Proton Traffic Jam: Effect of Nanoconfinement and Acid Concentration on Proton Hopping Mechanism

Sulfolane-containing aqueous electrolyte solutions for producing efficient ampere-hour-level zinc metal battery pouch cells

Aqueous zinc metal batteries are appealing candidates for grid energy storage. However, the inadequate electrochemical reversibility of the zinc metal negative electrode inhibits the battery performance at the large-scale cell level. Here, we develop practical ampere-hour-scale aqueous Zn metal battery pouch cells by engineering the electrolyte solution. After identifying the proton reduction as the primary source of H₂ evolution during Zn metal electrodeposition, we design an electrolyte solution containing reverse micelle structures where sulfolane molecules constrain water in nanodomains to hinder proton reduction. Furthermore, we develop and validate an electrochemical testing protocol to comprehensively evaluate the cell's coulombic efficiency and zinc metal electrode cycle life. Finally, using the reverse micelle electrolyte, we assemble and test a practical ampere-hour Zn||Zn_0.25V₂O₅•nH₂O multi-layer pouch cell capable of delivering an initial energy density of 70 Wh L^-1 (based on the volume of the cell components), capacity retention of about 80% after 390 cycles at 56 mA g^-1_cathode and ~25 °C and prolonged cycling for 5 months at 56 mA g^-1_cathode and ~25 °C.