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Doelman W, van Kasteren SI. Synthesis of glycopeptides and glycopeptide conjugates. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:6487-6507. [PMID: 35903971 PMCID: PMC9400947 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00829g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is a key post-translational modification important to many facets of biology. Glycosylation can have critical effects on protein conformation, uptake and intracellular routing. In immunology, glycosylation of antigens has been shown to play a role in self/non-self distinction and the effective uptake of antigens. Improperly glycosylated proteins and peptide fragments, for instance those produced by cancerous cells, are also prime candidates for vaccine design. To study these processes, access to peptides bearing well-defined glycans is of critical importance. In this review, the key approaches towards synthetic, well-defined glycopeptides, are described, with a focus on peptides useful for and used in immunological studies. Special attention is given to the glycoconjugation approaches that have been developed in recent years, as these enable rapid synthesis of various (unnatural) glycopeptides, enabling powerful carbohydrate structure/activity studies. These techniques, combined with more traditional total synthesis and chemoenzymatic methods for the production of glycopeptides, should help unravel some of the complexities of glycobiology in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ward Doelman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Sander I van Kasteren
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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2
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Sletten ET, Ramadugu SK, Nguyen HM. Utilization of bench-stable and readily available nickel(II) triflate for access to 1,2-cis-2-aminoglycosides. Carbohydr Res 2016; 435:195-207. [PMID: 27816838 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of substoichiometric amounts of commercially available nickel(II) triflate as an activator in the reagent-controlled glycosylation reaction for the stereoselective construction of biologically relevant targets containing 1,2-cis-2-amino glycosidic linkages is reported. This straightforward and accessible methodology is mild, operationally simple and safe through catalytic activation by readily available Ni(OTf)2 in comparison to systems employing our previously in-house prepared Ni(4-F-PhCN)4(OTf)2. We anticipate that the bench-stable and inexpensive Ni(OTf)2, coupled with little to no extra laboratory training to set up the glycosylation reaction and no requirement of specialized equipment, should make this methodology be readily adopted by non-carbohydrate specialists. This report further highlights the efficacy of Ni(OTf)2 to prepare several bioactive motifs, such as blood type A-type V and VI antigens, heparin sulfate disaccharide repeating unit, aminooxy glycosides, and α-GalNAc-Serine conjugate, which cannot be achieved in high yield and α-selectivity utilizing in-house prepared Ni(4-F-PhCN)4(OTf)2 catalyst. The newly-developed protocol eliminates the need for the synthesis of Ni(4-F-PhCN)4(OTf)2 and is scalable and reproducible. Furthermore, computational simulations in combination with 1H NMR studies analyzed the effects of various solvents on the intramolecular hydrogen bonding network of tumor-associated mucin Fmoc-protected GalNAc-threonine amino acid antigen derivative, verifying discrepancies found that were previously unreported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Sletten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242, USA
| | | | - Hien M Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242, USA.
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Yao N, Fung G, Malken H, Ye L, Lam KS. Facile synthesis of glycosylated Fmoc amino acid building blocks assisted by microwave irradiation. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:2277-81. [PMID: 20832778 PMCID: PMC3207739 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of glycosylated Fmoc amino acids by reaction of mono- and disaccharide peracetates with Fmoc amino acids having free carboxyl groups was rapidly promoted by Lewis acids (SnCl(4), BF(3)·Et(2)O) under microwave irradiation. The products are useful building blocks for the synthesis of glycopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianhuan Yao
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UC-Davis Cancer Center, School of Medicine, 4501 X Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Gabriel Fung
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UC-Davis Cancer Center, School of Medicine, 4501 X Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Hamed Malken
- Department of Chemistry, One Shields Avenue, UC-Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Long Ye
- Department of Chemistry, One Shields Avenue, UC-Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kit S. Lam
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UC-Davis Cancer Center, School of Medicine, 4501 X Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Kochetkov NK. Solid-phase synthesis of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2000v069n09abeh000568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Liu M, Barany G, Live D. Parallel solid-phase synthesis of mucin-like glycopeptides. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:2111-22. [PMID: 16026772 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Accepted: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The glycopeptide, Ac-Pro-Thr(alpha-D-GalNAc)-Thr(alpha-D-GalNAc)-Thr(alpha-d-GalNAc)-Pro-Leu-Lys-NH(2) (1), which features three consecutive O-glycosylated Thr residues and mimics a portion of mucin 2, has been prepared by solid-phase synthesis. Seven related, partially glycosylated peptides (2-8) were synthesized as well. This suite of molecules allowed a systematic analysis of synthetic protocols. N(alpha)-(9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)-O-(3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)-L-threonine pentafluorophenyl ester [Fmoc-L-Thr(Ac(3)-alpha-D-GalN(3))-OPfp] was used as a building block that coupled efficiently when used in a relatively low molar excess, that is, approximately 1.5 equiv, with N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as the solvent. For conversion of the azido group to the N-acetyl function, direct treatment with thioacetic acid was preferred over a two-step procedure involving reduction with dithiothreitol (DTT) followed by N-acetylation. Effective O-deacetylation of 1-8 in solution was achieved by treatment with sodium methoxide (10-15 mM; approximately 5 equiv) in methanol. On-resin deacetylation techniques were also examined, using sodium methoxide (6-10 mM) in DMF-methanol (17:3) (for 4 and 11) or hydrazine (70 mM) in methanol (for 8). The more convenient on-resin technique in DMF-methanol gave yields similar to solution conditions, and promises to be widely useful for solid-phase glycopeptide synthesis. HPLC profiles showed that free glycopeptides elute earlier than the corresponding O-acetylated derivatives, and that retention times vary systematically with the number of sugar moieties. (1)H NMR studies carried out in water showed an increase in conformational organization of glycopeptides with increased density of glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, USA
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Hojo H, Matsumoto Y, Nakahara Y, Ito E, Suzuki Y, Suzuki M, Suzuki A, Nakahara Y. Chemical Synthesis of 23 kDa Glycoprotein by Repetitive Segment Condensation: A Synthesis of MUC2 Basal Motif Carrying Multiple O-GalNAc Moieties. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:13720-5. [PMID: 16190738 DOI: 10.1021/ja053711b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peptide thioester corresponding to a MUC2 tandem repeat unit, which retains seven GalNAc moieties, was prepared by the Fmoc method followed by the low TfOH treatment to remove benzyl groups at the carbohydrate portions. The glycosylated peptide thioester was then consecutively joined by the activation of a thioester group by silver ions to obtain a MUC2 tandem repeat model composed of 141 amino acids with 42 GalNAc moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Hojo
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Glycotechnology, Tokai University, Kitakaname 1117, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan.
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Fumoto M, Hinou H, Ohta T, Ito T, Yamada K, Takimoto A, Kondo H, Shimizu H, Inazu T, Nakahara Y, Nishimura SI. Combinatorial Synthesis of MUC1 Glycopeptides: Polymer Blotting Facilitates Chemical and Enzymatic Synthesis of Highly Complicated Mucin Glycopeptides. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:11804-18. [PMID: 16104759 DOI: 10.1021/ja052521y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The chemoselective polymer blotting method allows for rapid and efficient synthesis of glycopeptides based on a "catch and release" strategy between solid-phase and water-soluble polymer supports. We have developed a heterobifunctional linker sensitive to glutamic acid specific protease (BLase). The general procedure consists of five steps, namely (i) the solid-phase synthesis of glycopeptide containing BLase sensitive linker, (ii) subsequent deprotections and the release of the glycopeptide from the resin, (iii) chemoselective blotting of the glycopeptide intermediates in the presence of water-soluble polymers with oxylamino functional groups, (iv) sugar elongations using glycosyltransferases, and (v) the release of target glycopeptides from the polymer platform by selective BLase promoted hydrolysis. The combined use of the solid-phase chemical syntheses of peptides and the enzymatic syntheses of carbohydrates on water-soluble polymers would greatly contribute to the production of complicated glycopeptide libraries, thereby enhancing applicative research. We report here a high-throughput synthetic system for the various types of MUC1 glycopeptides exhibiting a variety of sugar moieties. It is our belief that this concept will become part of the entrenched repertoire for the synthesis of biologically important glycopeptides on the basis of glycosyltransferase reactions in automated and combinatorial syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Fumoto
- Glycochemosynthesis Team, Research Center for Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo 062-8517, Japan
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10
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Liu M, Young VG, Lohani S, Live D, Barany G. Syntheses of TN building blocks Nα-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)-O-(3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxy-α-d-galactopyranosyl)-l-serine/l-threonine pentafluorophenyl esters: comparison of protocols and elucidation of side reactions. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:1273-85. [PMID: 15854597 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2004] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
T(N) antigen building blocks Nalpha-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)-O-(3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)-L-serine/L-threonine pentafluorophenyl ester [Fmoc-L-Ser/L-Thr(Ac3-alpha-D-GalN3)-OPfp, 13/14] have been synthesized by two different routes, which have been compared. Overall isolated yields [three or four chemical steps, and minimal intermediary purification steps] of enantiopure 13 and 14 were 5-18% and 6-10%, respectively, based on 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-D-galactal (1). A byproduct of the initial azidonitration reaction of the synthetic sequence, that is, N-acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosylamine (5), has been characterized by X-ray crystallography, and shown by 1H NMR spectroscopy to form complexes with lithium bromide, lithium iodide, or sodium iodide in acetonitrile-d3. Intermediates 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl bromide (6) and 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl chloride (7) were used to glycosylate Nalpha-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)-L-serine/L-threonine pentafluorophenyl esters [Fmoc-L-Ser/L-Thr-OPfp, 11/12]. Previously undescribed low-level dehydration side reactions were observed at this stage; the unwanted byproducts were easily removed by column chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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11
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Gangadhar BP, Jois SD, Balasubramaniam A. Convenient high yield and stereoselective synthesis of O -glycopeptides using N -α-Fmoc-Tyr/Ser[β- d -Glc(OAc) 4 ]OPfp generated in solution. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2003.10.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Virta P, Katajisto J, Niittymäki T, Lönnberg H. Solid-supported synthesis of oligomeric bioconjugates. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)00704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Matsuoka K, Ohtawa T, Hinou H, Koyama T, Esumi Y, Nishimura SI, Hatano K, Terunuma D. Synthesis of a useful anomeric thioacetate of an N-acetyllactosamine derivative and its application. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(03)00697-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Harding MM, Anderberg PI, Haymet ADJ. 'Antifreeze' glycoproteins from polar fish. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2003; 270:1381-92. [PMID: 12653993 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) constitute the major fraction of protein in the blood serum of Antarctic notothenioids and Arctic cod. Each AFGP consists of a varying number of repeating units of (Ala-Ala-Thr)n, with minor sequence variations, and the disaccharide beta-D-galactosyl-(1-->3)-alpha-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine joined as a glycoside to the hydroxyl oxygen of the Thr residues. These compounds allow the fish to survive in subzero ice-laden polar oceans by kinetically depressing the temperature at which ice grows in a noncolligative manner. In contrast to the more widely studied antifreeze proteins, little is known about the mechanism of ice growth inhibition by AFGPs, and there is no definitive model that explains their properties. This review summarizes the structural and physical properties of AFGPs and advances in the last decade that now provide opportunities for further research in this field. High field NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics studies have shown that AFGPs are largely unstructured in aqueous solution. While standard carbohydrate degradation studies confirm the requirement of some of the sugar hydroxyls for antifreeze activity, the importance of following structural elements has not been established: (a) the number of hydroxyls required, (b) the stereochemistry of the sugar hydroxyls (i.e. the requirement of galactose as the sugar), (c) the acetamido group on the first galactose sugar, (d) the stereochemistry of the beta-glycosidic linkage between the two sugars and the alpha-glycosidic linkage to Thr, (e) the requirement of a disaccharide for activity, and (f) the Ala and Thr residues in the polypeptide backbone. The recent successful synthesis of small AFGPs using solution methods and solid-phase chemistry provides the opportunity to perform key structure-activity studies that would clarify the important residues and functional groups required for activity. Genetic studies have shown that the AFGPs present in the two geographically and phylogenetically distinct Antarctic notothenioids and Arctic cod have evolved independently, in a rare example of convergent molecular evolution. The AFGPs exhibit concentration dependent thermal hysteresis with maximum hysteresis (1.2 degrees C at 40 mg x mL-1) observed with the higher molecular mass glycoproteins. The ability to modify the rate and shape of crystal growth and protect cellular membranes during lipid-phase transitions have resulted in identification of a number of potential applications of AFGPs as food additives, and in the cryopreservation and hypothermal storage of cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Harding
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Wen S, Guo Z. Unprotected oligosaccharides as phase tags: solution-phase synthesis of glycopeptides with solid-phase workups. Org Lett 2001; 3:3773-6. [PMID: 11700135 DOI: 10.1021/ol0101988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction--see text] N-Linked glycopeptides were synthesized from glycosyl asparagines containing unprotected oligosaccharides and other simple amino acids by an Fmoc method. The free oligosaccharide chains were used as phase tags to facilitate the product isolation by a precipitation method. Thus, while the elongation of glycopeptides was achieved in a solution of N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP), the product of each step could be precipitated by adding ether to the reaction mixtures. The strategy also eliminated the final step of carbohydrate deprotection in glycopeptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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16
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Marcaurelle LA, Bertozzi CR. Chemoselective elaboration of O-linked glycopeptide mimetics by alkylation of 3-thioGalNAc. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:1587-95. [PMID: 11456757 DOI: 10.1021/ja003713q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A critical branch point in mucin-type oligosaccharides is the beta 1-->3 glycosidic linkage to the core alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) residue. We report here a strategy for the synthesis of O-linked glycopeptide analogues that replaces this linkage with a thioether amenable to construction by chemoselective ligation. The key building block was a 2-azido-3-thiogalactose-Thr analogue that was incorporated into a peptide by fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-based solid-phase peptide synthesis. Higher order oligosaccharides were readily generated by alkylation of the corresponding 3-thioGalNAc with N-bromoacetamido sugars. The rapid assembly of "core 1"and "core 3" O-linked glycopeptide mimetics was accomplished in this fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Marcaurelle
- Center for New Directions in Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Herzner H, Reipen T, Schultz M, Kunz H. Synthesis of glycopeptides containing carbohydrate and Peptide recognition motifs. Chem Rev 2000; 100:4495-538. [PMID: 11749356 DOI: 10.1021/cr990308c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Herzner
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Institut für Organische Chemie, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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18
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Schwarz JB, Kuduk SD, Chen XT, Sames D, Glunz PW, Danishefsky SJ. A Broadly Applicable Method for the Efficient Synthesis of α-O-Linked Glycopeptides and Clustered Sialic Acid Residues. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9833265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B. Schwarz
- Contribution from the Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Scott D. Kuduk
- Contribution from the Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Xiao-Tao Chen
- Contribution from the Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Dalibor Sames
- Contribution from the Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Peter W. Glunz
- Contribution from the Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Samuel J. Danishefsky
- Contribution from the Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
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Nakahara Y, Nakahara Y, Ito Y, Ogawa T. Solid-phase synthesis of the B-chain of human alpha 2HS glycoprotein. Carbohydr Res 1998; 309:287-96. [PMID: 9742690 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(98)00142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The B-chain of human alpha 2HS glycoprotein 1, a heptacosapeptide carrying a trisaccharide (sialyl T) side chain, was synthesized. Prior to the Fmoc-based solid-phase synthesis of the glycopeptide, the benzyl-protected glycosyl serine building block 6 was prepared via beta-stereoselective glycosylation of the 2-azido-2-deoxygalactosyl serine 11 with the sialyl galactosyl trichloroacetimidate 9. An automated peptide synthesizer was efficiently used for the elongation of the entire peptide chain except for the coupling with 6. The synthesized glycopeptide was cleaved from the resin by the TFA method. The resultant mixture of the benzylated glycopeptides was treated with TMSOTf-thioanisole in TFA and then with aq NaHCO3 and 1,4-dithiothreitol to give 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nakahara
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan.
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22
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Rodriguez EC, Winans KA, King DS, Bertozzi CR. A Strategy for the Chemoselective Synthesis of O-Linked Glycopeptides with Native Sugar−Peptide Linkages. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja971633p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena C. Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Katharine A. Winans
- Department of Chemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - David S. King
- Department of Chemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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Guo ZW, Nakahara Y, Nakahara Y, Ogawa T. Festphasensynthese des Glycopeptidteils des Antigens CD52 mit N-gebundenem Core-Pentasaccharid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19971091317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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McGarvey GJ, Wong CH. Chemical, Enzymatic and Structural Studies in Molecular Glycobiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199719970604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Klich G, Paulsen H, Meyer B, Meldal M, Bock K. Synthesis and characterisation of highly glycosylated glycopeptides with Tn-antigenic structures corresponding to human glycophorin AN. Carbohydr Res 1997; 299:33-48. [PMID: 9129295 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(96)00337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Two highly glycosylated O-glycopeptides corresponding to human glycophorin AN with Tn-antigenic structures were synthesised. The first glycopeptide has two glycosylated clusters with three and six adjacent 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose (GalNAc) glycosylation sites and represents the N-terminal octadecapeptide from Leu-1 to Lys-18. The second glycopeptide, a decapeptide from His-9 to Lys-18, contains as a compact cluster six adjacent GalNAc glycosylation sites. The solid phase synthesis was realised by using the carbohydrate-containing building blocks Fmoc-Ser(Ac3GalN3)-Pfp and Fmoc-Thr(Ac3GalN3)-Pfp. The synthesised substances were characterised by NMR spectroscopic techniques. The main techniques used were homonuclear TOCSY and NOESY as well as HMQC and HMBC for 13C,1H correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Klich
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Germany
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Abstract
Modification of Ser and Thr residues by attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucos-amine [Ser(Thr)-O-GlcNAcylation] to eukaryotic nuclear and cytosolic proteins is as dynamic and possibly as abundant as Ser(Thr) phosphorylation. Known O-GlcNAcylated proteins include cytoskeletal proteins and their regulatory proteins; viral proteins; nuclear-pore, heat-shock, tumor-suppressor, and nuclearoncogene proteins; RNA polymerase II catalytic subunit; and a multitude of transcription factors. Although functionally diverse, all of these proteins are also phosphoproteins. Most O-GlcNAcylated proteins form highly regulated multimeric associations that are dependent upon their posttranslational modifications. Evidence is mounting that O-GlcNAcylation is an important regulatory modification that may have a reciprocal relationship with O-phosphorylation and may modulate many biological processes in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Hart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine 35294-0005, USA.
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Nakahara Y, Nakahara Y, Ogawa T. Solid-phase synthesis of an O-linked glycopeptide based on a benzyl-protected glycan approach. Carbohydr Res 1996; 292:71-81. [PMID: 8870238 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(96)91027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The solid-phase synthesis of asialo-[Ala18]-B-chain (2) of human alpha 2HS glycoprotein is described. Disaccharide-linked serine unit 12, carrying a benzyl protecting group, was synthesized via stereoselective glycosylation of 8 with 6. Peptide synthesis was carried out by the Fmoc method utilizing an automated peptide synthesizer. A modified procedure using a mechanical shaker at the coupling step with 12 made easy the recovery of unreacted 12. The benzylated glycopeptide thus synthesized was cleaved from the resin and hydrogenated to give 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nakahara
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Saitama, Japan
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29
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Wong CH, Halcomb RL, Ichikawa Y, Kajimoto T. Enzyme in der organischen Synthese: das Problem der molekularen Erkennung von Kohlenhydraten (Teil 2). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19951070505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Paulsen H, Peters S, Bielfeldt T, Meldal M, Bock K. Synthesis of the glycosyl amino acids N alpha-Fmoc-Ser[Ac4-beta-D-Galp-(1-->3)-Ac2-alpha-D-GalN3p]-OPfp and N alpha-Fmoc-Thr[Ac4-beta-D-Galp-(1-->3)-Ac2-alpha-D-GalN3p]-OPfp and the application in the solid-phase peptide synthesis of multiply glycosylated mucin peptides with Tn and T antigenic structures. Carbohydr Res 1995; 268:17-34. [PMID: 7736464 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(94)00292-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Two new glycosyl amino acids N alpha-Fmoc-Ser[Ac4-beta-D-Galp-(1-->3)-Ac2-alpha-D-GalN3p]-+ ++OPfp and N alpha-Fmoc-Thr[Ac4-beta-D-Galp-(1-->3)-Ac2-alpha-D-GalN3p]-+ ++OPfp were synthesized. Glycosylation of N alpha-Fmoc-Ser-OPfp or N alpha-Fmoc-Thr-OPfp with protected beta-D-Gal-(1-->3)-D-GalN3 donors afforded the glycosyl amino acids containing an activated C-terminus which could be utilized directly for solid-phase glycopeptide synthesis. The transformation of the 2-azido group into the acetamido derivative was achieved quantitatively at the end of the synthesis by treatment of the polymer-bound glycopeptide with thioacetic acid. The versatility of this strategy was demonstrated by the assembly of eight triply glycosylated mucin peptides which were synthesized simultaneously by multiple column techniques. The glycopeptides were prepared in order to investigate the substrate specificity of a galactosyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Paulsen
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Hamburg, Germany
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31
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Chapter 4 Chemical Synthesis of Glycopeptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60588-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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32
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Rio-Anneheim S, Paulsen H, Meldal M, Bock K. Synthesis of the building blocks Nα-Fmoc-O-[α-D-Ac3GalN3p-(1→3)-α-D-Ac2GalN3p]-Thr-OPfp and Nα-Fmoc-O-[α-D-Ac3GalN3p-(1→6)-α-D-Ac2GalN3p]-Thr-OPfp and their application in the solid phase glycopeptide synthesis of core 5 and core 7 mucin O-glycopeptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1039/p19950001071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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34
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Meldal M, Bielfeldt T, Peters S, Jensen KJ, Paulsen H, Bock K. Susceptibility of glycans to beta-elimination in Fmoc-based O-glycopeptide synthesis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1994; 43:529-36. [PMID: 7928083 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1994.tb00554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the possible extent of beta-elimination occurring in Fmoc-based continuous-flow solid-phase glycopeptide synthesis, the influence of the pKb of the base used for N alpha-deprotection has been studied. A glycosylated pentapeptide was synthesized using 50% morpholine, 10% piperidine or 2% DBU, respectively, in DMF for deprotection. The dehydropentapeptide N alpha-Ac-Thr-Thr-delta Aba-Val-Thr-NH2, which would be formed in the case of beta-elimination, was prepared independently and used as a control in HPLC analysis; however, this product was not formed under any of the deprotection conditions applied. Furthermore, a 23 amino acid long glycopeptide from human intestinal mucin was prepared using 2% DBU as a base for Fmoc cleavage, and similarly no beta-elimination was observed. The glycopeptide products were subjected to a prolonged treatment with sodium hydroxide in methanol/water without significant formation of byproducts, and the pure glycopeptides were isolated and characterized by 1H-NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Meldal
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Valby, Copenhagen, Denmark
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35
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Meldal M, Bock K. A general approach to the synthesis of O- and N-linked glycopeptides. Glycoconj J 1994; 11:59-63. [PMID: 7804007 DOI: 10.1007/bf00731144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Meldal
- Department of Chemistry, Carlsberg Laboratory, Valby, Copenhagen, Denmark
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- T Norberg
- Department of Chemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala
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37
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