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Wazid M, Misra R. NIR absorbing ferrocenyl perylenediimide-based donor-acceptor chromophores. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:15164-15175. [PMID: 39219489 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01661k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
A set of ferrocenyl-functionalized perylenediimide (PDI) compounds and their 1,1,4,4-tetracyanobuta-1,3-diene (TCBD) derivatives 1-5 were designed and synthesized using palladium-catalyzed Sonogashira cross-coupling, followed by a thermally activated [2 + 2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization [CA-RE] reaction with a 1,1,2,2-tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) acceptor in good yields. The TCBD group works as an acceptor, whereas the ferrocenyl group acts as a donor at the central PDI core. The effects of varying the number of ferrocenyl and TCNE groups on the photophysical, thermal, electrochemical, and spectroelectrochemical properties were studied. The di-substituted PDI derivatives 3, 4, and 5 exhibit bathochromic shifts in the absorption spectra compared to 1 and 2, attributed to the extended π-conjugation. The electrochemical analysis of derivatives 2, 4, and 5 shows multiple reduction waves in the low potential region due to the presence of TCBD and perylenediimide acceptor units. Spectroelectrochemical studies were performed, showing that upon applying redox potentials, the absorption spectra shifted from the visible to the near-infrared (NIR) region. Computational calculations indicate that in the HOMO, the electron density is localized on the ferrocene unit, while in the LUMO, it is distributed over the PDI-TCBD unit, indicating a strong D-A interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Wazid
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore (M.P.), 453552, India.
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore (M.P.), 453552, India.
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Das S, Rout Y, Poddar M, Alsaleh AZ, Misra R, D'Souza F. Novel Benzothiadiazole-based Donor-Acceptor Systems: Synthesis, Ultrafast Charge Transfer and Separation Dynamics. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401959. [PMID: 38975973 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) absorbing electron donor-acceptor (D-A) chromophores have been at the forefront of current energy research owing to their facile charge transfer (CT) characteristics, which are primitive for photovoltaic applications. Herein, we have designed and developed a new set of benzothiadiazole (BTD)-based tetracyanobutadiene (TCBD)/dicyanoquinodimethane (DCNQ)-embedded multimodular D-A systems (BTD1-BTD6) and investigated their inherent photo-electro-chemical responses for the first time having identical and mixed terminal donors of variable donicity. Apart from poor luminescence, the appearance of broad low-lying optical transitions extendable even in the NIR region (>1000 nm), particularly in the presence of the auxiliary acceptors, are indicative of underlying nonradiative excited state processes leading to robust intramolecular CT and subsequent charge separation (CS) processes in these D-A constructs. While electrochemical studies identify the moieties involved in these photo-events, orbital delocalization and consequent evidence for the low-energy CT transitions have been achieved from theoretical calculations. Finally, the spectral and temporal responses of different photoproducts are obtained from femtosecond transient absorption studies, which, coupled with spectroelectrochemical data, identify broad NIR signals as CS states of the compounds. All the systems are found to be susceptible to ultrafast (~ps) CT and CS before carrier recombination to the ground state, which is, however, significantly facilitated after incorporation of the secondary TCBD/DCNQ acceptors, leading to faster and thus efficient CT processes, particularly in polar solvents. These findings, including facile CT/CS and broad and intense panchromatic absorption over a wide window of the electromagnetic spectrum, are likely to expand the horizons of BTD-based multimodular CT systems to revolutionize the realm of solar energy conversion and associated photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| | - Yogajivan Rout
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Indore, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Madhurima Poddar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Indore, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Ajyal Z Alsaleh
- Chemistry Department, Science College, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Indore, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
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Popli C, Jang Y, Misra R, D'Souza F. Charge Resonance and Photoinduced Charge Transfer in Bis( N, N-dimethylaminophenyl-tetracyanobutadiene)-diketopyrrolopyrrole Multimodular System. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:4286-4299. [PMID: 37133351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c01528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) or charge resonance is often observed in redox-active systems encompassed of two identical electroactive groups, where one of the groups is either oxidized or reduced and serves as a model system to improve our fundamental understanding of charge transfer. This property has been explored in the present study in a multimodular push-pull system carrying two N,N-dimethylaminophenyl-tetracyanobutadiene (DMA-TCBD) entities covalently linked to the opposite ends of bis(thiophenyl)diketopyrrolopyrrole (TDPP). Electrochemical or chemical reduction of one of the TCBDs promoted electron resonance between them, exhibiting an IVCT absorption peak in the near-infrared area. The comproportionation energy, -ΔGcom, and equilibrium constant, Kcom, evaluated from the split reduction peak were, respectively, 1.06 × 104 J/mol and 72.3 M-1. Excitation of the TDPP entity in the system promoted the thermodynamically feasible sequential charge transfer and separation of charges in benzonitrile, wherein the IVCT peak formed upon charge separation served as a signature peak in characterizing the product. Further, transient data analyzed using Global Target Analysis revealed the charge separation to take place in a ps time scale (k ∼ 1010 s-1) as a result of close positioning and strong electronic interaction between the entities. The significance of IVCT in probing excited-state processes is evidenced by the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Popli
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore 453552, India
| | - Youngwoo Jang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore 453552, India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
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Yadav IS, Jang Y, Rout Y, Thomas MB, Misra R, D'Souza F. Near-IR Intramolecular Charge Transfer in Strongly Interacting Diphenothiazene-TCBD and Diphenothiazene-DCNQ Push-Pull Triads. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200348. [PMID: 35275434 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Three types of phenothiazines dimers (PTZ-PTZ, 1-3), covalently linked with one or two acetylene linkers, were synthesized by copper-mediated Eglinton and Pd-catalyzed Sonogashira coupling reactions in excellent yields. The dimers 1-3 were further engaged in [2+2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization reactions with strong electron acceptors, tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) to yield tetracyanobutadiene (TCBD, 1 a-3 a), and dicyanoquinodimethane (DCNQ, 1 b-3 b) functionalized donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugates, respectively. The conjugates were examined by a series of spectral, computational, and electrochemical studies. Strong ground state polarization leading to new optical transitions was witnessed in both series of D-A conjugates. In the case of DCNQ derived D-A system 1 b, the optical coverage extended until 1200 nm in benzonitrile, making this a rare class of D-A ICT system. Multiple redox processes were witnessed in these D-A systems, and the frontier orbitals generated on DFT optimized structures further supported the ICT phenomenon. Photochemical studies performed using femtosecond pump-probe studies confirmed solvent polarity dependent excited state charge transfer and separation in these novel multi-modular D-A conjugates. The charge-separated states lasted up to 70 ps in benzonitrile while in toluene slightly prolonged lifetime of up to 100 ps was witnessed. The significance of phenothiazine dimer in wide-band optical capture all the way into the near-IR region and promoting ultrafast photoinduced charge transfer in the D-A-D configured multi-modular systems, and the effect of donor-acceptor distance and the solvent polarity was the direct outcome of the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indresh S Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, 453552, Indore, India
| | - Youngwoo Jang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Yogajivan Rout
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, 453552, Indore, India
| | - Michael B Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, 453552, Indore, India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
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Misra R, Yadav IS. Phenothiazine and phenothiazine-5,5-dioxide based push-pull Derivatives: Synthesis, photophysical, electrochemical and computational Studies. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03089f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A set of phenothiazine (PTZ) and phenothiazine-5,5-dioxide based π-conjugated push–pull chromophores PTZ 1–6 were designed and synthesized by the Pd-catalyzed Sonogashira cross-coupling and [2+2] cycloaddition retroelectrocyclic ring opening reaction in...
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