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Matsuura K, Inaba H. Photoresponsive peptide materials: Spatiotemporal control of self-assembly and biological functions. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2023; 4:041303. [PMID: 38505425 PMCID: PMC10903425 DOI: 10.1063/5.0179171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Peptides work as both functional molecules to modulate various biological phenomena and self-assembling artificial materials. The introduction of photoresponsive units to peptides allows the spatiotemporal remote control of their structure and function upon light irradiation. This article overviews the photoresponsive peptide design, interaction with biomolecules, and applications in self-assembling materials over the last 30 years. Peptides modified with photochromic (photoisomerizable) molecules, such as azobenzene and spiropyran, reversibly photo-controlled the binding to biomolecules and nanostructure formation through self-assembly. Photocleavable molecular units irreversibly control the functions of peptides through cleavage of the main chain and deprotection by light. Photocrosslinking between peptides or between peptides and other biomolecules enhances the structural stability of peptide assemblies and complexes. These photoresponsive peptides spatiotemporally controlled the formation and dissociation of peptide assemblies, gene expressions, protein-drug interactions, protein-protein interactions, liposome deformation and motility, cytoskeleton structure and stability, and cell functions by appropriate light irradiation. These molecular systems can be applied to photo-control biological functions, molecular robots, artificial cells, and next-generation smart drug delivery materials.
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Yamaguchi S, Yamamoto K, Yamamoto R, Takamori S, Ishiwatari A, Minamihata K, Nagamune T, Okamoto A. Intracellular Protein Photoactivation Using Sterically Bulky Caging. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200476. [PMID: 36173993 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Methods for intracellular protein photoactivation have been studied to elucidate the spatial and temporal roles of proteins of interest. In this study, an intracellular protein photoactivation method was developed using sterically bulky caging. The protein of interest was modified with biotin via a photocleavable linker, and then conjugated with streptavidin to sterically block the protein surface for inactivation. The caged protein was transduced into cells and reactivated by light-induced degradation of the conjugates. A cytotoxic protein, saporin, was caged and photoactivated both in vitro and in living cells with this method. This method achieved control of the cytotoxic activity in an off-on manner, introducing cell death selectively at the designed location using light. This simple and versatile photoactivation method is a promising tool for studying spatio-temporal cellular events that are related to intracellular proteins of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuho Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takamori
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Ishiwatari
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Minamihata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, 819-0395, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Nagamune
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akimitsu Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Bilbrough T, Piemontese E, Seitz O. Dissecting the role of protein phosphorylation: a chemical biology toolbox. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5691-5730. [PMID: 35726784 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00991e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a crucial regulator of protein and cellular function, yet, despite identifying an enormous number of phosphorylation sites, the role of most is still unclear. Each phosphoform, the particular combination of phosphorylations, of a protein has distinct and diverse biological consequences. Aberrant phosphorylation is implicated in the development of many diseases. To investigate their function, access to defined protein phosphoforms is essential. Materials obtained from cells often are complex mixtures. Recombinant methods can provide access to defined phosphoforms if site-specifically acting kinases are known, but the methods fail to provide homogenous material when several amino acid side chains compete for phosphorylation. Chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis has provided an invaluable toolbox to enable access to previously unreachable phosphoforms of proteins. In this review, we selected important tools that enable access to homogeneously phosphorylated protein and discuss examples that demonstrate how they can be applied. Firstly, we discuss the synthesis of phosphopeptides and proteins through chemical and enzymatic means and their advantages and limitations. Secondly, we showcase illustrative examples that applied these tools to answer biological questions pertaining to proteins involved in signal transduction, control of transcription, neurodegenerative diseases and aggregation, apoptosis and autophagy, and transmembrane proteins. We discuss the opportunities and challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Bilbrough
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Emanuele Piemontese
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Oliver Seitz
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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Recent Advances in Protein Caging Tools for Protein Photoactivation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12083750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In biosciences and biotechnologies, it is recently critical to promote research regarding the regulation of the dynamic functions of proteins of interest. Light-induced control of protein activity is a strong tool for a wide variety of applications because light can be spatiotemporally irradiated in high resolutions. Therefore, synthetic, semi-synthetic, and genetic engineering techniques for photoactivation of proteins have been actively developed. In this review, the conventional approaches will be outlined. As a solution for overcoming barriers in conventional ones, our recent approaches in which proteins were chemically modified with biotinylated caging reagents are introduced to photo-activate a variety of proteins without genetic engineering and elaborate optimization. This review mainly focuses on protein caging and describes the concepts underlying the development of reported approaches that can contribute to the emergence of both novel protein photo-regulating methods and their killer applications.
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Abstract
Protein semisynthesis-defined herein as the assembly of a protein from a combination of synthetic and recombinant fragments-is a burgeoning field of chemical biology that has impacted many areas in the life sciences. In this review, we provide a comprehensive survey of this area. We begin by discussing the various chemical and enzymatic methods now available for the manufacture of custom proteins containing noncoded elements. This section begins with a discussion of methods that are more chemical in origin and ends with those that employ biocatalysts. We also illustrate the commonalities that exist between these seemingly disparate methods and show how this is allowing for the development of integrated chemoenzymatic methods. This methodology discussion provides the technical foundation for the second part of the review where we cover the great many biological problems that have now been addressed using these tools. Finally, we end the piece with a short discussion on the frontiers of the field and the opportunities available for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom W. Muir
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Frick Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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6
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Light-triggered release of photocaged therapeutics - Where are we now? J Control Release 2019; 298:154-176. [PMID: 30742854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The current available therapeutics face several challenges such as the development of ideal drug delivery systems towards the goal of personalized treatments for patients benefit. The application of light as an exogenous activation mechanism has shown promising outcomes, owning to the spatiotemporal confinement of the treatment in the vicinity of the diseased tissue, which offers many intriguing possibilities. Engineering therapeutics with light responsive moieties have been explored to enhance the bioavailability, and drug efficacy either in vitro or in vivo. The tailor-made character turns the so-called photocaged compounds highly desirable to reduce the side effects of drugs and, therefore, have received wide research attention. Herein, we seek to highlight the potential of photocaged compounds to obtain a clear understanding of the mechanisms behind its use in therapeutic delivery. A deep overview on the progress achieved in the design, fabrication as well as current and possible future applications in therapeutics of photocaged compounds is provided, so that novel formulations for biomedical field can be designed.
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Chen S, Maini R, Bai X, Nangreave RC, Dedkova LM, Hecht SM. Incorporation of Phosphorylated Tyrosine into Proteins: In Vitro Translation and Study of Phosphorylated IκB-α and Its Interaction with NF-κB. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:14098-14108. [PMID: 28898075 PMCID: PMC5901656 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylated proteins play important roles in the regulation of many different cell networks. However, unlike the preparation of proteins containing unmodified proteinogenic amino acids, which can be altered readily by site-directed mutagenesis and expressed in vitro and in vivo, the preparation of proteins phosphorylated at predetermined sites cannot be done easily and in acceptable yields. To enable the synthesis of phosphorylated proteins for in vitro studies, we have explored the use of phosphorylated amino acids in which the phosphate moiety bears a chemical protecting group, thus eliminating the negative charges that have been shown to have a negative effect on protein translation. Bis-o-nitrobenzyl protection of tyrosine phosphate enabled its incorporation into DHFR and IκB-α using wild-type ribosomes, and the elaborated proteins could subsequently be deprotected by photolysis. Also investigated in parallel was the re-engineering of the 23S rRNA of Escherichia coli, guided by the use of a phosphorylated puromycin, to identify modified ribosomes capable of incorporating unprotected phosphotyrosine into proteins from a phosphotyrosyl-tRNACUA by UAG codon suppression during in vitro translation. Selection of a library of modified ribosomal clones with phosphorylated puromycin identified six modified ribosome variants having mutations in nucleotides 2600-2605 of 23S rRNA; these had enhanced sensitivity to the phosphorylated puromycin. The six clones demonstrated some sequence homology in the region 2600-2605 and incorporated unprotected phosphotyrosine into IκB-α using a modified gene having a TAG codon in the position corresponding to amino acid 42 of the protein. The purified phosphorylated protein bound to a phosphotyrosine specific antibody and permitted NF-κB binding to a DNA duplex sequence corresponding to its binding site in the IL-2 gene promoter. Unexpectedly, phosphorylated IκB-α also mediated the exchange of exogenous DNA into an NF-κB-cellular DNA complex isolated from the nucleus of activated Jurkat cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxi Chen
- Biodesign Center for BioEnergetics, and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Rumit Maini
- Biodesign Center for BioEnergetics, and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Xiaoguang Bai
- Biodesign Center for BioEnergetics, and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Ryan C. Nangreave
- Biodesign Center for BioEnergetics, and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Larisa M. Dedkova
- Biodesign Center for BioEnergetics, and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Sidney M. Hecht
- Biodesign Center for BioEnergetics, and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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Chuh KN, Batt AR, Pratt MR. Chemical Methods for Encoding and Decoding of Posttranslational Modifications. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:86-107. [PMID: 26933738 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A large array of posttranslational modifications can dramatically change the properties of proteins and influence different aspects of their biological function such as enzymatic activity, binding interactions, and proteostasis. Despite the significant knowledge that has been gained about the function of posttranslational modifications using traditional biological techniques, the analysis of the site-specific effects of a particular modification, the identification of the full complement of modified proteins in the proteome, and the detection of new types of modifications remains challenging. Over the years, chemical methods have contributed significantly in both of these areas of research. This review highlights several posttranslational modifications where chemistry-based approaches have made significant contributions to our ability to both prepare homogeneously modified proteins and identify and characterize particular modifications in complex biological settings. As the number and chemical diversity of documented posttranslational modifications continues to rise, we believe that chemical strategies will be essential to advance the field in years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly N Chuh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Anna R Batt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Matthew R Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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9
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Tang S, Wan Z, Gao Y, Zheng JS, Wang J, Si YY, Chen X, Qi H, Liu L, Liu W. Total chemical synthesis of photoactivatable proteins for light-controlled manipulation of antigen-antibody interactions. Chem Sci 2016; 7:1891-1895. [PMID: 29899912 PMCID: PMC5965250 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03404c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the chemical synthesis of the first photo-activatable protein antigen that can be used to study antigen-antibody interaction mediated responses in B cells. This strategy facilitated fine tuning of the caged protein antigen to optimize its bioactivity and photochemical properties. One optimal molecule, HEL-K96NPE, was totally inert to hen egg lysozyme (HEL)-specific B cells and could only restore its antigenicity upon photoactivation. Combined with real time live cell imaging, the utility of HEL-K96NPE was demonstrated as a proof of concept to quantify B cell synapse formation and calcium influx responses at the single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Tang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) , Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China .
| | - Zhengpeng Wan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science , Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases , School of Life Sciences , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China .
| | - Yiren Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science , Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases , School of Life Sciences , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China .
| | - Ji-Shen Zheng
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei , 230031 , China
| | - Jing Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science , Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases , School of Life Sciences , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China .
| | - Yan-Yan Si
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) , Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China .
| | - Xin Chen
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology , School of Medicine , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China
| | - Hai Qi
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology , School of Medicine , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China
| | - Lei Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) , Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China .
| | - Wanli Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science , Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases , School of Life Sciences , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China .
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10
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Li H, Fan X, Chen X. Near-Infrared Light Activation of Proteins Inside Living Cells Enabled by Carbon Nanotube-Mediated Intracellular Delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:4500-4507. [PMID: 26859435 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Light-responsive proteins have been delivered into the cells for controlling intracellular events with high spatial and temporal resolution. However, the choice of wavelength is limited to the UV and visible range; activation of proteins inside the cells using near-infrared (NIR) light, which has better tissue penetration and biocompatibility, remains elusive. Here, we report the development of a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)-based bifunctional system that enables protein intracellular delivery, followed by NIR activation of the delivered proteins inside the cells. Proteins of interest are conjugated onto SWCNTs via a streptavidin-desthiobiotin (SA-DTB) linkage, where the protein activity is blocked. SWCNTs serve as both a nanocarrier for carrying proteins into the cells and subsequently a NIR sensitizer to photothermally cleave the linkage and release the proteins. The released proteins become active and exert their functions inside the cells. We demonstrated this strategy by intracellular delivery and NIR-triggered nuclear translocation of enhanced green fluorescent protein, and by intracellular delivery and NIR-activation of a therapeutic protein, saporin, in living cells. Furthermore, we showed that proteins conjugated onto SWCNTs via the SA-DTB linkage could be delivered to the tumors, and optically released and activated by using NIR light in living mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinqi Fan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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11
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Murayama S, Jo JI, Arai K, Nishikido F, Bakalova R, Yamaya T, Saga T, Kato M, Aoki I. γ-PARCEL: Control of Molecular Release Using γ-Rays. Anal Chem 2015; 87:11625-9. [PMID: 26525641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We previously have developed the photoresponsive tetra-gel and nanoparticles for controlling the function of the encapsulated substance by UV irradiation. However, the penetration ability of the UV is not high enough. Here, we developed a radiation-responsive tetra-gel and nanoparticle based on γ-ray-responsive X-shaped polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker with a disulfide bond. The nanoparticle could retain small molecules and biomacromolecules. γ-Rays were used as a trigger signal because of their higher penetrating ability. This allowed a spatiotemporal release and control of the encapsulated substances from the nanoparticle in the deeper region, which is impossible by using light exposure (ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Murayama
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences , 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Jun-ichiro Jo
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences , 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Arai
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences , 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Nishikido
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences , 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Rumiana Bakalova
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences , 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Taiga Yamaya
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences , 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Saga
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences , 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masaru Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and GPLLI Program, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ichio Aoki
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences , 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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Camacho-Soto K, Castillo-Montoya J, Tye B, Ogunleye LO, Ghosh I. Small molecule gated split-tyrosine phosphatases and orthogonal split-tyrosine kinases. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17078-86. [PMID: 25409264 DOI: 10.1021/ja5080745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases phosphorylate client proteins, while protein phosphatases catalyze their dephosphorylation and thereby in concert exert reversible control over numerous signal transduction pathways. We have recently reported the design and validation of split-protein kinases that can be conditionally activated by an added small molecule chemical inducer of dimerization (CID), rapamycin. Herein, we provide the rational design and validation of three split-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) attached to FKBP and FRB, where catalytic activity can be modulated with rapamycin. We further demonstrate that the orthogonal CIDs, abscisic acid and gibberellic acid, can be used to impart control over the activity of split-tyrosine kinases (PTKs). Finally, we demonstrate that designed split-phosphatases and split-kinases can be activated by orthogonal CIDs in mammalian cells. In sum, we provide a methodology that allows for post-translational orthogonal small molecule control over the activity of user defined split-PTKs and split-PTPs. This methodology has the long-term potential for both interrogating and redesigning phosphorylation dependent signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Camacho-Soto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Tripsianes K, Chu NK, Friberg A, Sattler M, Becker CFW. Studying weak and dynamic interactions of posttranslationally modified proteins using expressed protein ligation. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:347-52. [PMID: 24299430 DOI: 10.1021/cb400723j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Many cellular processes are regulated by posttranslational modifications that are recognized by specific domains in protein binding partners. These interactions are often weak, thus allowing a highly dynamic and combinatorial regulatory network of protein-protein interactions. We report an efficient strategy that overcomes challenges in structural analysis of such a weak transient interaction between the Tudor domain of the Survival of Motor Neuron (SMN) protein and symmetrically dimethylated arginine (sDMA). The posttranslational modification is chemically introduced and covalently linked to the effector module by a one-pot expressed protein ligation (EPL) procedure also enabling segmental incorporation of NMR-active isotopes for structural analysis. Covalent coupling of the two interacting moieties shifts the equilibrium to the bound state, and stoichiometric interactions are formed even for low affinity interactions. Our approach should enable the structural analysis of weak interactions by NMR or X-ray crystallography to better understand the role of posttranslational modifications in dynamic biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Tripsianes
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich and Chair of Biomolecular NMR, TU München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nam K. Chu
- Institute of Biological
Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anders Friberg
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich and Chair of Biomolecular NMR, TU München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Sattler
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich and Chair of Biomolecular NMR, TU München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Christian F. W. Becker
- Institute of Biological
Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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14
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Feng Z, Zhang W, Xu J, Gauron C, Ducos B, Vriz S, Volovitch M, Jullien L, Weiss S, Bensimon D. Optical control and study of biological processes at the single-cell level in a live organism. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2013; 76:072601. [PMID: 23764902 PMCID: PMC3736146 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/76/7/072601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Living organisms are made of cells that are capable of responding to external signals by modifying their internal state and subsequently their external environment. Revealing and understanding the spatio-temporal dynamics of these complex interaction networks is the subject of a field known as systems biology. To investigate these interactions (a necessary step before understanding or modelling them) one needs to develop means to control or interfere spatially and temporally with these processes and to monitor their response on a fast timescale (< minute) and with single-cell resolution. In 2012, an EMBO workshop on 'single-cell physiology' (organized by some of us) was held in Paris to discuss those issues in the light of recent developments that allow for precise spatio-temporal perturbations and observations. This review will be largely based on the investigations reported there. We will first present a non-exhaustive list of examples of cellular interactions and developmental pathways that could benefit from these new approaches. We will review some of the novel tools that have been developed for the observation of cellular activity and then discuss the recent breakthroughs in optical super-resolution microscopy that allow for optical observations beyond the diffraction limit. We will review the various means to photo-control the activity of biomolecules, which allow for local perturbations of physiological processes. We will end up this review with a report on the current status of optogenetics: the use of photo-sensitive DNA-encoded proteins as sensitive reporters and efficient actuators to perturb and monitor physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Feng
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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15
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Martić S, Kraatz HB. Chemical biology toolkit for exploring protein kinase catalyzed phosphorylation reactions. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc20846f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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16
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Matsuo K, Kioi Y, Yasui R, Takaoka Y, Miki T, Fujishima SH, Hamachi I. One-step construction of caged carbonic anhydrase I using a ligand-directed acyl imidazole-based protein labeling method. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc50560j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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18
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Li YM, Yang MY, Huang YC, Li YT, Chen PR, Liu L. Ligation of expressed protein α-hydrazides via genetic incorporation of an α-hydroxy acid. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:1015-22. [PMID: 22424086 DOI: 10.1021/cb300020s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Expressed protein ligation bridges the gap between synthetic peptides and recombinant proteins and thereby significantly increases the size and complexity of chemically synthesized proteins. Although the intein-based expressed protein ligation method has been extensively used in this regard, the development of new expressed protein ligation methods may improve the flexibility and power of protein semisynthesis. In this study a new alternative version of expressed protein ligation is developed by combining the recently developed technologies of hydrazide-based peptide ligation and genetic code expansion. Compared to the previous intein-based expressed protein ligation method, the new method does not require the use of protein splicing technology and generates recombinant protein α-hydrazides as ligation intermediates that are more chemically stable than protein α-thioesters. Furthermore, the use of an evolved mutant pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase(PylRS), ACPK-RS, from M. barkeri shows an improved performance for the expression of recombinant protein backbone oxoesters. By using HdeA as a model protein we demonstrate that the hydrazide-based method can be used to synthesize proteins with correctly folded structures and full biological activity. Because the PylRS-tRNACUAPyl system is compatible with both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells,the strategy presented here may be readily expanded to manipulate proteins produced in mammalian cells. The new hydrazide-based method may also supplement the intein-based expressed protein ligation method by allowing for a more flexible selection of ligation site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Li
- Tsinghua-Peking
Center for Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mai-Yun Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and Department of Chemical Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi-Chao Huang
- Tsinghua-Peking
Center for Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi-Tong Li
- Tsinghua-Peking
Center for Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng R. Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and Department of Chemical Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking
Center for Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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19
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Murayama S, Ishizuka F, Takagi K, Inoda H, Sano A, Santa T, Kato M. Small Mesh Size Hydrogel for Functional Photocontrol of Encapsulated Enzymes and Small Probe Molecules. Anal Chem 2012; 84:1374-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2023603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Murayama
- Graduate School
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Global COE Program, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Fumi Ishizuka
- Graduate School
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Global COE Program, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi,
Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kaihei Takagi
- Graduate School
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Global COE Program, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Inoda
- Graduate School
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Global COE Program, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akira Sano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi,
Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Santa
- Graduate School
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Global COE Program, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masaru Kato
- Graduate School
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Global COE Program, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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20
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Broncel M, Krause E, Schwarzer D, Hackenberger CPR. The Alzheimer’s Disease Related Tau Protein as a New Target for Chemical Protein Engineering. Chemistry 2012; 18:2488-92. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Murayama S, Su B, Okabe K, Kishimura A, Osada K, Miura M, Funatsu T, Kataoka K, Kato M. NanoPARCEL: a method for controlling cellular behavior with external light. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:8380-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc32718j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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H S Lu C, Liu K, Tan LP, Yao SQ. Current chemical biology tools for studying protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Chemistry 2011; 18:28-39. [PMID: 22161995 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amongst different posttranslational events involved in cellular-signaling pathways, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins are the most prevalent. Aberrant regulations in the cellular phosphoproteome network are implicated in most major human diseases. Consequently, kinases and phosphatases are two of the most important groups of drug targets in medicinal research today. A major challenge in the understanding of protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation is the sheer complexity of the phosphoproteome network and the lack of tools capable of studying protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation as they occur in cells. We highlight herein various chemical biology tools that have emerged in the last decade for such studies. First, we discuss the use of small-molecule mimics of phosphoamino acids and their use in elucidating the function of protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. We also introduce recent advances in the field of activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) for proteome-wide detection of protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. We next discuss the key concepts in the design of peptide- and protein-based biosensors capable of real-time reporting of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events. Finally, we highlight the application of peptide and small-molecule microarrays (SMMs), and their applications in high-throughput screening and discovery of new compounds related to phosphorylation/dephosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candy H S Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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23
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Goguen BN, Aemissegger A, Imperiali B. Sequential activation and deactivation of protein function using spectrally differentiated caged phosphoamino acids. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:11038-41. [PMID: 21692531 DOI: 10.1021/ja2028074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photolabile caging groups, including the 1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethyl (NPE) group, have been applied to probe many biological processes, including protein phosphorylation. Although studies with NPE-caged phosphoamino acids have provided valuable information, these investigations have been limited to the use of only one caged species in a single experiment. To expand the scope of these tools, we have developed an approach for sequentially uncaging two different phosphopeptides in one system, enabling interrogation of multiple phosphorylation events. We present the synthesis of [7-(diethylamino)coumarin-4-yl]methyl (DEACM)-caged phosphorylated serine, threonine, and tyrosine building blocks for Fmoc-based solid-phase peptide synthesis to allow convenient incorporation of these residues into peptides and proteins. Exposure of DEACM- and NPE-caged phosphopeptides to 420 nm light selectively releases the DEACM group without affecting the NPE-caged peptide. This then enables a subsequent irradiation event at 365 nm to remove the NPE group and liberate a second phosphopeptide. We demonstrate the versatility of this general sequential uncaging approach by applying it to control Wip1 phosphatase with two wavelengths of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda N Goguen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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24
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Goguen BN, Hoffman BD, Sellers JR, Schwartz MA, Imperiali B. Light-Triggered Myosin Activation for Probing Dynamic Cellular Processes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201100674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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25
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Goguen BN, Hoffman BD, Sellers JR, Schwartz MA, Imperiali B. Light-triggered myosin activation for probing dynamic cellular processes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:5667-70. [PMID: 21542072 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201100674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda N Goguen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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26
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Biological applications of protein splicing. Cell 2010; 143:191-200. [PMID: 20946979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein splicing is a naturally occurring process in which a protein editor, called an intein, performs a molecular disappearing act by cutting itself out of a host protein in a traceless manner. In the two decades since its discovery, protein splicing has been harnessed for the development of several protein-engineering methods. Collectively, these technologies help bridge the fields of chemistry and biology, allowing hitherto impossible manipulations of protein covalent structure. These tools and their application are the subject of this Primer.
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27
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Gautier A, Nguyen DP, Lusic H, An W, Deiters A, Chin JW. Genetically encoded photocontrol of protein localization in mammalian cells. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:4086-8. [PMID: 20218600 DOI: 10.1021/ja910688s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Precise photochemical control of protein function can be achieved through the site-specific introduction of caging groups. Chemical and enzymatic methods, including in vitro translation and chemical ligation, have been used to photocage proteins in vitro. These methods have been extended to allow the introduction of caged proteins into cells by permeabilization or microinjection, but cellular delivery remains challenging. Since lysine residues are key determinants for nuclear localization sequences, the target of key post-translational modifications (including ubiquitination, methylation, and acetylation), and key residues in many important enzyme active sites, we were interested in photocaging lysine to control protein localization, post-translational modification, and enzymatic activity. Photochemical control of these important functions mediated by lysine residues in proteins has not previously been demonstrated in living cells. Here we synthesized 1 and evolved a pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pair to genetically encode the incorporation of this amino acid in response to an amber codon in mammalian cells. To exemplify the utility of this amino acid, we caged the nuclear localization sequences (NLSs) of nucleoplasmin and the tumor suppressor p53 in human cells, thus mislocalizing the proteins in the cytosol. We triggered protein nuclear import with a pulse of light, allowing us to directly quantify the kinetics of nuclear import.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Gautier
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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28
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Murayama S, Kato M. Photocontrol of biological activities of protein by means of a hydrogel. Anal Chem 2010; 82:2186-91. [PMID: 20155976 DOI: 10.1021/ac1003757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Because proteins show high activity and are essential for biological function, proteins are important and useful biomolecules; however, it is hard to control activities whenever and wherever required. Although some photoactivated proteins have been reported to date, such proteins have required a protein-specific design and site-specific chemical modification. We have recently developed a method to encapsulate proteins within hydrogels that can be photocleaved with ultraviolet (UV) light, thus releasing the proteins; we refer to this method as "protein activation and release from cage by external light (PARCEL)." Biological activities of protein restricted by hydrogel encapsulation were recovered by applying external light to the protein-hydrogel. We also used these hydrogels to screen selective ligands as therapeutic agents for disease. This innovative technique for basic research in biology and biochemistry might also be useful in practical or clinical applications, such as biosensing, catalysis, and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Murayama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Global COE Program, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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29
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Haj-Yahya M, Ajish Kumar KS, Erlich LA, Brik A. Protecting group variations of δ-mercaptolysine useful in chemical ubiquitylation. Biopolymers 2010; 94:504-10. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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30
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Arndt HD, Hackenberger C, Schwarzer D. Werkzeug für die Chemische Biologie. Semisynthese. CHEM UNSERER ZEIT 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ciuz.201000530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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31
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Harwood KR, Miller SC. Leveraging a small-molecule modification to enable the photoactivation of rho GTPases. Chembiochem 2010; 10:2855-7. [PMID: 19877002 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katryn R Harwood
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, 01605, USA
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32
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Shao Q, Xing B. Photoactive molecules for applications in molecular imaging and cell biology. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:2835-46. [DOI: 10.1039/b915574k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Lahiri S, Seidel R, Engelhard M, Becker CFW. Photocontrol of STAT6 dimerization and translocation. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2010; 6:2423-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00019a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Yu H, Li J, Wu D, Qiu Z, Zhang Y. Chemistry and biological applications of photo-labile organic molecules. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:464-73. [DOI: 10.1039/b901255a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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35
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Chattopadhaya S, Abu Bakar FB, Yao SQ. Use of intein-mediated protein ligation strategies for the fabrication of functional protein arrays. Methods Enzymol 2009; 462:195-223. [PMID: 19632476 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(09)62010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
This section introduces a simple, rapid, high-throughput methodology for the site-specific biotinylation of proteins for the purpose of fabricating functional protein arrays. Step-by-step protocols are provided to generate biotinylated proteins using in vitro, in vivo, or cell-free systems, together with useful hints for troubleshooting. In vitro and in vivo biotinylation rely on the chemoselective native chemical ligation (NCL) reaction between the reactive alpha-thioester group at the C-terminus of target proteins, generated via intein-mediated cleavage, and the added cysteine biotin. The cell-free system uses a low concentration of biotin-conjugated puromycin. The biotinylated proteins can be either purified or directly captured from crude cellular lysates onto an avidin-functionalized slide to afford the corresponding protein array. The methods were designed to preserve the activity of the immobilized protein such that the arrays provide a highly miniaturized platform to simultaneously interrogate the functional activities of thousands of proteins. This is of paramount significance, as new applications of microarray technologies continue to emerge, fueling their growth as an essential tool for high-throughput proteomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Chattopadhaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, NUS MedChem Program of the Office of Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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36
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Deiters A. Light activation as a method of regulating and studying gene expression. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2009; 13:678-86. [PMID: 19857985 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recently, several advances have been made in the activation and deactivation of gene expression using light. These developments are based on the application of small molecule inducers of gene expression, antisense- or RNA interference-mediated gene silencing, and the photochemical control of proteins regulating gene function. The majority of the examples employ a classical 'caging technology', through the chemical installation of a light-removable protecting group on the biological molecule (small molecule, oligonucleotide, or protein) of interest and rendering it inactive. UV light irradiation then removes the caging group and activates the molecule, enabling control over gene activity with high spatial and temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Deiters
- North Carolina State University, Department of Chemistry, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA.
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37
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Priestman MA, Lawrence DS. Light-mediated remote control of signaling pathways. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1804:547-58. [PMID: 19765679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cell signaling networks display an extraordinary range of temporal and spatial plasticity. Our programmatic approach focuses on the construction of intracellular probes, including sensors, inhibitors, and functionally unique proteins that can be temporally and spatially controlled by the investigator even after they have entered the cell. We have designed and evaluated protein kinase sensors that furnish a fluorescent readout upon phosphorylation. In addition, since the sensors are inert (i.e., cannot be phosphorylated) until activated by light, they can be carried through the various stages of any given cell-based behavior without being consumed. Using this strategy, we have shown that PKCbeta is essential for nuclear envelope breakdown and thus the transition from prophase to metaphase in actively dividing cells. Photoactivatable proteins furnish the means to initiate cellular signaling pathways with a high degree of spatial and temporal control. We have used this approach to demonstrate that cofilin serves as a component of the steering apparatus of the cell. Finally, inhibitors are commonly used to assess the participation of specific enzymes in signaling pathways that control cellular behavior. We have constructed a photo-deactivatable inhibitor, an inhibitory species that can be switched off with light. In the absence of light, the target enzyme is inactive due to the presence of the potent inhibitory molecule. Upon photolysis, the inhibitory molecule is destroyed and enzymatic activity is released.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Priestman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kenan Laboratories, Campus Box 3290, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
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38
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Serwa R, Wilkening I, Del Signore G, Mühlberg M, Claußnitzer I, Weise C, Gerrits M, Hackenberger C. Chemoselektive Staudinger-Phosphit-Reaktion von Aziden für die Phosphorylierung von Proteinen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200902118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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39
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Serwa R, Wilkening I, Del Signore G, Mühlberg M, Claußnitzer I, Weise C, Gerrits M, Hackenberger C. Chemoselective Staudinger-Phosphite Reaction of Azides for the Phosphorylation of Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:8234-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200902118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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40
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Abstract
The explosion of scientific interest in protein kinase-mediated signaling networks has led to the infusion of new chemical methods and their applications related to the analysis of phosphorylation pathways. We highlight some of these chemical biology approaches across three areas. First, we discuss the development of chemical tools to modulate the activity of protein kinases to explore kinase mechanisms and their contributions to phosphorylation events and cellular processes. Second, we describe chemical techniques developed in the past few years to dissect the structural and functional effects of phosphate modifications at specific sites in proteins. Third, we cover newly developed molecular imaging approaches to elucidate the spatiotemporal aspects of phosphorylation cascades in live cells. Exciting advances in our understanding of protein phosphorylation have been obtained with these chemical biology approaches, but continuing opportunities for technological innovation remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Katherine Tarrant
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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41
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Lee HM, Larson DR, Lawrence DS. Illuminating the chemistry of life: design, synthesis, and applications of "caged" and related photoresponsive compounds. ACS Chem Biol 2009; 4:409-27. [PMID: 19298086 DOI: 10.1021/cb900036s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Biological systems are characterized by a level of spatial and temporal organization that often lies beyond the grasp of present day methods. Light-modulated bioreagents, including analogs of low molecular weight compounds, peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids, represent a compelling strategy to probe, perturb, or sample biological phenomena with the requisite control to address many of these organizational complexities. Although this technology has created considerable excitement in the chemical community, its application to biological questions has been relatively limited. We describe the challenges associated with the design, synthesis, and use of light-responsive bioreagents; the scope and limitations associated with the instrumentation required for their application; and recent chemical and biological advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Ming Lee
- Departments of Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry & Natural Products, and Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Daniel R. Larson
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - David S. Lawrence
- Departments of Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry & Natural Products, and Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
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42
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Miller DS, Chirayil S, Ball HL, Luebke KJ. Manipulating cell migration and proliferation with a light-activated polypeptide. Chembiochem 2009; 10:577-84. [PMID: 19165838 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Remote control of cells: A polypeptide has been made that stimulates proliferation and migration of cells upon photochemical activation. This light-activated polypeptide enables spatially defined control of cell populations at the scale of tissue organization; this is accomplished without physically contacting the cells or modifying their substrate. Polypeptide growth and differentiation factors modulate a wide variety of cell behaviors and can be used to manipulate cells in vitro for tissue engineering and basic studies of cell biology. To emulate in vitro the spatial aspect of growth factor function, new methods are needed to generate defined spatial gradients of activity. Polypeptide factors that are engineered to be activated with light provide a method for creating concentration gradients with the fine precision in space and time with which light can be directed. As a first test of this approach, we have chemically synthesized a polypeptide with the sequence of epidermal growth factor in which a critical glutamate is "caged" with a photoremovable group. Photolysis of this polypeptide afforded maximal mitogenic and chemokinetic activity at concentrations at which the caged factor was inactive. Spatially resolved photolysis of the factor resulted in spatial patterning of fibroblasts. This system will be useful for ex vivo tissue engineering and for investigating the interactions of cells with their matrix and the role of chemical gradients in biological pattern formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle S Miller
- Division of Translational Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9185, USA
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43
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Brady PB, Morris EM, Fenton OS, Sculimbrene BR. Efficient catalyst turnover in the phosphitylation of alcohols with phosphoramidites. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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44
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Abstract
In this review, which is more or less a transcript of my du Vigneaud Award Lecture, I cover the development and application of the protein semisynthesis technique, Expressed Protein Ligation (EPL). EPL allows the assembly of modified proteins from recombinant and synthetic peptide building blocks. The approach has been widely used since its introduction in 1998 and has allowed a number of biochemical problems to be solved through the use of CEdesigner proteins. In this article, the utility of the approach is illustrated through work in my own lab and with an emphasis on the use of EPL to study the role of protein post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom W Muir
- Laboratory of Synthetic Protein Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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45
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Flavell RR, Muir TW. Expressed protein ligation (EPL) in the study of signal transduction, ion conduction, and chromatin biology. Acc Chem Res 2009; 42:107-16. [PMID: 18939858 DOI: 10.1021/ar800129c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Expressed protein ligation (EPL) is a semisynthetic technique in which a recombinant protein thioester, generated by thiolysis of an intein fusion protein, is reacted with a synthetic or recombinant peptide with an N-terminal cysteine to produce a native peptide bond. This method has been used extensively for the incorporation of biophysical probes, unnatural amino acids, and post-translational modifications in proteins. In the 10 years since this technique was developed, the applications of EPL to studying protein structure and function have grown ever more sophisticated. In this Account, we review the use of EPL in selected systems in which substantial mechanistic insights have recently been gained through the use of the semisynthetic protein derivatives. EPL has been used in many studies to unravel the complexity of signaling networks and subcellular trafficking. Herein, we highlight this application to two different systems. First, we describe how phosphorylated or otherwise modified proteins in the TGF-beta signaling network were prepared and how they were applied to understanding the complexities of this pathway, from receptor activation to nuclear import. Second, Rab-GTPases are multiply modified with lipid derivatives, and EPL-based techniques were used to incorporate these modifications, allowing for the elucidation of the biophysical basis of membrane association and dissociation. We also review the use of EPL to understand the biology of two other systems, the potassium channel KcsA and histones. EPL was used to incorporate d-alanine and an amide-to-ester backbone modification in the selectivity filter of the KcsA potassium channel, providing insight into the mechanism of selectivity in ion conduction. In the case of histones, which are among the most heavily post-translationally modified proteins, the modifications play a key role in the regulation of gene transcription and chromatin structure. We describe how native chemical ligation and EPL were used to generate acetylated, phosphorylated, methylated, and ubiquitylated histones and how these modified histones were used to interrogate chromatin biology. Collectively, these studies demonstrate the utility of EPL in protein science. These techniques and concepts are applicable to many other systems, and ongoing advances promise to extend this semisynthetic technique to increasingly complex biological problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R. Flavell
- Laboratory of Synthetic Protein Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065
| | - Tom W. Muir
- Laboratory of Synthetic Protein Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065
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Szewczuk LM, Tarrant MK, Cole PA. Protein phosphorylation by semisynthesis: from paper to practice. Methods Enzymol 2009; 462:1-24. [PMID: 19632467 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(09)62001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Deconvolution of specific phosphorylation events can be complicated by the reversibility of modification. Protein semisynthesis with phosphonate analogues offers an attractive approach to functional analysis of signaling pathways. In this technique, N- and C-terminal synthetic peptides containing nonhydrolyzable phosphonates at target residues can be ligated to recombinant proteins of interest. The resultant semisynthetic proteins contain site specific, stoichiometric phosphonate modifications and are completely resistant to phosphatases. Control of stoichiometry, specificity, and reversibility allows for complex signaling systems to be broken down into individual events and discretely examined. This chapter outlines the general methods and considerations for designing and carrying out phosphoprotein semisynthetic projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Szewczuk
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Hackenberger C, Schwarzer D. Chemoselektive Ligations- und Modifikationsstrategien für Peptide und Proteine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200801313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hackenberger C, Schwarzer D. Chemoselective Ligation and Modification Strategies for Peptides and Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:10030-74. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200801313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 651] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Kawakami T, Cheng H, Hashiro S, Nomura Y, Tsukiji S, Furuta T, Nagamune T. A Caged Phosphopeptide‐Based Approach for Photochemical Activation of Kinases in Living Cells. Chembiochem 2008; 9:1583-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hahn ME, Pellois JP, Vila-Perelló M, Muir TW. Tunable photoactivation of a post-translationally modified signaling protein and its unmodified counterpart in live cells. Chembiochem 2008; 8:2100-5. [PMID: 17907120 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An ideal technology for direct imaging of post-translationally modified proteins would be one in which the appearance of a fluorescent signal is linked to a modification dependent protein-activation event. Herein, we utilize the protein semisynthesis technique, expressed protein ligation (EPL), to prepare caged analogues of the signaling protein Smad2; the function and fluorescence of the analogues were then photocontrolled in a correlated fashion. We show that this strategy permits titration of the cellular levels of active phosphorylated Smad2 in its biologically relevant, full-length form. We also prepared a nonphosphorylated, caged full-length Smad2 analogue labeled with an orthogonal fluorophore, and simultaneously imaged the phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated forms of the protein in the same cell. This strategy should enable the dissection of the cellular consequences of post-translational modifications (PTMs) by direct comparison of the behavior of the modified and unmodified forms of the protein following uncaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Hahn
- Laboratory of Synthetic Protein Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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