. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gyeongjin Park
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
| | | | - Wei‐Chun Liu
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - François P. Gabbaï
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
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7
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Abstract
When it comes to using solar energy to promote catalytic reactions, photocatalysis technology is the first choice. However, sunlight can not only be directly converted into chemical energy through a photocatalytic process, it can also be converted through different energy-transfer pathways. Using sunlight as the energy source, photocatalytic reactions can proceed independently, and can also be coupled with other catalytic technologies to enhance the overall catalytic efficiency. Therefore, sunlight-driven catalytic reactions are diverse, and need to be given a specific definition. We propose a timely perspective for catalytic reactions driven by sunlight and give them a specific definition, namely "solar energy catalysis". The concept of different types of solar energy catalysis, such as photocatalysis, photothermal catalysis, solar cell powered electrocatalysis, and pyroelectric catalysis, are highlighted. Finally, their limitations and future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Sun
- Institute of Clean Energy Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Green Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry of Advanced Materials, College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, P. R. China
| | - Shuaiyu Jiang
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Hongwei Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Baohua Jia
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Tianyi Ma
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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8
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Sun X, Jiang S, Huang H, Li H, Jia B, Ma T. Solar Energy Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Sun
- Institute of Clean Energy Chemistry Key Laboratory for Green Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry of Advanced Materials College of Chemistry Liaoning University Shenyang 110036 P. R. China
| | - Shuaiyu Jiang
- School of Science RMIT University Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
| | - Hongwei Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes National Laboratory of Mineral Materials School of Materials Science and Technology China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Science RMIT University Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
| | - Baohua Jia
- School of Science RMIT University Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
| | - Tianyi Ma
- School of Science RMIT University Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
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9
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Park G, Karimi M, Liu WC, Gabbai FP. Green‐Light‐Driven Reductive Elimination of Chlorine from a Carbene‐Xanthylium Gold(III) Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Wu X, Sparr C. Stereoselective Synthesis of Atropisomeric Acridinium Salts by the Catalyst‐Controlled Cyclization of
ortho
‐Quinone Methide Iminiums. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201424. [PMID: 35167176 PMCID: PMC9306694 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Quinone methides are fundamental intermediates for a wide range of reactions in which catalyst stereocontrol is often achieved by hydrogen bonding. Herein, we describe the feasibility of an intramolecular Friedel–Crafts 6π electrocyclization through ortho‐quinone methide iminiums stereocontrolled by a contact ion pair. A disulfonimide catalyst activates racemic trichloroacetimidate substrates and imparts stereocontrol in the cyclization step, providing a new avenue for selective ortho‐quinone methide iminium functionalization. A highly stereospecific oxidation readily transforms the enantioenriched acridanes into rotationally restricted acridiniums. Upon ion exchange, the method selectively affords atropisomeric acridinium tetrafluoroborate salts in high yields and an enantioenrichment of up to 93 : 7 e.r. We envision that ion‐pairing catalysis over ortho‐quinone methide iminiums enables the selective synthesis of a diversity of heterocycles and aniline derivatives with distinct stereogenic units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Wu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056BaselSwitzerland
- NCCR Molecular Systems Engineering, BPR 1095Mattenstrasse 24a4058BaselSwitzerland
| | - Christof Sparr
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056BaselSwitzerland
- NCCR Molecular Systems Engineering, BPR 1095Mattenstrasse 24a4058BaselSwitzerland
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Patel RI, Singh J, Sharma A. Visible Light‐Mediated Manipulation of 1,n‐Enynes in Organic Synthesis. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roshan I. Patel
- IIT Roorkee: Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee CHEMISTRY INDIA
| | - Jitender Singh
- IIT Roorkee: Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee CHEMISTRY INDIA
| | - Anuj Sharma
- Indian Institute of Technoology Roorkee Deptartment of Chemistry Room 303DDepartment of Chemistry, IIT Roorkee 247667 Roorkee INDIA
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12
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Wu X, Sparr C. Stereoselective Synthesis of Atropisomeric Acridinium Salts by the Catalyst‐Controlled Cyclization of
ortho
‐Quinone Methide Iminiums. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Wu
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
- NCCR Molecular Systems Engineering, BPR 1095 Mattenstrasse 24a 4058 Basel Switzerland
| | - Christof Sparr
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
- NCCR Molecular Systems Engineering, BPR 1095 Mattenstrasse 24a 4058 Basel Switzerland
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