1
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Relativistic effects on the chemical bonding properties of the heavier elements and their compounds. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.215000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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2
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Lu JB, Jiang XL, Wang JQ, Hu HS, Schwarz WHE, Li J. On the highest oxidation states of the actinoids in AnO 4 molecules (An = Ac - Cm): A DMRG-CASSCF study. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:190-198. [PMID: 35420170 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Actinoid tetroxide molecules AnO4 (An = Ac - Cm) are investigated with the ab initio density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) approach. Natural orbital shapes are used to read out the oxidation state (OS) of the f-elements, and the atomic orbital energies and radii are used to explain the trends. The highest OSs reveal a "volcano"-type variation: For An = Ac - Np, the OSs are equal to the number of available valence electrons, that is, AcIII , ThIV , PaV , UVI , and NpVII . Starting with plutonium as the turning point, the highest OSs in the most stable AnO4 isomers then decrease as PuV , AmV , and CmIII , indicating that the 5f-electrons are hard to be fully oxidized off from Pu onward. The variations are related to the actinoid contraction and to the 5f-covalency characteristics. Combined with previous work on OSs, we review their general trends throughout the periodic table, providing fundamental understanding of OS-relevant phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Bo Lu
- Departmentof Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen.,Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing
| | - Xue-Lian Jiang
- Departmentof Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen
| | - Jia-Qi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing
| | - Han-Shi Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing
| | - W H Eugen Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing.,Theoretische Chemie, Fachbereich Chemie und Biologie, Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Jun Li
- Departmentof Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen.,Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing
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3
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Shang Y, Shu N, Zhang Z, Yang P, Xu J. Comment on "Realization of the Zn 3+ oxidation state" by H. Fang, H. Banjade, Deepika and P. Jena, Nanoscale, 2021, 13, 14041-14048. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:8875-8880. [PMID: 35678340 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07031b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Two zinc-boron clusters (ZnBeB11(CN)12 and ZnBeB23(CN)22) reported in a theoretical study by P. Jena and co-workers are reinvestigated using quantum chemistry calculations. The results prove that the zinc atoms in these two clusters retain a normal oxidation state of +2, overturning the conclusion reached in the previous study that a +3 oxidation state is present. The semi-empirical LOBA method points out this contrast, which is demonstrated via various wavefunction analysis approaches. No unpaired electrons are observed on zinc atoms nor is there a spin density difference distribution, revealing that the zinc atoms have a fully occupied 3d10 electron shell. Density of states studies give the same conclusion, and they further show that zinc atoms adopt an sp2-hybrid type during bonding. From the perspective of energy, we advise that the electron affinity energy is not a reliable way of evaluating the oxidation state. Instead, binding energy calculations and constrained DFT are applicable, and these also support the presence of Zn2+. The simulated XPS peaks are consistent with the experimental data for Zn(II) measured in ZnS. Lastly, the ETS-NOCV method is adopted to give insights into the bonding structures between zinc atoms and boron clusters. It is suggested that future theoretical research into similar problems is analyzed more cautiously to avoid potentially misleading other researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Shang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Numerical Simulation of Large-Scale Complex System (NSLSCS) and School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Na Shu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Numerical Simulation of Large-Scale Complex System (NSLSCS) and School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhoujie Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Numerical Simulation of Large-Scale Complex System (NSLSCS) and School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Pu Yang
- Taicang Mingde Senior High School, Suzhou 215433, China
| | - Jiawei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter (FJIRSM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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4
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Neve F. Chemistry of superheavy transition metals. J COORD CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2022.2084394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Neve
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
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5
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6
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Hu SX, Zou W. Stable copernicium hexafluoride (CnF 6) with an oxidation state of VI. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 24:321-325. [PMID: 34889909 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04360a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As the heaviest group 12 element known currently, copernicium (Cn) often presents the oxidation states of I+, II+, and rarely IV+ as in its homologue mercury. In this work we systematically studied the stability of some oxides, fluorides, and oxyfluorides of Cn by two-component relativistic calculations and found that the CnF6 molecule with an oxidation state of VI+ has an extraordinary stability. CnF6 may decompose into CnF4 by conquering an energy barrier of about 34 kcal mol-1 without markedly releasing heat. Our results indicate that CnF6 may exist under some special conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Xian Hu
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Wenli Zou
- Institute of Modern Physics, Northwest University, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Theoretical Physics Frontiers, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710127, P. R. China.
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7
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Conradie J, Alemayehu AB, Ghosh A. Iridium(VII)-Corrole Terminal Carbides Should Exist as Stable Compounds. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2021; 2:159-163. [PMID: 36855452 PMCID: PMC9955125 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.1c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Scalar-relativistic DFT calculations with multiple exchange-correlation functionals and large basis sets foreshadow the existence of stable iridium(VII)-corrole terminal carbide derivatives. For the parent compound Ir[Cor](C), OLYP/STO-TZ2P calculations predict a short Ir-C bond distance of 1.69 Å, a moderately domed macrocycle with no indications of ligand noninnocence, a surprisingly low electron affinity of ∼1.1 eV, and a substantial singlet-triplet gap of ∼1.8 eV. These results, and their essential invariance with respect to the choice of the exchange-correlation functional, lead us to posit that Ir(VII)-corrole terminal carbide complexes should be isolable and indefinitely stable under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanet Conradie
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University
of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway,Department
of Chemistry, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, Republic of South Africa
| | - Abraham B. Alemayehu
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University
of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University
of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway,
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8
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Design of an Integrated Microfluidic Paper-Based Chip and Inspection Machine for the Detection of Mercury in Food with Silver Nanoparticles. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:bios11120491. [PMID: 34940248 PMCID: PMC8699263 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
For most of the fast screening test papers for detecting Hg2+, the obtained results are qualitative. This study developed an operation for the μPAD and combined it with the chemical colorimetric method. Silver nanoparticle (AgNP) colloids were adopted as the reactive color reagent to combine and react with the Hg standards on the paper-based chip. Then, the RGB values for the color change were used to establish the standard curve (R2 > 0.99). Subsequently, this detection system was employed for the detection tests of actual samples, and the detected RGB values of the samples were substituted back to the formula to calculate the Hg2+ contents in the food. In this study, the Hg2+ content and recovery rate in commercially available packaged water and edible salts were measured. The research results indicate that a swift, economical, and simple detection method for Hg2+ content in food has been successfully developed.
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9
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Fu LM, Hsu JH, Shih MK, Hsieh CW, Ju WJ, Chen YW, Lee BH, Hou CY. Process Optimization of Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis and Its Application in Mercury Detection. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1123. [PMID: 34577766 PMCID: PMC8467733 DOI: 10.3390/mi12091123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have stable reactivity and excellent optical absorption properties. They can be applied in various industries, such as environmental protection, biochemical engineering, and analyte monitoring. However, synthesizing AgNPs and determining their appropriate dosage as a coloring substance are difficult tasks. In this study, to optimize the process of AgNP synthesis and obtain a simple detection method for trace mercury in the environment, we evaluate several factors-including the reagent addition sequence, reaction temperature, reaction time, the pH of the solution, and reagent concentration-considering the color intensity and purity of AgNPs as the reaction optimization criteria. The optimal process for AgNP synthesis is as follows: Mix 10 mM of silver nitrate with trisodium citrate in a hot water bath for 10 min; then, add 10 mM of sodium borohydride to produce the AgNPs and keep stirring for 2 h; finally, adjust the pH to 12 to obtain the most stable products. For AgNP-based mercury detection, the calibration curve of mercury over the concentration range of 0.1-2 ppb exhibits good linearity (R2 > 0.99). This study provides a stable and excellent AgNP synthesis technique that can improve various applications involving AgNP-mediated reactions and has the potential to be developed as an alternative to using expensive detection equipment and to be applied for the detection of mercury in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lung-Ming Fu
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (L.-M.F.); (W.-J.J.)
| | - Jia-Hong Hsu
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Kuei Shih
- Graduate Institute of Food Culture and Innovation, National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan;
| | - Chang-Wei Hsieh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jhong Ju
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (L.-M.F.); (W.-J.J.)
| | - Yu-Wei Chen
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkow 333, Taiwan;
| | - Bao-Hong Lee
- Department of Horticulture, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600355, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Yao Hou
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan;
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10
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Fang H, Banjade H, Jena P. Realization of the Zn 3+ oxidation state. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:14041-14048. [PMID: 34477685 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02816b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to unfilled d-shells, transition metal atoms exhibit multiple oxidation states and rich chemistry. While zinc is often classified as a transition metal, electrons in its filled 3d10 shell do not participate in chemical reactions; hence, its oxidation state is +2. Using calculations based on density functional theory, we show that the chemistry of zinc can fundamentally change when it is allowed to interact with highly stable super-electrophilic trianions, namely, BeB11(CN)123- and BeB23(CN)223-, which lie 15.85 eV and 18.49 eV lower in energy than their respective neutral states. The fact that Zn exists in +3 oxidation states while interacting with these moieties is evidenced from its large binding energies of 6.33 and 7.04 eV with BeB11(CN)123- and BeB23(CN)223-, respectively, and from a comprehensive analysis of its bonding characteristics, charge density distribution, electron localization function, molecular orbitals and energy decomposition, all showing a strong involvement of its 3d electrons in chemical bonding. The replacement of CN with BO is found to increase the zinc binding energy even further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Fang
- Physics Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
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11
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Jiang XL, Xu CQ, Lu JB, Cao CS, Schmidbaur H, Schwarz WHE, Li J. Electronic Structure and Spectroscopic Properties of Group-7 Tri-Oxo-Halides MO 3X (M = Mn-Bh, X = F-Ts). Inorg Chem 2021; 60:9504-9515. [PMID: 34152757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The 24 trioxide halide molecules MO3X of the manganese group (M = Mn-Bh; X = F-Ts), which are iso-valence-electronic with the famous MnO4- ion, have been quantum-chemically investigated by quasi-relativistic density-functional and ab initio correlated approaches. Geometric and electronic structures, valence and oxidation numbers, vibrational and electronic spectral properties, energetic stabilities of the monomers in the gas phase, and the decay mode of MnO3F have been investigated. The light Mn-3d species are most strongly electron-correlated, indicating that the concept of a closed-shell Lewis-type single-configurational structure [Mn+7(d0) O-2(p6)3 F-(p6)] reaches its limits. The concept of real-valued spin orbitals φ(r)·α and φ(r)·β breaks down for the heavy Bh-6d, At-6p and Ts-7p elements because of the dominating spin-orbit coupling. The vigorous decomposition of MnO3F at ambient conditions starts by the autocatalyzed release of n O2 and the formation of MnmO3m-2nFm clusters, triggered by the electron-depleted "oxylic" character of the oxide ligands in MnO3X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Lian Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Cong-Qiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jun-Bo Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chang-Su Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hubert Schmidbaur
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching 85747, Germany
| | - W H Eugen Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Department Chemie, Universität Siegen, Siegen 57068, Germany
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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12
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Mewes J, Schwerdtfeger P. Ausschließlich relativistisch: Periodische Trends in den Schmelz‐ und Siedepunkten der Gruppe 12. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan‐Michael Mewes
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry University of Bonn Beringstraße 4 53115 Bonn Deutschland
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study Massey University Auckland 0632 Auckland Neuseeland
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13
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Mewes JM, Schwerdtfeger P. Exclusively Relativistic: Periodic Trends in the Melting and Boiling Points of Group 12. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7703-7709. [PMID: 33576164 PMCID: PMC8048430 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
First-principles simulations can advance our understanding of phase transitions but are often too costly for the heavier elements, which require a relativistic treatment. Addressing this challenge, we recently composed an indirect approach: A precise incremental calculation of absolute Gibbs energies for the solid and liquid with a relativistic Hamiltonian that enables an accurate determination of melting and boiling points (MPs and BPs). Here, we apply this approach to the Group 12 elements Zn, Cd, Hg, and Cn, whose MPs and BPs we calculate with a mean absolute deviation of only 5 % and 1 %, respectively, while we confirm the previously predicted liquid aggregate state of Cn. At a non-relativistic level of theory, we obtain surprisingly similar MPs and BPs of 650±30 K and 1250±20 K, suggesting that periodic trends in this group are exclusively relativistic in nature. Ultimately, we discuss these results and their implication for Groups 11 and 14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Michael Mewes
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University Auckland, 0632, Auckland, New Zealand
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14
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Cao C, Vernon RE, Schwarz WHE, Li J. Understanding Periodic and Non-periodic Chemistry in Periodic Tables. Front Chem 2021; 8:813. [PMID: 33490030 PMCID: PMC7818537 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical elements are the "conserved principles" or "kernels" of chemistry that are retained when substances are altered. Comprehensive overviews of the chemistry of the elements and their compounds are needed in chemical science. To this end, a graphical display of the chemical properties of the elements, in the form of a Periodic Table, is the helpful tool. Such tables have been designed with the aim of either classifying real chemical substances or emphasizing formal and aesthetic concepts. Simplified, artistic, or economic tables are relevant to educational and cultural fields, while practicing chemists profit more from "chemical tables of chemical elements." Such tables should incorporate four aspects: (i) typical valence electron configurations of bonded atoms in chemical compounds (instead of the common but chemically atypical ground states of free atoms in physical vacuum); (ii) at least three basic chemical properties (valence number, size, and energy of the valence shells), their joint variation across the elements showing principal and secondary periodicity; (iii) elements in which the (sp)8, (d)10, and (f)14 valence shells become closed and inert under ambient chemical conditions, thereby determining the "fix-points" of chemical periodicity; (iv) peculiar elements at the top and at the bottom of the Periodic Table. While it is essential that Periodic Tables display important trends in element chemistry we need to keep our eyes open for unexpected chemical behavior in ambient, near ambient, or unusual conditions. The combination of experimental data and theoretical insight supports a more nuanced understanding of complex periodic trends and non-periodic phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsu Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - W. H. Eugen Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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15
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16
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Abstract
Mendeleev's introduction of the periodic table of elements is one of the most important milestones in the history of chemistry, as it brought order into the known chemical and physical behaviour of the elements. The periodic table can be seen as parallel to the Standard Model in particle physics, in which the elementary particles known today can be ordered according to their intrinsic properties. The underlying fundamental theory to describe the interactions between particles comes from quantum theory or, more specifically, from quantum field theory and its inherent symmetries. In the periodic table, the elements are placed into a certain period and group based on electronic configurations that originate from the Pauli and Aufbau principles for the electrons surrounding a positively charged nucleus. This order enables us to approximately predict the chemical and physical properties of elements. Apparent anomalies can arise from relativistic effects, partial-screening phenomena (of type lanthanide contraction) and the compact size of the first shell of every l-value. Further, ambiguities in electron configurations and the breakdown of assigning a dominant configuration, owing to configuration mixing and dense spectra for the heaviest elements in the periodic table. For the short-lived transactinides, the nuclear stability becomes an important factor in chemical studies. Nuclear stability, decay rates, spectra and reaction cross sections are also important for predicting the astrophysical origin of the elements, including the production of the heavy elements beyond iron in supernova explosions or neutron-star mergers. In this Perspective, we critically analyse the periodic table of elements and the current status of theoretical predictions and origins for the heaviest elements, which combine both quantum chemistry and physics.
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17
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Abstract
By combining the particle swarm optimization algorithm with first-principles calculation, the high-pressure phase diagram of Zn-F binary compounds was established. An unexpected stoichiometry of ZnF3 with space group Cccm is thermodynamically stable above 183 GPa. The new structure is fascinating with the appearance of Zn2+[F3]2- units. The stability of the new phase stems from the mixed ionic and covalent chemical bonding in ZnF3. The electronic properties indicate that Zn has a tendency to form high oxidation states under higher pressure. Our work is an important step in understanding the bonding behavior of Zn under extreme conditions and provides a valuable reference for experimental synthesis and identification of ZnF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyin Ma
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shichang Li
- School of Science, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Tao Gao
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Bingyun Ao
- Science and Technology on Surface Physics and Chemistry Laboratory, Mianyang 621908, China
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100094, China
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18
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Zou W, Guo G, Suo B, Liu W. Analytic Energy Gradients and Hessians of Exact Two-Component Relativistic Methods: Efficient Implementation and Extensive Applications. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:1541-1554. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Zou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Theoretical Physics Frontiers and Institute of Modern Physics, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Guina Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Theoretical Physics Frontiers and Institute of Modern Physics, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Bingbing Suo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Theoretical Physics Frontiers and Institute of Modern Physics, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Wenjian Liu
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
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19
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Cao CS, Hu HS, Li J, Schwarz WHE. Physical origin of chemical periodicities in the system of elements. PURE APPL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2019-0901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The Periodic Law, one of the great discoveries in human history, is magnificent in the art of chemistry. Different arrangements of chemical elements in differently shaped Periodic Tables serve for different purposes. “Can this Periodic Table be derived from quantum chemistry or physics?” can only be answered positively, if the internal structure of the Periodic Table is explicitly connected to facts and data from chemistry. Quantum chemical rationalization of such a Periodic Tables is achieved by explaining the details of energies and radii of atomic core and valence orbitals in the leading electron configurations of chemically bonded atoms. The coarse horizontal pseudo-periodicity in seven rows of 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32, 32 members is triggered by the low energy of and large gap above the 1s and nsp valence shells (2 ≤ n ≤ 6 !). The pseudo-periodicity, in particular the wavy variation of the elemental properties in the four longer rows, is due to the different behaviors of the s and p vs. d and f pairs of atomic valence shells along the ordered array of elements. The so-called secondary or vertical periodicity is related to pseudo-periodic changes of the atomic core shells. The Periodic Law of the naturally given System of Elements describes the trends of the many chemical properties displayed inside the Chemical Periodic Tables. While the general physical laws of quantum mechanics form a simple network, their application to the unlimited field of chemical materials under ambient ‘human’ conditions results in a complex and somewhat accidental structure inside the Table that fits to some more or less symmetric outer shape. Periodic Tables designed after some creative concept for the overall appearance are of interest in non-chemical fields of wisdom and art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Su Cao
- Department of Chemistry , Theoretical Chemistry Center, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 China
| | - Han-Shi Hu
- Department of Chemistry , Theoretical Chemistry Center, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry , Theoretical Chemistry Center, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 China
- Department of Chemistry , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - W. H. Eugen Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry , Theoretical Chemistry Center, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 China
- Physical Chemistry Lab , S&T Faculty, Siegen University , Siegen 57068 Germany
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20
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Alemayehu AB, Vazquez‐Lima H, Teat SJ, Ghosh A. Unexpected Molecular Structure of a Putative Rhenium-Dioxo-Benzocarbaporphyrin Complex. Implications for the Highest Transition Metal Valence in a Porphyrin-Type Ligand Environment. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:1298-1302. [PMID: 31649839 PMCID: PMC6804418 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A combination of quantum chemical calculations and synthetic studies was used to address the possibility of very high (>6) valence states of transition metals in porphyrin-type complexes. With corrole as a supporting ligand, DFT calculations ruled out Re(VII) and Ir(VII) dioxo complexes as stable species. Attempted rhenium insertion into benzocarbaporphyrin (BCP) ligands on the other hand led to two products with different stoichiometries - Re[BCP]O and Re[BCP]O2. To our surprise, single-crystal structure determination of one of the complexes of the latter type indicated an ReVO center with a second oxygen bridging the Re-C bond. In other words, although the monooxo complexes Re[BCP]O are oxophilic, the BCP ligand cannot sustain a trans-ReVII(O)2 center. The search for metal valence states >6 in porphyrin-type ligand environments must therefore continue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hugo Vazquez‐Lima
- Centro de Química, Instituto de CienciasUniversidad Autónoma de Puebla Edif. IC9, CU, San Manuel72570Puebla, PueblaMexico
| | - Simon J. Teat
- Advanced Light SourceLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA 94720–8229USA
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of ChemistryUiT – The Arctic University of Norway9037TromsøNorway
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21
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Wolański Ł, Domański M, Grochala W, Szarek P. Beyond Oxides: Nitride as a Ligand in a Neutral Ir IX NO 3 Molecule Bearing a Transition Metal at High Oxidation State. Chemistry 2019; 25:10290-10293. [PMID: 31119805 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical calculations utilizing relativistic ZORA Hamiltonian point to the conceivable existence of an IrNO3 molecule in C3v geometry. This minimum is shown to correspond to genuine nonavalent iridium nitride trioxide, which is a neutral analogue of cationic [IrO4 ]+ species detected recently. Despite the presence of nitride anion, the molecule is protected by substantial barriers exceeding 200 kJ mol-1 against transformations leading, for example, to global minimum (O=)2 Ir-NO, which contains metal at a lower formal oxidation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Wolański
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, S. Banacha 2c, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Domański
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, S. Banacha 2c, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Grochala
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, S. Banacha 2c, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Szarek
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, S. Banacha 2c, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
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22
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Gao C, Hu SX, Han H, Guo G, Suo B, Zou W. Exploring the electronic structure and stability of HgF6: Exact 2-Component (X2C) relativistic DFT and NEVPT2 studies. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Conradie J, Ghosh A. Theoretical Search for the Highest Valence States of the Coinage Metals: Roentgenium Heptafluoride May Exist. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:8735-8738. [PMID: 31203606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present here a relativistic density functional theory investigation of the penta- and heptavalent states of gold and roentgenium, employing the ZORA (zeroth order regular approximation to the Dirac equation) Hamiltonian, including spin-orbit coupling at the two-component level, and large all-electron relativistic Slater-type quadruple-ζ quadruple polarization (ZORA-STO-QZ4P) basis sets. Unsurprisingly, our calculations confirm the stability of the experimentally known complexes AuF6- and Au2F10 with respect to decomposition to trivalent Au products and F2. The calculations also predict that RgF6- and Rg2F10 should be even more stable with respect to an analogous decomposition pathway. Like an earlier DFT study ( Inorg. Chem. 2007, 46 (13), 5338-5342), our calculations rule out the true heptavalent Au complex AuF7 as a stable species, preferring instead a Cs AuF5···F2 formulation. Remarkably, our calculations confirm a D5 h pentagonal-bipyramidal structure of RgF7 as the global minimum, at an energy of approximately half an electron volt below the RgF5···F2 form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanet Conradie
- Department of Chemistry , University of Tromsø , N-9037 Tromsø , Norway.,Department of Chemistry , University of the Free State , 9300 Bloemfontein , Republic of South Africa
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry , University of Tromsø , N-9037 Tromsø , Norway
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24
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Goettel JT, Braunschweig H. Recent advances in boron-centered ligands and their transition metal complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Rahm M, Zeng T, Hoffmann R. Electronegativity Seen as the Ground-State Average Valence Electron Binding Energy. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 141:342-351. [PMID: 30499303 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a new electronegativity scale for atoms, based consistently on ground-state energies of valence electrons. The scale is closely related to (yet different from) L. C. Allen's, which is based on configuration energies. Using a combination of literature experimental values for ground-state energies and ab initio-calculated energies where experimental data are missing, we are able to provide electronegativities for elements 1-96. The values are slightly smaller than Allen's original scale, but correlate well with Allen's and others. Outliers in agreement with other scales are oxygen and fluorine, now somewhat less electronegative, but in better agreement with their chemistry with the noble gas elements. Group 11 and 12 electronegativities emerge as high, although Au less so than in other scales. Our scale also gives relatively high electronegativities for Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, Tc, Cd, Hg (affected by choice of valence state), and Gd. The new electronegativities provide hints for new alloy/compound design, and a framework is in place to analyze those energy changes in reactions in which electronegativity changes may not be controlling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rahm
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96 , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Chemistry , Carleton University , Ottawa , Ontario K1S 5B6 , Canada
| | - Roald Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
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26
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Yoshizawa T, Filatov M, Cremer D, Zou W. Calculation of contact densities and Mössbauer isomer shifts utilising the Dirac-exact two-component normalised elimination of the small component (2c-NESC) method. Mol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2018.1530463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Terutaka Yoshizawa
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael Filatov
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Dieter Cremer
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Wenli Zou
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Institute of Modern Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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27
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Olaru M, Kather R, Hupf E, Lork E, Mebs S, Beckmann J. A Monoaryllead Trichloride That Resists Reductive Elimination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [PMID: 29527798 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Transmetallation of Pb(OAc)4 with R2 Hg (1), followed by treatment with HCl in Et2 O, provided RPbCl3 (2), the first kinetically stabilized monoorganolead trihalide that resists reductive elimination under ambient conditions. The kinetic stabilisation relies on an intramolecularly coordinating O-donor substituent (R=6-Ph2 P(O)-Ace-5-). The gram-scale preparation of 2 was key for the synthesis of unsymmetrically substituted diaryllead dichlorides RR'PbCl2 (3 a, R'=Ph; 3 b, R'=4-MeOC6 H4 ; 3 c, R'=4-Me2 NC6 H4 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Olaru
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ralf Kather
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Emanuel Hupf
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Enno Lork
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
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28
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29
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Olaru M, Kather R, Hupf E, Lork E, Mebs S, Beckmann J. Ein Monoarylbleitrichlorid, das der reduktiven Eliminierung trotzt. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marian Olaru
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie; Universität Bremen; Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Deutschland
| | - Ralf Kather
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie; Universität Bremen; Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Deutschland
| | - Emanuel Hupf
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie; Universität Bremen; Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Deutschland
| | - Enno Lork
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie; Universität Bremen; Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Deutschland
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für Experimentalphysik; Freie Universität Berlin; Arnimallee 14 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie; Universität Bremen; Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Deutschland
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30
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Yue L, Zhou S, Sun X, Schlangen M, Schwarz H. Direkte Umwandlung von Methan zu protoniertem Formaldehyd bei Raumtemperatur in der Gasphase: Zur Rolle von Quecksilber unter den Oxidkationen der Zinktriade. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yue
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Shaodong Zhou
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Deutschland
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; 310027 Hangzhou V.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Maria Schlangen
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Deutschland
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31
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Yue L, Zhou S, Sun X, Schlangen M, Schwarz H. Direct Room-Temperature Conversion of Methane into Protonated Formaldehyde: The Gas-Phase Chemistry of Mercury among the Zinc Triad Oxide Cations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:3251-3255. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yue
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Shaodong Zhou
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; 310027 Hangzhou P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Maria Schlangen
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
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32
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Fianchini M. Synthesis meets theory: Past, present and future of rational chemistry. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2017-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Chemical synthesis has its roots in the empirical approach of alchemy. Nonetheless, the birth of the scientific method, the technical and technological advances (exploiting revolutionary discoveries in physics) and the improved management and sharing of growing databases greatly contributed to the evolution of chemistry from an esoteric ground into a mature scientific discipline during these last 400 years. Furthermore, thanks to the evolution of computational resources, platforms and media in the last 40 years, theoretical chemistry has added to the puzzle the final missing tile in the process of “rationalizing” chemistry. The use of mathematical models of chemical properties, behaviors and reactivities is nowadays ubiquitous in literature. Theoretical chemistry has been successful in the difficult task of complementing and explaining synthetic results and providing rigorous insights when these are otherwise unattainable by experiment. The first part of this review walks the reader through a concise historical overview on the evolution of the “model” in chemistry. Salient milestones have been highlighted and briefly discussed. The second part focuses more on the general description of recent state-of-the-art computational techniques currently used worldwide by chemists to produce synergistic models between theory and experiment. Each section is complemented by key-examples taken from the literature that illustrate the application of the technique discussed therein.
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33
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Bernhardt E, Bernhardt-Pitchougina V, Jenne C. Reaction of the Tricyanoborate Dianion [B(CN)3]2–with HgCl2. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:5465-5470. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Bernhardt
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Anorganische Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Vera Bernhardt-Pitchougina
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Anorganische Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Carsten Jenne
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Anorganische Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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34
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Fuller JT, Butler S, Devarajan D, Jacobs A, Hashiguchi BG, Konnick MM, Goddard WA, Gonzales J, Periana RA, Ess DH. Catalytic Mechanism and Efficiency of Methane Oxidation by Hg(II) in Sulfuric Acid and Comparison to Radical Initiated Conditions. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack T. Fuller
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Steven Butler
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Deepa Devarajan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Austin Jacobs
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Brian G. Hashiguchi
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Michael M. Konnick
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - William A. Goddard
- Department
of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jason Gonzales
- Department
of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Roy A. Periana
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Daniel H. Ess
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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36
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Yu JG, Yue BY, Wu XW, Liu Q, Jiao FP, Jiang XY, Chen XQ. Removal of mercury by adsorption: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:5056-5076. [PMID: 26620868 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5880-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to natural and production activities, mercury contamination has become one of the major environmental problems over the world. Mercury contamination is a serious threat to human health. Among the existing technologies available for mercury pollution control, the adsorption process can get excellent separation effects and has been further studied. This review is attempted to cover a wide range of adsorbents that were developed for the removal of mercury from the year 2011. Various adsorbents, including the latest adsorbents, are presented along with highlighting and discussing the key advancements on their preparation, modification technologies, and strategies. By comparing their adsorption capacities, it is evident from the literature survey that some adsorbents have shown excellent potential for the removal of mercury. However, there is still a need to develop novel, efficient adsorbents with low cost, high stability, and easy production and manufacture for practical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Gang Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China.
| | - Bao-Yu Yue
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Xiong-Wei Wu
- College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Fei-Peng Jiao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Xin-Yu Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Resource-Conserving and Environment-Friendly Society and Ecological Civilization, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
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37
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Kurzydłowski D, Zaleski-Ejgierd P. High-pressure stabilization of argon fluorides. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:2309-13. [PMID: 26742478 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05725f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
On account of the rapid development of noble gas chemistry in the past half-century both xenon and krypton compounds can now be isolated in macroscopic quantities. The same does not hold true for the next lighter group 18 element, argon, which forms only isolated molecules stable solely in low temperature matrices or supersonic jet streams. Here we present theoretical investigations into a new high-pressure reaction pathway, which enables synthesis of argon fluorides in bulk and at room temperature. Our hybrid DFT calculations (employing the HSE06 functional) indicate that above 60 GPa ArF2-containing molecular crystals can be obtained by a reaction between argon and molecular fluorine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Kurzydłowski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, ul. S. Banacha 2c, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland. and Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, ul. K. Wóycickiego 1/3, 01-938, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patryk Zaleski-Ejgierd
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. M. Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
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38
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Wilson AV, Nguyen T, Brosi F, Wang X, Andrews L, Riedel S, Bridgeman AJ, Young NA. A Matrix Isolation and Computational Study of Molecular Palladium Fluorides: Does PdF6 Exist? Inorg Chem 2016; 55:1108-23. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antony V. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX, U.K
| | - Timothy Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Felix Brosi
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie−Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34-36, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie−Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34-36, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische
Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse
21, D-79104 Freiburg
im Breisgau, Germany
| | | | - Nigel A. Young
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX, U.K
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39
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Lannes A, Manceau A, Rovezzi M, Glatzel P, Joly Y, Gautier-Luneau I. Intramolecular Hg⋯π interactions of d-character with non-bridging atoms in mercury–aryl complexes. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:14035-8. [PMID: 27541854 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt02200f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The late transition metal mercury, known for its propensity to not share 5d electrons, actually does so in short-range π-bonding and medium- to long-range π-interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Lannes
- ISTerre
- Université Grenoble Alpes
- CNRS
- 38058 Grenoble
- France
| | - A. Manceau
- ISTerre
- Université Grenoble Alpes
- CNRS
- 38058 Grenoble
- France
| | - M. Rovezzi
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)
- 38000 Grenoble
- France
| | - P. Glatzel
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)
- 38000 Grenoble
- France
| | - Y. Joly
- Institut Néel
- Université Grenoble Alpes
- CNRS
- 38042 Grenoble
- France
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40
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Lu JB, Jian J, Huang W, Lin H, Li J, Zhou M. Experimental and theoretical identification of the Fe(vii) oxidation state in FeO4−. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:31125-31131. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06753k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two isomers of iron tetraoxygen anion, dioxoiron peroxide [(η2-O2)FeO2]− and tetroxide FeO4− were characterized by experiment and theoretical calculations, with heptavalent Fe(vii) oxidation state identified in the later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Bo Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Jiwen Jian
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Hailu Lin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Mingfei Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
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41
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Manceau A, Lemouchi C, Rovezzi M, Lanson M, Glatzel P, Nagy KL, Gautier-Luneau I, Joly Y, Enescu M. Structure, Bonding, and Stability of Mercury Complexes with Thiolate and Thioether Ligands from High-Resolution XANES Spectroscopy and First-Principles Calculations. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:11776-91. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mauro Rovezzi
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 Rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Pieter Glatzel
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 Rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Kathryn L. Nagy
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, MC-186, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | | | | | - Mironel Enescu
- Laboratoire
Chrono Environnement, Université de Franche-Comté, CNRS, 25030 Besançon, France
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42
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Vent-Schmidt T, Riedel S. Investigation of Praseodymium Fluorides: A Combined Matrix-Isolation and Quantum-Chemical Study. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:11114-20. [PMID: 26544761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of the lanthanides is mostly dominated by compounds in the oxidation state +III. Only few compounds of Ce, Pr, and Tb are known with the metal in the +IV oxidation state. Removal of the last f-electron on praseodymium +IV would lead to a closed-shell system with formal oxidation state V. In this work we investigated the stability of the PrF5 molecule by theory and matrix-isolation techniques through the reaction of laser-ablated praseodymium atoms with fluorine in excess of neon, argon, krypton, or neat fluorine. Besides the known PrF3 molecule, unreported IR bands for PrF4 could be observed, and there is evidence for the formation of PrF and PrF2 but not for the formation of PrF5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vent-Schmidt
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg , Albertstr.21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin , Fabeckstr.34-36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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43
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Donald KJ, Kretz WJ, Omorodion O. The HgF2Ionic Switch: A Triumph of Electrostatics against Relativistic Odds. Chemistry 2015; 21:16848-58. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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44
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Brosi F, Vent‐Schmidt T, Kieninger S, Schlöder T, Beckers H, Riedel S. Polyfluorides and Neat Fluorine as Host Material in Matrix‐Isolation Experiments. Chemistry 2015; 21:16455-62. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Brosi
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Thomas Vent‐Schmidt
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau (Germany)
| | - Stefanie Kieninger
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Tobias Schlöder
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Helmut Beckers
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
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45
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Theilacker K, Schlegel HB, Kaupp M, Schwerdtfeger P. Relativistic and Solvation Effects on the Stability of Gold(III) Halides in Aqueous Solution. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:9869-75. [PMID: 26421633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The redox stability of gold halide complexes in aqueous solution has been examined quantum-chemically by a systematic comparison of scalar- and nonrelativistic pseudopotential calculations, using both COSMO and D-COSMO-RS solvent models for water. After a computational benchmarking of density-functional methods against CCSD(T) results for the gas phase decomposition AuX4(-) → AuX2(-) + X2, B3LYP calculations have been used to establish solvent contributions. While relativity clearly enhances the stability of AuX4(-) (X = F, Cl, Br, I) complexes against X2 elimination, solvation favors the lower oxidation state. Solvation and relativity are nonadditive, due to the relativistic reduction of bond polarity. At scalar relativistic D-COSMO-RS level, the reaction AuX4(-) ⇌ AuX2(-) + X2 is computed to be endergonic, except for X = I, where it is slightly exergonic. Under the chosen conditions, partial hydrolysis of AuCl4(-) to AuCl3OH(-) is exergonic. The latter complex in turn is stable against Cl2 elimination. The disproportionation 3 AuCl2(-) ⇌ AuCl4(-) + 2 Au(s) + 2 Cl(-) is clearly exergonic. All of the computed reaction energies at scalar relativistic D-COSMO-RS level agree well with the observed speciation in dilute pH-neutral solutions at ambient temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolja Theilacker
- Technische Universität Berlin , Institut für Chemie, Theoretische Chemie, Sekr. C7, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - H Bernhard Schlegel
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Av., Detroit, Michigan 48202-3489, United States
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Technische Universität Berlin , Institut für Chemie, Theoretische Chemie, Sekr. C7, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University Auckland , Private Bag 102 904, North Shore MSC, 0745 Auckland, New Zealand
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46
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Botana J, Wang X, Hou C, Yan D, Lin H, Ma Y, Miao MS. Mercury under Pressure acts as a Transition Metal: Calculated from First Principles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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47
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Botana J, Wang X, Hou C, Yan D, Lin H, Ma Y, Miao MS. Mercury under Pressure acts as a Transition Metal: Calculated from First Principles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:9280-3. [PMID: 26136387 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The inclusion of Hg among the transition metals is readily debated. Recently, molecular HgF4 was synthesized in a low-temperature noble gas but the potential of Hg to form compounds beyond a +2 oxidation state in a stable solid remains unresolved. We propose high-pressure techniques to prepare unusual oxidation states of Hg-based compounds. Using an advanced structure search algorithm and first-principles electronic structure calculations, we find that under high pressure Hg in Hg-F compounds transfers charge from the d orbitals to the F, thus behaving as a transition metal. Oxidizing Hg to +4 and +3 yielded the thermodynamically stable compounds HgF4 and HgF3. The former consists of HgF4 planar molecules, a typical geometry for d(8) metal centers. HgF3 is metallic and ferromagnetic owing to the d(9) configuration of Hg, with a large gap between its partially occupied and unoccupied bands under high pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Botana
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100094 (P.R. China)
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100094 (P.R. China).,Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Linyi University, Linyi 276005 (P.R. China)
| | - Chunju Hou
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100094 (P.R. China).,School of Science, JiangXi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000 (P.R. China)
| | - Dadong Yan
- Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875 (P.R. China)
| | - Haiqing Lin
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100094 (P.R. China)
| | - Yanming Ma
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100094 (P.R. China).,State Key Lab of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012 (P.R. China)
| | - Mao-sheng Miao
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100094 (P.R. China). .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330 (USA). .,Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5050 (USA).
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48
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Rogachev AY, Miao MS, Merino G, Hoffmann R. Molecular CsF5 and CsF2+. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:8275-8. [PMID: 26039405 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201500402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
D5h star-like CsF5 , formally isoelectronic with known XeF5 (-) ion, is computed to be a local minimum on the potential energy surface of CsF5 , surrounded by reasonably large activation energies for its exothermic decomposition to CsF+2 F2 , or to CsF3 (three isomeric forms)+F2 , or for rearrangement to a significantly more stable isomer, a classical Cs(+) complex of F5 (-) . Similarly the CsF2 (+) ion is computed to be metastable in two isomeric forms. In the more symmetrical structures of these molecules there is definite involvement in bonding of the formally core 5p levels of Cs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Yu Rogachev
- Dept. of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology (USA)
| | - Mao-Sheng Miao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge (USA).,Beijing Computational Science Research Center (P.R. China)
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida (México)
| | - Roald Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, Ithaca NY 14853-1301 (USA).
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50
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Structure, bonding, relativistic effects, and dispersion in the group 12 dihalide (MX2)3 clusters, with lessons from the extended solids. Struct Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-015-0598-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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