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Casavola AR, Cartoni A, Castrovilli MC, Borocci S, Bolognesi P, Chiarinelli J, Catone D, Avaldi L. VUV Photofragmentation of Chloroiodomethane: The Iso-CH 2I-Cl and Iso-CH 2Cl-I Radical Cation Formation. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:7491-7499. [PMID: 32786965 PMCID: PMC8010789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c05754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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Dihalomethanes
XCH2Y (X and Y = F, Cl, Br, and I) are a class of compounds
involved in several processes leading to the release of halogen atoms,
ozone consumption, and aerosol particle formation. Neutral dihalomethanes
have been largely studied, but chemical physics properties and processes
involving their radical ions, like the pathways of their decomposition,
have not been completely investigated. In this work the photodissociation
dynamics of the ClCH2I molecule has been explored in the
photon energy range 9–21 eV using both VUV rare gas discharge
lamps and synchrotron radiation. The experiments show that, among
the different fragment ions, CH2I+ and CH2Cl+, which correspond to the Cl- and I-losses,
respectively, play a dominant role. The experimental ionization energy
of ClCH2I and the appearance energies of the CH2I+ and CH2Cl+ ions are in agreement
with the theoretical results obtained at the MP2/CCSD(T) level of
theory. Computational investigations have been also performed to study
the isomerization of geminal [ClCH2I]•+ into the iso-chloroiodomethane isomers: [CH2I–Cl]•+ and [CH2Cl–I]•+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Casavola
- Institute of Structure of Matter-CNR (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Antonella Cartoni
- Institute of Structure of Matter-CNR (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mattea Carmen Castrovilli
- Institute of Structure of Matter-CNR (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Stefano Borocci
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agrofood and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Viterbo 01100, Italy.,Institute for Biological Systems-CNR (ISB-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria, Km 29.500,, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Paola Bolognesi
- Institute of Structure of Matter-CNR (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Jacopo Chiarinelli
- Institute of Structure of Matter-CNR (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Daniele Catone
- Institute of Structure of Matter-CNR (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Tor Vergata, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Avaldi
- Institute of Structure of Matter-CNR (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
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2
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Zhou X, Cao Z, Wang F. Analytical energy gradients for ionized states using equation-of-motion coupled-cluster theory with spin-orbit coupling. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:154114. [PMID: 31005096 DOI: 10.1063/1.5088639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spin-orbit coupling (SOC) may have a significant effect on the structure and harmonic frequencies of particularly heavy p-block element compounds. However, reports on analytical energy gradients with SOC are scarce, especially for excited states. In this work, we implemented analytical energy gradients for ionized states using the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster (CC) theory at the CC singles and doubles level (EOM-IP-CCSD) with SOC. Effects of SOC on structure and harmonic frequencies as well as properties for both the ground and some excited states of open-shell compounds with one unpaired electron can be investigated efficiently with the present implementation. A closed-shell reference is required in the calculations, and SOC is included in post-Hartree-Fock treatment. Relativistic effective core potentials are employed in dealing with both scalar relativistic effects and SOC, and we treat perturbations that are even under time reversal in this work. Both time-reversal symmetry and double point group symmetry for D2h * and its subgroups are exploited in the implementation. The method is applicable to states which can be reached by removing one electron from a closed-shell reference state. The results of some open-shell cations indicate the importance of SOC on structures and harmonic frequencies of heavy element compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhou
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of High Energy Density Physics and Technology, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanli Cao
- School of Science, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an 710121, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of High Energy Density Physics and Technology, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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3
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Zhang Z. Spin–orbit DFT with analytic gradients and applications to heavy element compounds. Theor Chem Acc 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-014-1588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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4
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Kim H, Park YC, Lee YS. Spin-orbit Effects on the Structure of Haloiodomethane Cations CH2XI+(X=F, Cl, Br, and I). B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.3.775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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5
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Muller T, Cooks RG. Differential Rapid Screening of Phytochemicals by Leaf Spray Mass Spectrometry. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.3.919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Pérez-Villa A, David J, Fuentealba P, Restrepo A. Octahedral complexes of the series of actinides hexafluorides AnF6. Chem Phys Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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David J, Guerra D, Restrepo A. The Jahn−Teller Effect: A Case of Incomplete Theory for d4 Complexes? Inorg Chem 2011; 50:1480-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ic102048j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge David
- Escuela de Ciencias y Humanidades, Departamento de Ciencias básicas, Universidad Eafit AA 3300, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Doris Guerra
- Grupo de Química−Física Teórica, Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia, AA 1226 Medellín, Colombia
| | - Albeiro Restrepo
- Grupo de Química−Física Teórica, Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia, AA 1226 Medellín, Colombia
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8
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Kim J, Ihee H, Lee YS. Spin–orbit ab initio study of two low-lying states of chloroiodomethane cation. Theor Chem Acc 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-010-0849-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Han S, Yoo HS, Kim SK. Conformer-Specific Ionization Spectroscopy of Bromocyclohexane: Equatorial versus Axial Conformers. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:10005-10. [DOI: 10.1021/jp105541v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Songhee Han
- Department of Chemistry and KI for Nanocentury, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Hyun Sik Yoo
- Department of Chemistry and KI for Nanocentury, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Sang Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry and KI for Nanocentury, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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10
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Kim J, Jun S, Kim J, Ihee H. Density Functional and ab Initio Investigation of CF2ICF2I and CF2CF2I Radicals in Gas and Solution Phases. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:11059-66. [DOI: 10.1021/jp906756u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joonghan Kim
- Center for Time-Resolved Diffraction, Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Nanoscience & Technology (WCU), KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhong Jun
- Center for Time-Resolved Diffraction, Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Nanoscience & Technology (WCU), KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongho Kim
- Center for Time-Resolved Diffraction, Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Nanoscience & Technology (WCU), KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyotcherl Ihee
- Center for Time-Resolved Diffraction, Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Nanoscience & Technology (WCU), KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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Kim H, Choi YJ, Lee YS. Spin−Orbit and Electron Correlation Effects on the Structure of EF3 (E = I, At, and Element 117). J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:16021-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8056306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyoseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry and School of Molecular Science (BK21), KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jeong Choi
- Department of Chemistry and School of Molecular Science (BK21), KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Sup Lee
- Department of Chemistry and School of Molecular Science (BK21), KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
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13
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Lee M, Kim MS. Vibrational spectroscopy and state-specific dissociation dynamics for vinyl chloride cation in the B state. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:8409-15. [PMID: 17676716 DOI: 10.1021/jp0718810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
C(2)H(3)(35)Cl+ in the ground vibronic state was generated by one-photon mass-analyzed threshold ionization spectrometry, and its photodissociation in the 461-406 nm range was investigated. Ionization energy to the ground state of C(2)H(3)(35)Cl+ was 10.0062 +/- 0.0006 eV while its B state onset was higher by 2.7456 +/- 0.0003 eV. A vibrational spectrum of the cation in the B state obtained by recording the product ion yield as a function of wavelength was analyzed by referring to the quantum chemical results at the TDDFT/B3LYP/6-311++(df,pd) level. Analysis of product time-of-flight profiles recorded with different laser polarization angles showed that the dissociation pathway for the cation in the B state changed with the vibrational energy, from internal conversion to X and statistical dissociation therein to curve crossing to C and repulsive dissociation therein. B --> C curve crossing seemed to occur along a direction close to the C-Cl bond stretch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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14
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Woodruff JH, Ratchford JB, Goldthorpe IA, McIntyre PC, Chidsey CED. Vertically oriented germanium nanowires grown from gold colloids on silicon substrates and subsequent gold removal. NANO LETTERS 2007; 7:1637-42. [PMID: 17530912 DOI: 10.1021/nl070595x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A linker-free method to deposit citrate-stabilized Au colloids onto hydrogen-terminated Si by acidifying the Au colloid solution with HF or HCl is presented. This method prevents oxide formation and provides a model system for studying orientation control of nanowires by epitaxy. Conditions are reported that result in vertically oriented Ge nanowires of uniform diameter and length on Si(111). We then present a method to remove Au catalysts from the nanowires with aqueous triiodide and HCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob H Woodruff
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA
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15
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Lee M, Kim MS. Photodissociation yield spectroscopy of vinyl bromide cation generated by mass-analyzed threshold ionization: Vibrational spectroscopy and decay dynamics in the B̃ state. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:154317. [PMID: 17461636 DOI: 10.1063/1.2721541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A new technique [mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI)-photodissociation yield spectroscopy] to probe bound excited states of a cation was developed, which measures photodissociation yield of the cation generated by mass-analyzed threshold ionization. A vibrational spectrum of vinyl bromide cation in the (~)B state was obtained using this technique. Optical resolution in the low vibrational energy range of the spectrum was far better than in conventional MATI spectra. The origin of the (~)B state was found at 2.2578+/-0.0003 eV above the first ionization onset. Almost complete vibrational assignment was possible for peaks appearing in the spectrum. Analysis of time-of-flight profiles of C(2)H(3) (+) product ion obtained with different laser polarization angles suggested that photoexcited vinyl bromide cation remained in the (~)B state for several hundred picoseconds prior to internal conversion to the ground state and dissociation therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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16
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Study of the upper spin–orbit state of the chloroiodomethane cation by mass-analyzed threshold ionization. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Lee M, Kim MS. Origin of the Large Spin–Orbit Effect in the Vibrational Frequencies of Haloalkane Cations. Chemphyschem 2006; 7:2064-6. [PMID: 16986199 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200600449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Lee
- School of Chemistry, Seoul National University Seoul 151-742, Korea
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18
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Lee M, Kim MS. Mass-Analyzed Threshold Ionization Study of Vinyl Chloride Cation in the First Excited Electronic State Using Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiation in the 107−102.8 nm Range. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:9377-82. [PMID: 16869686 DOI: 10.1021/jp062456u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vibrational spectrum of vinyl chloride cation in the first excited electronic state, A2 A', was obtained by one-photon mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectroscopy. Use of an improved vacuum ultraviolet radiation source based on four-wave sum frequency mixing in Hg resulted in excellent sensitivity for the MATI signals. From the MATI spectrum, the ionization energy to the A2 A' state of the cation was determined to be 11.6667 +/- 0.0006 eV. Nearly complete vibrational assignment for the MATI peaks was possible by utilizing the vibrational frequencies and Franck-Condon factors calculated at the DFT and TDDFT/B3LYP levels with the 6-311++G(3df,3pd) basis set. Geometry of the cation in the A2 A' state was determined by Franck-Condon fitting of the MATI spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Control of Reaction Dynamics and School of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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19
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Lee M, Kim MS. Mass-analyzed threshold ionization study of vinyl bromide cation in the first excited electronic state using vacuum-ultraviolet radiation generated by four-wave mixing in Hg. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:174310. [PMID: 16375531 DOI: 10.1063/1.2104530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The vibrational spectrum of the vinyl bromide cation in the first excited electronic state A 2A' was obtained by one-photon mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectroscopy. The use of an improved vacuum-ultraviolet radiation source based on four-wave sum frequency mixing in Hg resulted in excellent sensitivity for MATI signals. From the MATI spectrum, the ionization energy to the A 2A' state of the cation was determined to be 10.9150+/-0.0006 eV. Nearly complete vibrational assignments for the MATI peaks were possible by utilizing the vibrational frequencies and Franck-Condon factors calculated at the density-functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT/B3LYP levels with the 6-311+G(df,p) basis set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Control of Reaction Dynamics and School of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Wang D, Chang YL, Liu Z, Dai H. Oxidation Resistant Germanium Nanowires: Bulk Synthesis, Long Chain Alkanethiol Functionalization, and Langmuir−Blodgett Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:11871-5. [PMID: 16104766 DOI: 10.1021/ja053836g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple method is developed to synthesize gram quantities of uniform Ge nanowires (GeNWs) by chemical vapor deposition on preformed, monodispersed seed particles loaded onto a high surface area silica support. Various chemical functionalization schemes are investigated to passivate the GeNW surfaces using alkanethiols and alkyl Grignard reactions. The stability of functionalization against oxidation of germanium for various alkyl chain lengths is elucidated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Among all schemes tested, long chain alkanethiols (> or = C12) are found to impart the most stable GeNW passivation against oxidation upon extended exposure to ambient air. Further, the chemically functionalized oxidation-resistant nanowires are soluble in organic solvents and can be readily assembled into close-packed Langmuir-Blodgett films potentially useful for future high performance electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunwei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Lee M, Kim H, Lee YS, Kim MS. One-photon mass-analyzed threshold ionization spectroscopy of CH2BrI: Extensive bending progression, reduced steric effect, and spin-orbit effect in the cation. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:24310. [PMID: 16050748 DOI: 10.1063/1.1954770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One-photon mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectrum of CH2BrI was obtained using coherent vacuum-ultraviolet radiation generated by four-wave difference-frequency mixing in Kr. Unlike CH2ClI investigated previously, a very extensive bending (Br-C-I) progression was observed. Vibrational frequencies of CH2BrI+ were measured from the spectra and the vibrational assignments were made by utilizing frequencies calculated by the density-functional-theory (DFT) method using relativistic effective core potentials with and without the spin-orbit terms. A noticeable spin-orbit effect on the vibrational frequencies was observed from the DFT calculations, even though its influence was not so dramatic as in CH2ClI+. A simple explanation based on the bonding characteristics of the molecular orbitals involved in the ionization is presented to account for the above differences between the MATI spectra of CH2BrI and CH2ClI. The 0-0 band of the CH2BrI spectrum could be identified through the use of combined data from calculations and experiments. The adiabatic ionization energy determined from the position of this band was 9.5944+/-0.0006 eV, which was significantly smaller than the vertical ionization energy reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Control of Reaction Dynamics and School of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Lee M, Kim H, Lee YS, Kim MS. Vibrational assignment and Franck-Condon analysis of the mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectrum of CH2ClI: the effect of strong spin-orbit interaction. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:244319. [PMID: 16035769 DOI: 10.1063/1.1948384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed analysis of the one-photon mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectrum of CH(2)ClI is presented. This includes the determination of the ionization energy of CH(2)ClI, complete vibrational assignments, and quantum-chemical calculations at the spin-orbit density-functional-theory (SODFT) level with various basis sets. Relativistic effective core potentials with effective spin-orbit operators can be used in SODFT calculations to treat the spin-orbit term on an equal footing with other relativistic effects and electron correlations. The comparison of calculated and experimental vibrational frequencies indicate that the spin-orbit effects are essential for the reasonable description of the CH(2)ClI(+) cation. Geometrical parameters and thus the molecular shape of the cation are greatly influenced by the spin-orbit effects even for the ground state. Calculated geometrical parameters deviate substantially for different basis sets or effective core potentials. In an effort to derive the exact geometrical parameters for this cation, SODFT geometries were further improved utilizing Franck-Condon fit of the MATI spectral pattern. This empirical fitting produced the well-converged set of geometrical parameters that are quite insensitive to the choice of SODFT calculations. The C-I bond length and the Cl-C-I bond angle show large deviations among different SODFT calculations, but the empirical spectral fitting yields 2.191 +/- 0.003 Angstroms for the C-I bond length and 107.09 +/- 0.09 degrees for the Cl-C-I angle. Those fitted geometrical parameters along with the experimental vibrational frequencies could serve as a useful reference in calibrating relativistic quantum-chemical methods for radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Control of Reaction Dynamics and School of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Korea
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