Electrophile-Induced Ether Transfer: Stereoselective Synthesis of 2,4,6-Trisubstituted Tetrahydropyrans

Total Synthesis of the Proposed Structure of Neaumycin B

The total synthesis of the proposed structure of anti-glioblastoma natural product neaumycin B was achieved in 22 steps (longest linear sequence). The synthesis features HCl-mediated [6,6]-spiroketalization, a combination of Krische iridium-catalyzed crotylation, Marshall palladium-catalyzed propargylation, Fürstner nickel-catalyzed regio- and enantioselective vicinal monoprotected diol formation, Brown crotylation and asymmetric halide-aldehyde cycloaddition, so as to establish the challenging contiguous stereocenters.

Reactions of Allylmagnesium Reagents with Carbonyl Compounds and Compounds with C═N Double Bonds: Their Diastereoselectivities Generally Cannot Be Analyzed Using the Felkin-Anh and Chelation-Control Models

This review describes the additions of allylmagnesium reagents to carbonyl compounds and to imines, focusing on the differences in reactivity between allylmagnesium halides and other Grignard reagents. In many cases, allylmagnesium reagents either react with low stereoselectivity when other Grignard reagents react with high selectivity, or allylmagnesium reagents react with the opposite stereoselectivity. This review collects hundreds of examples, discusses the origins of stereoselectivities or the lack of stereoselectivity, and evaluates why selectivity may not occur and when it will likely occur.

Total Synthesis and Structural Reassignment of Lyngbyaloside C Highlighted by Intermolecular Ketene Esterification

Lyngbyaloside C, a classic macrolide, isolated from Lyngbya bouilloni, has shown moderate anticancer activity against several cancer cell lines. Here, we report the first total synthesis and stereochemical configuration reassignment of lyngbyaloside C. The synthesis highlights a one-pot intermolecular ketene esterification reaction to form the crucial tertiary ester and tetrahydropyran. In addition, a novel and concise synthetic pathway towards the 1,3-syn secondary, tertiary diol fragment is described using a regio- and stereospecific electrophilic ether transfer reaction.

Synthesis of conjugation-ready zwitterionic oligosaccharides by chemoselective thioglycoside activation

A method to chemoselectively activate thioglycosides in the presence of thioethers is developed and applied in the total synthesis of repeating units of S. pneumoniae Sp1 and B. fragilis PS A1. Biochemical evaluation of these glycans is performed after conjugation to reporter moieties.

Concise enantioselective synthesis of diospongins A and B

Ether transfer methodology is capable of stereoselectively generating 1,3-diol mono- and diethers in good yield. Surprisingly, allylic and benzylic substrates provide none of the desired products when exposed to previously optimized conditions of iodine monochloride. Herein, second-generation activation conditions for ether transfer have been developed that circumvents undesired side reactions for these substrates. The application of this chemistry to the enantioselective synthesis of diospongins A and B has now been accomplished.

Lyngbouilloside and Related Macrolides from Marine Cyanobacteria

Lyngbouilloside and the related macrolides lyngbyaloside lyngbyaloside B and lyngbyaloside C have attracted a lot of attention over the past decade due to their intriguing architecture their natural scarcity and their potential biological activities. This review aims to showcase the various strategies that have been used to access these natural products.

Toward an enantioselective synthesis of (-)-zampanolide: preparation of the C9-C20 region

Progress toward the synthesis of the microtubule-stabilizing agent, (-)-zampanolide, is reported. Construction of the 2,6-cis-tetrahydropyran ring was accomplished utilizing ether transfer methodology in conjunction with an intramolecular radical cyclization reaction. Efficient installation of the C16-C20 side chain relied on a one-pot cross-metathesis/olefination sequence, Sharpless epoxidation, and selective reduction of a vinyl epoxide.

Stereoselective synthesis of the C9-C19 fragment of lyngbyaloside B and C via ether transfer

A stereoselective synthesis of the C9-C19 fragment of lyngbyaloside B and C highlighted, by an extension of our ether transfer methodology, enables the formation of tertiary ethers. 2-Naphthylmethyl ethers have been shown to proceed efficiently through ether transfer with high stereoselectivity and are easily deprotected by DDQ oxidation. Variation of the workup conditions results in the stereoselective formation of syn-1,3-diol mono- or diethers.

Application of stereoselective ether transfer to the synthesis of isotactic polyethers

An efficient, convergent synthetic strategy has been developed which enables the synthesis of a series of naturally occurring isotactic polymethoxy compounds. Ether transfer followed by a hydride workup enables simultaneous, diastereoselective production of two methoxy centers in a single step. High yields and diastereoselectivity are observed even in stereochemically rich, polyoxygenated systems. Direct generation of bis-methyl ether moieties from methoxymethyl ethers minimizes the need for typical protective group strategies and the use of expensive methyl transfer reagents. Moreover, the simultaneous generation of a terminal primary iodide serves as a coupling partner for the generation of higher order congeners.

Enantiopure aminopyrans by a Lewis acid promoted rearrangement of 1,2-oxazines: versatile building blocks for oligosaccharide and sugar amino acid mimetics

1,3-Dioxolanyl-substituted 1,2-oxazines, such as syn-1 and anti-1, rearrange under Lewis acidic conditions to provide bicyclic products 2-5. Subsequent reductive transformations afforded enantiopure 3-aminopyran derivatives such as 7 and 9 or their protected diastereomers 16 and 18, which can be regarded as carbohydrate mimetics. An alternative sequence of transformations including selective oxidation of the primary hydroxyl groups in 21 and 24 led to two protected beta-amino acid derivatives with carbohydrate-like backbone (sugar amino acids). Treatment of bicyclic ester 23 with samarium diiodide cleaved the N--O bond and furnished the unusual beta-lactam 27 in excellent yield. Alternatively, gamma-amino acid derivative 29 was efficiently prepared in a few steps. Fairly simple transformations gave azides 32 and 35 or alkyne 30 which are suitable substrates for the construction of oligosaccharide mimetics such as 34 by copper iodide catalyzed cycloadditions. With this report we demonstrate that enantiopure rearrangement products 2-5 are protected precursors of a variety of polyfunctionalized pyran derivatives with great potential for chemical biology.

Tandem ruthenium-catalyzed redox isomerization--O-conjugate addition: an atom-economic synthesis of cyclic ethers

An atom-economical method for the convenient synthesis of tetrahydropyrans and tetrahydrofurans is reported. Enones and enals derived from the [IndRu(PPh(3))(2)Cl]-catalyzed redox isomerization of primary and secondary propargyl alcohols undergo a subsequent intramolecular conjugate addition to provide cyclic ethers in excellent yields.

Diastereoselective, three-component cascade synthesis of tetrahydrofurans and tetrahydropyrans employing the tandem Mukaiyama aldol-lactonization process

A full account of studies leading to the development of a cascade sequence that generates as many as two C-C bonds, one C-O bond, and three new stereocenters providing substituted tetrahydrofurans (THFs) from simple gamma-ketoaldehydes and thiopyridyl ketene acetals is described. The process involves a tandem Mukaiyama aldol-lactonization (TMAL) and accumulated evidence suggests the intermediacy of a silylated beta-lactone that is intercepted by the pendant ketone. Formation of a cyclic oxocarbenium is followed by reduction with silicon-based nucleophiles leading to a highly diastereoselective synthesis of tetrahydrofurans. This cascade process has now been extended to the synthesis of tetrahydropyrans from simple delta-ketoaldehydes. The stereochemical outcome of the cascade processes described was determined by NOE correlations, coupling constant analysis, and X-ray crystallography of the derived oxygen heterocycles and is in accord with established and recently proposed models for nucleophilic additions to cyclic 5- and 6-membered oxocarbenium ions. The utility of this process was demonstrated by the synthesis of the tetrahydrofuran fragment of colopsinol B.

Concise enantioselective total synthesis of neopeltolide macrolactone highlighted by ether transfer

A concise total synthesis of neopeltolide macrolactone has been accomplished in 14 steps in the longest linear sequence, 15 steps overall from commercially available materials. The present synthesis was highlighted by successful exploitation of ether transfer methodology and a radical cyclization reaction to directly establish the requisite stereochemistry of the tetrahydropyran core.