1
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Dey P, Santra S, Ghosh D. Effect of the protein environment on the excited state phenomena in a bacteriophytochrome. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:20875-20882. [PMID: 39044617 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02112f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The excited state processes of a bacteriophytochrome are studied using high-level multireference methods. The various non-radiative channels of deactivation are identified for the chromophore. The effects of the protein environment and substituents are elucidated for these excited state processes. It is observed that while the excited states are completely delocalized in the Franck-Condon (FC) region, they acquire significant charge transfer character near the conical intersections. Earlier studies have emphasized the delocalized nature of the excited states in the FC region, which leads to absorption spectra with minimal Stokes shift [Rumyantsev et al., Sci. Rep., 2015, 5, 18348]. The effect of the protein environment on the vertical excitation energies was minimal, while that on the conical intersection (CI) energetics was significant. This may lead one to believe that it is charge transfer driven. However, energy decomposition analysis shows that it is the effect of the dispersion of nearby residues and the steric effect on the rings and substituents that lead to the large effect of proteins on the energetics of the CIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradipta Dey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Supriyo Santra
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Debashree Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
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2
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Hildebrandt P. Vibrational Spectroscopy of Phytochromes. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1007. [PMID: 37371587 DOI: 10.3390/biom13061007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochromes are biological photoswitches that translate light into physiological functions. Spectroscopic techniques are essential tools for molecular research into these photoreceptors. This review is directed at summarizing how resonance Raman and IR spectroscopy contributed to an understanding of the structure, dynamics, and reaction mechanism of phytochromes, outlining the substantial experimental and theoretical challenges and describing the strategies to master them. It is shown that the potential of the various vibrational spectroscopic techniques can be most efficiently exploited using integral approaches via a combination of theoretical methods as well as other experimental techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hildebrandt
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Protein control of photochemistry and transient intermediates in phytochromes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6838. [PMID: 36369284 PMCID: PMC9652276 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34640-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochromes are ubiquitous photoreceptors responsible for sensing light in plants, fungi and bacteria. Their photoactivation is initiated by the photoisomerization of the embedded chromophore, triggering large conformational changes in the protein. Despite numerous experimental and computational studies, the role of chromophore-protein interactions in controlling the mechanism and timescale of the process remains elusive. Here, we combine nonadiabatic surface hopping trajectories and adiabatic molecular dynamics simulations to reveal the molecular details of such control for the Deinococcus radiodurans bacteriophytochrome. Our simulations reveal that chromophore photoisomerization proceeds through a hula-twist mechanism whose kinetics is mainly determined by the hydrogen bond of the chromophore with a close-by histidine. The resulting photoproduct relaxes to an early intermediate stabilized by a tyrosine, and finally evolves into a late intermediate, featuring a more disordered binding pocket and a weakening of the aspartate-to-arginine salt-bridge interaction, whose cleavage is essential to interconvert the phytochrome to the active state.
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4
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Conserved histidine and tyrosine determine spectral responses through the water network in Deinococcus radiodurans phytochrome. PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN PHOTOCHEMISTRY ASSOCIATION AND THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR PHOTOBIOLOGY 2022; 21:1975-1989. [PMID: 35906527 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Phytochromes are red light-sensing photoreceptor proteins that bind a bilin chromophore. Here, we investigate the role of a conserved histidine (H260) and tyrosine (Y263) in the chromophore-binding domain (CBD) of Deinococcus radiodurans phytochrome (DrBphP). Using crystallography, we show that in the H260A variant, the missing imidazole side chain leads to increased water content in the binding pocket. On the other hand, Y263F mutation reduces the water occupancy around the chromophore. Together, these changes in water coordination alter the protonation and spectroscopic properties of the biliverdin. These results pinpoint the importance of this conserved histidine and tyrosine, and the related water network, for the function and applications of phytochromes.
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5
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Kraskov A, Buhrke D, Scheerer P, Shaef I, Sanchez JC, Carrillo M, Noda M, Feliz D, Stojković EA, Hildebrandt P. On the Role of the Conserved Histidine at the Chromophore Isomerization Site in Phytochromes. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:13696-13709. [PMID: 34843240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c08245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phytochromes are sensory photoreceptors that use light to drive protein structural changes, which in turn trigger physiological reaction cascades. The process starts with a double-bond photoisomerization of the linear methine-bridged tetrapyrrole chromophore in the photosensory core module. The molecular mechanism of the photoconversion depends on the structural and electrostatic properties of the chromophore environment, which are highly conserved in related phytochromes. However, the specific role of individual amino acids is yet not clear. A histidine in the vicinity of the isomerization site is highly conserved and almost invariant among all phytochromes. The present study aimed at analyzing its role by taking advantage of a myxobacterial phytochrome SaBphP1 from Stigmatella aurantiaca, where this histidine is naturally substituted with a threonine (Thr289), and comparing it to its normal, His-containing counterpart from the same organism SaBphP2 (His275). We have carried out a detailed resonance Raman and IR spectroscopic investigation of the wild-type proteins and their respective His- or Thr-substituted variants (SaBphP1-T289H and SaBphP2-H275T) using the well-characterized prototypical phytochrome Agp1 from Agrobacterium fabrum as a reference. The overall mechanism of the photoconversion is insensitive toward the His substitution. However, the chromophore geometry at the isomerization site appears to be affected, with a slightly stronger twist of ring D in the presence of Thr, which is sufficient to cause different light absorption properties in SaBphP1 and SaBphP2. Furthermore, the presence of His allows for multiple hydrogen-bonding interactions with the ring D carbonyl which may be the origin for the geometric differences of the C-D methine bridge compared to the Thr-containing variants. Other structural and mechanistic differences are independent of the presence of His. The most striking finding is the protonation of the ring C propionate in the Pfr states of SaBphP2, which is common among bathy phytochromes but so far has not been reported in prototypical phytochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kraskov
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Buhrke
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Charité─Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ida Shaef
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Juan C Sanchez
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 North St. Louis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60625, United States
| | - Melissa Carrillo
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 North St. Louis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60625, United States
| | - Moraima Noda
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 North St. Louis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60625, United States
| | - Denisse Feliz
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 North St. Louis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60625, United States
| | - Emina A Stojković
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 North St. Louis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60625, United States
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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6
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Takala H, Edlund P, Ihalainen JA, Westenhoff S. Tips and turns of bacteriophytochrome photoactivation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 19:1488-1510. [PMID: 33107538 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00117a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Phytochromes are ubiquitous photosensor proteins, which control the growth, reproduction and movement in plants, fungi and bacteria. Phytochromes switch between two photophysical states depending on the light conditions. In analogy to molecular machines, light absorption induces a series of structural changes that are transduced from the bilin chromophore, through the protein, and to the output domains. Recent progress towards understanding this structural mechanism of signal transduction has been manifold. We describe this progress with a focus on bacteriophytochromes. We describe the mechanism along three structural tiers, which are the chromophore-binding pocket, the photosensory module, and the output domains. We discuss possible interconnections between the tiers and conclude by presenting future directions and open questions. We hope that this review may serve as a compendium to guide future structural and spectroscopic studies designed to understand structural signaling in phytochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heikki Takala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Box 35, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland. and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Box 63, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petra Edlund
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Janne A Ihalainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Box 35, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland.
| | - Sebastian Westenhoff
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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7
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Altmayer S, Jähnigen S, Köhler L, Wiebeler C, Song C, Sebastiani D, Matysik J. Hydrogen Bond between a Tyrosine Residue and the C-Ring Propionate Has a Direct Influence on Conformation and Absorption of the Bilin Cofactor in Red/Green Cyanobacteriochromes. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:1331-1342. [PMID: 33523656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c08518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) are photoreceptors of the phytochrome superfamily showing remarkable variability in the wavelengths of the first electronic transition-sometimes denoted as Q band-compared to canonical phytochromes. Both classes carry the same cofactor, a bilin, but the molecular basis for the wide variation of their absorption properties is still a matter of debate. The interaction between the cofactor and the surrounding protein moiety has been proposed as a possible tuning factor. Here, we address the impact of hydrogen-bonding interaction between the covalently bound tetrapyrrole cofactor (phycocyanobilin, PCB) and a conserved tyrosine residue (Y302) in the second GAF (cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase, adenylyl cyclases, and FhlA) domain of the red-/green-switching CBCR AnPixJ (AnPixJg2). In the wild type, AnPixJg2 shows absorption maxima of 648 and 543 nm for the dark-adapted (Pr) and photoproduct (Pg) states, respectively. The Y302F mutation leads to the occurrence of an additional absorption band at 687 nm, which is assigned to a new spectroscopically identified sub-state called PIII. Similar spectral changes result upon mutating the Y302F-homologue in another representative red-/green-switching CBCR, Slr1393g3. Molecular dynamics simulations on the dark-adapted state suggest that the removal of the hydrogen bond leads to an additional PCB sub-state differing in its A- and D-ring geometries. The origin of the Q band satellite in the dark-adapted state is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Altmayer
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sascha Jähnigen
- Institut für Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Lisa Köhler
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Wiebeler
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Chen Song
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Sebastiani
- Institut für Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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8
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Velazquez Escobar F, Kneip C, Michael N, Hildebrandt T, Tavraz N, Gärtner W, Hughes J, Friedrich T, Scheerer P, Mroginski MA, Hildebrandt P. The Lumi-R Intermediates of Prototypical Phytochromes. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:4044-4055. [PMID: 32330037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c01059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phytochromes are photoreceptors that upon light absorption initiate a physiological reaction cascade. The starting point is the photoisomerization of the tetrapyrrole cofactor in the parent Pr state, followed by thermal relaxation steps culminating in activation of the physiological signal. Here we have employed resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy to study the chromophore structure in the primary photoproduct Lumi-R, trapped between 130 and 200 K. The investigations covered phytochromes from plants (phyA) and prokaryotes (Cph1, Agp1, CphB, and RpBphP2) including phytochromobilin (PΦB), phycocyanobilin (PCB), and biliverdin (BV). In PΦB- and PCB-binding phyA and Cph1, two Lumi-R states (Lumi-R1, Lumi-R2) were identified and discussed in terms of sequential and parallel reaction models. In Lumi-R1, the chromophore structural changes are restricted to the C-D methine bridge isomerization site but extended throughout the chromophore in Lumi-R2. Formation and decay kinetics as well as photochemical activity depend on the specific protein-chromophore interactions and thus account for the different distribution between Lumi-R1 and Lumi-R2 in the photostationary mixtures of the various PΦB(PCB)-binding phytochromes. For BV-binding bacteriophytochromes, only a single Lumi-R(BV) state was found. In this state, which is similar for Agp1, CphB, and RpBphP2, the chromophore structural changes comprise major torsions of the C-D methine bridge but also perturbations at the A-B methine bridge remote from the isomerization site. The different structures of the photoproducts in PΦB(PCB)-binding phytochromes and BV-binding bacteriophytochromes are attributed to the different disposition of ring D upon isomerization, which leads to distinct protein-chromophore interactions in the Lumi-R states of these two classes of phytochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Velazquez Escobar
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17 Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christa Kneip
- Grünenthal GmbH, Zieglerstraße 6, D-52078 Aachen, Germany
| | - Norbert Michael
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17 Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Hildebrandt
- Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Klinik für Neurologie, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Neslihan Tavraz
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17 Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Gärtner
- Universität Leipzig, Institut für Analytische Chemie, Linnéstr. 3, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jon Hughes
- Plant Physiology, Justus-Liebig University Gießen, Senckenbergstrasse 3, D-35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Friedrich
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17 Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Andrea Mroginski
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17 Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17 Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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9
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Buhrke D, Gourinchas G, Müller M, Michael N, Hildebrandt P, Winkler A. Distinct chromophore-protein environments enable asymmetric activation of a bacteriophytochrome-activated diguanylate cyclase. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:539-551. [PMID: 31801828 PMCID: PMC6956517 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensing of red and far-red light by bacteriophytochromes involves intricate interactions between their bilin chromophore and the protein environment. The light-triggered rearrangements of the cofactor configuration and eventually the protein conformation enable bacteriophytochromes to interact with various protein effector domains for biological modulation of diverse physiological functions. Excitation of the holoproteins by red or far-red light promotes the photoconversion to their far-red light-absorbing Pfr state or the red light-absorbing Pr state, respectively. Because prototypical bacteriophytochromes have a parallel dimer architecture, it is generally assumed that symmetric activation with two Pfr state protomers constitutes the signaling-active species. However, the bacteriophytochrome from Idiomarina species A28L (IsPadC) has recently been reported to enable long-range signal transduction also in asymmetric dimers containing only one Pfr protomer. By combining crystallography, hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled to MS, and vibrational spectroscopy, we show here that Pfr of IsPadC is in equilibrium with an intermediate "Pfr-like" state that combines features of Pfr and Meta-R states observed in other bacteriophytochromes. We also show that structural rearrangements in the N-terminal segment (NTS) can stabilize this Pfr-like state and that the PHY-tongue conformation of IsPadC is partially uncoupled from the initial changes in the NTS. This uncoupling enables structural asymmetry of the overall homodimeric assembly and allows signal transduction to the covalently linked physiological diguanylate cyclase output module in which asymmetry might play a role in the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The functional differences to other phytochrome systems identified here highlight opportunities for using additional red-light sensors in artificial sensor-effector systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Buhrke
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straβe des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Geoffrey Gourinchas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Melanie Müller
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Michael
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straβe des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straβe des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Winkler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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10
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Buhrke D, Hildebrandt P. Probing Structure and Reaction Dynamics of Proteins Using Time-Resolved Resonance Raman Spectroscopy. Chem Rev 2019; 120:3577-3630. [PMID: 31814387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic understanding of protein functions requires insight into the structural and reaction dynamics. To elucidate these processes, a variety of experimental approaches are employed. Among them, time-resolved (TR) resonance Raman (RR) is a particularly versatile tool to probe processes of proteins harboring cofactors with electronic transitions in the visible range, such as retinal or heme proteins. TR RR spectroscopy offers the advantage of simultaneously providing molecular structure and kinetic information. The various TR RR spectroscopic methods can cover a wide dynamic range down to the femtosecond time regime and have been employed in monitoring photoinduced reaction cascades, ligand binding and dissociation, electron transfer, enzymatic reactions, and protein un- and refolding. In this account, we review the achievements of TR RR spectroscopy of nearly 50 years of research in this field, which also illustrates how the role of TR RR spectroscopy in molecular life science has changed from the beginning until now. We outline the various methodological approaches and developments and point out current limitations and potential perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Buhrke
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17, Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17, Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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11
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González R, Mroginski MA. Fully Quantum Chemical Treatment of Chromophore–Protein Interactions in Phytochromes. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:9819-9830. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b08938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald González
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria A. Mroginski
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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12
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MAS NMR on a Red/Far-Red Photochromic Cyanobacteriochrome All2699 from Nostoc. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153656. [PMID: 31357417 PMCID: PMC6696110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike canonical phytochromes, the GAF domain of cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) can bind bilins autonomously and is sufficient for functional photocycles. Despite the astonishing spectral diversity of CBCRs, the GAF1 domain of the three-GAF-domain photoreceptor all2699 from the cyanobacterium Nostoc 7120 is the only CBCR-GAF known that converts from a red-absorbing (Pr) dark state to a far-red-absorbing (Pfr) photoproduct, analogous to the more conservative phytochromes. Here we report a solid-state NMR spectroscopic study of all2699g1 in its Pr state. Conclusive NMR evidence unveils a particular stereochemical heterogeneity at the tetrahedral C31 atom, whereas the crystal structure shows exclusively the R-stereochemistry at this chiral center. Additional NMR experiments were performed on a construct comprising the GAF1 and GAF2 domains of all2699, showing a greater precision in the chromophore-protein interactions in the GAF1-2 construct. A 3D Pr structural model of the all2699g1-2 construct predicts a tongue-like region extending from the GAF2 domain (akin to canonical phytochromes) in the direction of the chromophore, shielding it from the solvent. In addition, this stabilizing element allows exclusively the R-stereochemistry for the chromophore-protein linkage. Site-directed mutagenesis performed on three conserved motifs in the hairpin-like tip confirms the interaction of the tongue region with the GAF1-bound chromophore.
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13
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Modi V, Donnini S, Groenhof G, Morozov D. Protonation of the Biliverdin IXα Chromophore in the Red and Far-Red Photoactive States of a Bacteriophytochrome. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:2325-2334. [PMID: 30762368 PMCID: PMC6727380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The
tetrapyrrole chromophore biliverdin IXα (BV) in the bacteriophytochrome
from Deinococcus radiodurans (DrBphP)
is usually assumed to be fully protonated, but this assumption has
not been systematically validated by experiments or extensive computations.
Here, we use force field molecular dynamics simulations and quantum
mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations with density functional
theory and XMCQDPT2 methods to investigate the effect of the five
most probable protonation forms of BV on structural stability, binding
pocket interactions, and absorption spectra in the two photochromic
states of DrBphP. While agreement with X-ray structural data and measured
UV/vis spectra suggest that in both states the protonated form of
the chromophore dominates, we also find that a minor population with
a deprotonated D-ring could contribute to the red-shifted tail in
the absorption spectra.
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14
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Schmidt A, Sauthof L, Szczepek M, Lopez MF, Escobar FV, Qureshi BM, Michael N, Buhrke D, Stevens T, Kwiatkowski D, von Stetten D, Mroginski MA, Krauß N, Lamparter T, Hildebrandt P, Scheerer P. Structural snapshot of a bacterial phytochrome in its functional intermediate state. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4912. [PMID: 30464203 PMCID: PMC6249285 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07392-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochromes are modular photoreceptors of plants, bacteria and fungi that use light as a source of information to regulate fundamental physiological processes. Interconversion between the active and inactive states is accomplished by a photoinduced reaction sequence which couples the sensor with the output module. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is yet not fully understood due to the lack of structural data of functionally relevant intermediate states. Here we report the crystal structure of a Meta-F intermediate state of an Agp2 variant from Agrobacterium fabrum. This intermediate, the identity of which was verified by resonance Raman spectroscopy, was formed by irradiation of the parent Pfr state and displays significant reorientations of almost all amino acids surrounding the chromophore. Structural comparisons allow identifying structural motifs that might serve as conformational switch for initiating the functional secondary structure change that is linked to the (de-)activation of these photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schmidt
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, D-10117, Germany
| | - Luisa Sauthof
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, D-10117, Germany
| | - Michal Szczepek
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, D-10117, Germany
| | - Maria Fernandez Lopez
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC 14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, Berlin, D-10623, Germany
| | - Francisco Velazquez Escobar
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC 14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, Berlin, D-10623, Germany
| | - Bilal M Qureshi
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, D-10117, Germany
- Division of Biological & Environmental Sciences & Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norbert Michael
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC 14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, Berlin, D-10623, Germany
| | - David Buhrke
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC 14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, Berlin, D-10623, Germany
| | - Tammo Stevens
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, D-10117, Germany
| | - Dennis Kwiatkowski
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, D-10117, Germany
| | - David von Stetten
- Structural Biology Group, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CS 40220 F-38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation c/o DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg, D-22607, Germany
| | - Maria Andrea Mroginski
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC 14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, Berlin, D-10623, Germany
| | - Norbert Krauß
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Botanical Institute, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, Karlsruhe, D-76131, Germany
| | - Tilman Lamparter
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Botanical Institute, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, Karlsruhe, D-76131, Germany
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC 14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, Berlin, D-10623, Germany.
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, D-10117, Germany.
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15
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Assafa TE, Anders K, Linne U, Essen LO, Bordignon E. Light-Driven Domain Mechanics of a Minimal Phytochrome Photosensory Module Studied by EPR. Structure 2018; 26:1534-1545.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Ihalainen JA, Gustavsson E, Schroeder L, Donnini S, Lehtivuori H, Isaksson L, Thöing C, Modi V, Berntsson O, Stucki-Buchli B, Liukkonen A, Häkkänen H, Kalenius E, Westenhoff S, Kottke T. Chromophore–Protein Interplay during the Phytochrome Photocycle Revealed by Step-Scan FTIR Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:12396-12404. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janne A. Ihalainen
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland
| | - Emil Gustavsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| | - Lea Schroeder
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Serena Donnini
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland
| | - Heli Lehtivuori
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland
| | - Linnéa Isaksson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| | - Christian Thöing
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Vaibhav Modi
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland
| | - Oskar Berntsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| | - Brigitte Stucki-Buchli
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland
| | - Alli Liukkonen
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland
| | - Heikki Häkkänen
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland
| | - Elina Kalenius
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland
| | - Sebastian Westenhoff
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| | - Tilman Kottke
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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17
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Scarbath-Evers LK, Jähnigen S, Elgabarty H, Song C, Narikawa R, Matysik J, Sebastiani D. Structural heterogeneity in a parent ground-state structure of AnPixJg2 revealed by theory and spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:13882-13894. [PMID: 28513754 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp01218g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the red absorbing, dark stable state (Pr state) of the second GAF domain of the cyanobacteriochrome AnPixJ (AnPixJg2) by a molecular dynamics simulation of 1 μs duration. Our results reveal two distinct conformational isoforms of the chromophore, from which only one was known from crystallographic experiments. The interconversion between both isoforms is accompanied by alterations in the hydrogen bond pattern between the chromophore and the protein and the solvation structure of the chromophore binding pocket. The existence of sub-states in the Pr form of AnPixJg2 is supported by the results from experimental 13C MAS NMR spectroscopy. Our finding is consistent with the observation of structural heterogeneity in other cyanobacteriochromes and phytochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Katharina Scarbath-Evers
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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18
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Velázquez Escobar F, Buhrke D, Michael N, Sauthof L, Wilkening S, Tavraz NN, Salewski J, Frankenberg-Dinkel N, Mroginski MA, Scheerer P, Friedrich T, Siebert F, Hildebrandt P. Common Structural Elements in the Chromophore Binding Pocket of the Pfr State of Bathy Phytochromes. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:724-732. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David Buhrke
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Norbert Michael
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Luisa Sauthof
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics (CCO); Group Protein X-ray Crystallography & Signal Transduction; Charité - University Medicine Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Svea Wilkening
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | | | | | - Nicole Frankenberg-Dinkel
- Fachbereich Biologie; Abt. Mikrobiologie; Technische Universität Kaiserslautern; Kaiserslautern Germany
| | | | - Patrick Scheerer
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics (CCO); Group Protein X-ray Crystallography & Signal Transduction; Charité - University Medicine Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Thomas Friedrich
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Friedrich Siebert
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin und Zellforschung; Sektion Biophysik; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
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19
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Lamparter T, Krauß N, Scheerer P. Phytochromes from Agrobacterium fabrum. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:642-655. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Lamparter
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Botanical Institute; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Norbert Krauß
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Botanical Institute; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics (CC2); Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction; Berlin Germany
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20
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Takiden A, Velazquez-Escobar F, Dragelj J, Woelke AL, Knapp EW, Piwowarski P, Bart F, Hildebrandt P, Mroginski MA. Structural and Vibrational Characterization of the Chromophore Binding Site of Bacterial Phytochrome Agp1. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:713-723. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aref Takiden
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | | | - Jovan Dragelj
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Anna Lena Woelke
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Ernst-Walter Knapp
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Patrick Piwowarski
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics; Charité-Medical University Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Franz Bart
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics; Charité-Medical University Berlin; Berlin Germany
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21
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Bizimana LA, Epstein J, Brazard J, Turner DB. Conformational Homogeneity in the P r Isomer of Phytochrome Cph1. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:2622-2630. [PMID: 28282147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b02180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Numerous time-resolved studies of the Pr to Pfr photoisomerization in phytochrome Cph1 have revealed multiphasic excited-state decay kinetics. It remains unclear whether these kinetics arise from multiple ground-state conformational subpopulations or from a single ground-state conformation that undergoes an excited-state photoisomerization process-either branching on the excited state or relaxing through multiple sequential intermediates. Many studies have attempted to resolve this debate by fitting the measured dynamics to proposed kinetic models, arriving at different conclusions. Here we probe spectral signatures of ground-state heterogeneity of Pr. Two-dimensional electronic spectra display negligible inhomogeneous line broadening, and vibrational coherence spectra extracted from transient absorption measurements do not contain nodes and phase shifts at the fluorescence maximum. These spectroscopic results support the homogeneous model, in which the primary photochemical transformation of Pr to Lumi-R occurs adiabatically on the excited-state potential energy surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie A Bizimana
- Department of Chemistry, New York University , 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Jordan Epstein
- Department of Chemistry, New York University , 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Johanna Brazard
- Department of Chemistry, New York University , 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Daniel B Turner
- Department of Chemistry, New York University , 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
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22
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Velazquez Escobar F, Lang C, Takiden A, Schneider C, Balke J, Hughes J, Alexiev U, Hildebrandt P, Mroginski MA. Protonation-Dependent Structural Heterogeneity in the Chromophore Binding Site of Cyanobacterial Phytochrome Cph1. J Phys Chem B 2016; 121:47-57. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b09600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Velazquez Escobar
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Lang
- Plant
Physiology, Justus-Liebig University Gießen, Senckenbergstrasse 3, D-35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Aref Takiden
- Plant
Physiology, Justus-Liebig University Gießen, Senckenbergstrasse 3, D-35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Constantin Schneider
- Institut
für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Balke
- Institut
für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jon Hughes
- Plant
Physiology, Justus-Liebig University Gießen, Senckenbergstrasse 3, D-35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Alexiev
- Institut
für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Andrea Mroginski
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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23
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Wang C, Flanagan ML, McGillicuddy RD, Zheng H, Ginzburg AR, Yang X, Moffat K, Engel GS. Bacteriophytochrome Photoisomerization Proceeds Homogeneously Despite Heterogeneity in Ground State. Biophys J 2016; 111:2125-2134. [PMID: 27851937 PMCID: PMC5113153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochromes are red/far-red photoreceptors that are widely distributed in plants and prokaryotes. Ultrafast photoisomerization of a double bond in a biliverdin cofactor or other linear tetrapyrrole drives their photoactivity, but their photodynamics are only partially understood. Multiexponential dynamics were observed in previous ultrafast spectroscopic studies and were attributed to heterogeneous populations of the pigment-protein complex. In this work, two-dimensional photon echo spectroscopy was applied to study dynamics of the bacteriophytochromes RpBphP2 and PaBphP. Two-dimensional photon echo spectroscopy can simultaneously resolve inhomogeneity in ensembles and fast dynamics by correlating pump wavelength with the emitted signal wavelength. The distribution of absorption and emission energies within the same state indicates an ensemble of heterogeneous protein environments that are spectroscopically distinct. However, the lifetimes of the dynamics are uniform across the ensemble, suggesting a homogeneous model involving sequential intermediates for the initial photodynamics of isomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The James Franck Institute, Institute for Biophysical Dyanmics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Moira L Flanagan
- Graduate Program in Biophysical Science, The James Franck Institute, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ryan D McGillicuddy
- Department of Chemistry, The James Franck Institute, Institute for Biophysical Dyanmics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Haibin Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, The James Franck Institute, Institute for Biophysical Dyanmics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alan Ruvim Ginzburg
- Department of Chemistry, The James Franck Institute, Institute for Biophysical Dyanmics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Keith Moffat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gregory S Engel
- Department of Chemistry, The James Franck Institute, Institute for Biophysical Dyanmics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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24
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Nagano S, Scheerer P, Zubow K, Michael N, Inomata K, Lamparter T, Krauß N. The Crystal Structures of the N-terminal Photosensory Core Module of Agrobacterium Phytochrome Agp1 as Parallel and Anti-parallel Dimers. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20674-91. [PMID: 27466363 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.739136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Agp1 is a canonical biliverdin-binding bacteriophytochrome from the soil bacterium Agrobacterium fabrum that acts as a light-regulated histidine kinase. Crystal structures of the photosensory core modules (PCMs) of homologous phytochromes have provided a consistent picture of the structural changes that these proteins undergo during photoconversion between the parent red light-absorbing state (Pr) and the far-red light-absorbing state (Pfr). These changes include secondary structure rearrangements in the so-called tongue of the phytochrome-specific (PHY) domain and structural rearrangements within the long α-helix that connects the cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase, adenylyl cyclase, and FhlA (GAF) and the PHY domains. We present the crystal structures of the PCM of Agp1 at 2.70 Å resolution and of a surface-engineered mutant of this PCM at 1.85 Å resolution in the dark-adapted Pr states. Whereas in the mutant structure the dimer subunits are in anti-parallel orientation, the wild-type structure contains parallel subunits. The relative orientations between the PAS-GAF bidomain and the PHY domain are different in the two structures, due to movement involving two hinge regions in the GAF-PHY connecting α-helix and the tongue, indicating pronounced structural flexibility that may give rise to a dynamic Pr state. The resolution of the mutant structure enabled us to detect a sterically strained conformation of the chromophore at ring A that we attribute to the tight interaction with Pro-461 of the conserved PRXSF motif in the tongue. Based on this observation and on data from mutants where residues in the tongue region were replaced by alanine, we discuss the crucial roles of those residues in Pr-to-Pfr photoconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soshichiro Nagano
- From the School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- the Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics (CC2), Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Zubow
- From the School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Norbert Michael
- the Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekretariat PC 14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katsuhiko Inomata
- the Division of Material Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan, and
| | - Tilman Lamparter
- the Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 2, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Norbert Krauß
- From the School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom, the Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 2, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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25
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Otero LH, Klinke S, Rinaldi J, Velázquez-Escobar F, Mroginski MA, Fernández López M, Malamud F, Vojnov AA, Hildebrandt P, Goldbaum FA, Bonomi HR. Structure of the Full-Length Bacteriophytochrome from the Plant Pathogen Xanthomonas campestris Provides Clues to its Long-Range Signaling Mechanism. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:3702-20. [PMID: 27107635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Phytochromes constitute a major superfamily of light-sensing proteins that are reversibly photoconverted between a red-absorbing (Pr) and a far-red-absorbing (Pfr) state. Bacteriophytochromes (BphPs) are found among photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic bacteria, including pathogens. To date, several BphPs have been biophysically characterized. However, it is still not fully understood how structural changes are propagated from the photosensory module to the output module during the signal transduction event. Most phytochromes share a common architecture consisting of an N-terminal photosensor that includes the PAS2-GAF-PHY domain triad and a C-terminal variable output module. Here we present the crystal structure of the full-length BphP from the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (XccBphP) bearing its photosensor and its complete output module, a PAS9 domain. In the crystals, the protein was found to be in the Pr state, whereas diffraction data together with resonance Raman spectroscopic and theoretical results indicate a ZZZssa and a ZZEssa chromophore configuration corresponding to a mixture of Pr and Meta-R state, the precursor of Pfr. The XccBphP quaternary assembly reveals a head-to-head dimer in which the output module contributes to the helical dimer interface. The photosensor, which is shown to be a bathy-like BphP, is influenced in its dark reactions by the output module. Our structural analyses suggest that the photoconversion between the Pr and Pfr states in the full-length XccBphP may involve changes in the relative positioning of the output module. This work contributes to understand the light-induced structural changes propagated from the photosensor to the output modules in phytochrome signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisandro Horacio Otero
- Fundación Instituto Leloir-IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435 (C1405BWE), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Plataforma Argentina de Biología Estructural y Metabolómica PLABEM, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435 (C1405BWE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Klinke
- Fundación Instituto Leloir-IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435 (C1405BWE), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Plataforma Argentina de Biología Estructural y Metabolómica PLABEM, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435 (C1405BWE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jimena Rinaldi
- Fundación Instituto Leloir-IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435 (C1405BWE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco Velázquez-Escobar
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Straße des 17. Juni 135 (10623), Berlin, Germany
| | - María Andrea Mroginski
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Straße des 17. Juni 135 (10623), Berlin, Germany
| | - María Fernández López
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Straße des 17. Juni 135 (10623), Berlin, Germany
| | - Florencia Malamud
- UNSAM Campus Miguelete IIB-Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Av. 25 de Mayo y Francia (B1650KNA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adrián Alberto Vojnov
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. Cesar Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, CONICET, Saladillo 2468 (C1440FFX), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Straße des 17. Juni 135 (10623), Berlin, Germany
| | - Fernando Alberto Goldbaum
- Fundación Instituto Leloir-IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435 (C1405BWE), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Plataforma Argentina de Biología Estructural y Metabolómica PLABEM, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435 (C1405BWE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hernán Ruy Bonomi
- Fundación Instituto Leloir-IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435 (C1405BWE), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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26
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Nagano S. From photon to signal in phytochromes: similarities and differences between prokaryotic and plant phytochromes. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:123-135. [PMID: 26818948 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0789-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phytochromes represent a diverse family of red/far-red-light absorbing chromoproteins which are widespread across plants, cyanobacteria, non-photosynthetic bacteria, and more. Phytochromes play key roles in regulating physiological activities in response to light, a critical element in the acclimatization to the environment. The discovery of prokaryotic phytochromes facilitated structural studies which deepened our understanding on the general mechanisms of phytochrome action. An extrapolation of this information to plant phytochromes is justified for universally conserved functional aspects, but it is also true that there are many aspects which are unique to plant phytochromes. Here I summarize some structural studies carried out to date on both prokaryotic and plant phytochromes. I also attempt to identify aspects which are common or unique to plant and prokaryotic phytochromes. Phytochrome themselves, as well as the downstream signaling pathway in plants are more complex than in their prokaryotic counterparts. Thus many structural and functional aspects of plant phytochrome remain unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soshichiro Nagano
- Institute for Plant Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Senckenbergstrasse 3, 35390, Giessen, Germany.
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27
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Song C, Lang C, Kopycki J, Hughes J, Matysik J. NMR chemical shift pattern changed by ammonium sulfate precipitation in cyanobacterial phytochrome Cph1. Front Mol Biosci 2015; 2:42. [PMID: 26284254 PMCID: PMC4516977 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2015.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochromes are dimeric biliprotein photoreceptors exhibiting characteristic red/far-red photocycles. Full-length cyanobacterial phytochrome Cph1 from Synechocystis 6803 is soluble initially but tends to aggregate in a concentration-dependent manner, hampering attempts to solve the structure using NMR and crystallization methods. Otherwise, the Cph1 sensory module (Cph1Δ2), photochemically indistinguishable from the native protein and used extensively in structural and other studies, can be purified to homogeneity in >10 mg amounts at mM concentrations quite easily. Bulk precipitation of full-length Cph1 by ammonium sulfate (AmS) was expected to allow us to produce samples for solid-state magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR from dilute solutions before significant aggregation began. It was not clear, however, what effects the process of partial dehydration might have on the molecular structure. Here we test this by running solid-state MAS NMR experiments on AmS-precipitated Cph1Δ2 in its red-absorbing Pr state carrying uniformly 13C/15N-labeled phycocyanobilin (PCB) chromophore. 2D 13C–13C correlation experiments allowed a complete assignment of 13C responses of the chromophore. Upon precipitation, 13C chemical shifts for most of PCB carbons move upfield, in which we found major changes for C4 and C6 atoms associated with the A-ring positioning. Further, the broad spectral lines seen in the AmS 13C spectrum reflect primarily the extensive inhomogeneous broadening presumably due to an increase in the distribution of conformational states in the protein, in which less free water is available to partake in the hydration shells. Our data suggest that the effect of dehydration process indeed leads to changes of electronic structure of the bilin chromophore and a decrease in its mobility within the binding pocket, but not restricted to the protein surface. The extent of the changes induced differs from the freezing process of the solution samples routinely used in previous MAS NMR and crystallographic studies. AmS precipitation might nevertheless provide useful protein structure/functional information for full-length Cph1 in cases where neither X-ray crystallography nor conventional NMR methods are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Song
- Leids Instituut voor Chemisch Onderzoek, Universiteit Leiden Leiden, Netherlands ; Institut für Analytische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie and Mineralogie, Universität Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christina Lang
- Institut für Pflanzenphysiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Gießen, Germany
| | - Jakub Kopycki
- Institut für Pflanzenphysiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Gießen, Germany
| | - Jon Hughes
- Institut für Pflanzenphysiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Gießen, Germany
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Leids Instituut voor Chemisch Onderzoek, Universiteit Leiden Leiden, Netherlands ; Institut für Analytische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie and Mineralogie, Universität Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
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28
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Stensitzki T, Muders V, Schlesinger R, Heberle J, Heyne K. The primary photoreaction of channelrhodopsin-1: wavelength dependent photoreactions induced by ground-state heterogeneity. Front Mol Biosci 2015; 2:41. [PMID: 26258130 PMCID: PMC4510425 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2015.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary photodynamics of channelrhodopsin-1 from Chlamydomonas augustae (CaChR1) was investigated by VIS-pump supercontinuum probe experiments from femtoseconds to 100 picoseconds. In contrast to reported experiments on channelrhodopsin-2 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrChR2), we found a clear dependence of the photoreaction dynamics on varying the excitation wavelength. Upon excitation at 500 and at 550 nm we detected different bleaching bands, and spectrally distinct photoproduct absorptions in the first picoseconds. We assign the former to the ground-state heterogeneity of a mixture of 13-cis and all-trans retinal maximally absorbing around 480 and 540 nm, respectively. At 550 nm, all-trans retinal of the ground state is almost exclusively excited. Here, we found a fast all-trans to 13-cis isomerization process to a hot and spectrally broad P1 photoproduct with a time constant of (100 ± 50) fs, followed by photoproduct relaxation with time constants of (500 ± 100) fs and (5 ± 1) ps. The remaining fraction relaxes back to the parent ground state with time constants of (500 ± 100) fs and (5 ± 1) ps. Upon excitation at 500 nm a mixture of both chromophore conformations is excited, resulting in overlapping reaction dynamics with additional time constants of <300 fs, (1.8 ± 0.3) ps and (90 ± 25) ps. A new photoproduct Q is formed absorbing at around 600 nm. Strong coherent oscillatory signals were found pertaining up to several picoseconds. We determined low frequency modes around 200 cm−1, similar to those reported for bacteriorhodopsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Stensitzki
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Free University Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Vera Muders
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Free University Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Ramona Schlesinger
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Free University Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Heberle
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Free University Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Heyne
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Free University Berlin Berlin, Germany
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29
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Li F, Burgie ES, Yu T, Héroux A, Schatz GC, Vierstra RD, Orville AM. X-ray radiation induces deprotonation of the bilin chromophore in crystalline D. radiodurans phytochrome. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:2792-5. [PMID: 25650486 DOI: 10.1021/ja510923m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We report that in the red light-absorbing (Pr) state, the bilin chromophore of the Deinococcus radiodurans proteobacterial phytochrome (DrBphP) is hypersensitive to X-ray photons used in typical synchrotron X-ray protein crystallography experiments. This causes the otherwise fully protonated chromophore to deprotonate without additional major structural changes. These results have major implications for our understanding of the structural and chemical characteristics of the resting and intermediate states of phytochromes and other photoreceptor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Li
- Photon Sciences Directorate and ∥Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
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30
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Mathes T, Ravensbergen J, Kloz M, Gleichmann T, Gallagher KD, Woitowich NC, St Peter R, Kovaleva SE, Stojković EA, Kennis JTM. Femto- to Microsecond Photodynamics of an Unusual Bacteriophytochrome. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:239-43. [PMID: 26263456 DOI: 10.1021/jz502408n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A bacteriophytochrome from Stigmatella aurantiaca is an unusual member of the bacteriophytochrome family that is devoid of hydrogen bonding to the carbonyl group of ring D of the biliverdin (BV) chromophore. The photodynamics of BV in SaBphP1 wild type and the single mutant T289H reintroducing hydrogen bonding to ring D show that the strength of this particular weak interaction determines excited-state lifetime, Lumi-R quantum yield, and spectral heterogeneity. In particular, excited-state decay is faster in the absence of hydrogen-bonding to ring D, with excited-state half-lives of 30 and 80 ps for wild type and the T289H mutant, respectively. Concomitantly, the Lumi-R quantum yield is two times higher in wild type as compared with the T289H mutant. Furthermore, the spectral heterogeneity in the wild type is significantly higher than that in the T289H mutant. By extending the observable time domain to 25 μs, we observe a new deactivation pathway from the Lumi-R intermediate in the 100 ns time domain that corresponds to a backflip of ring D to the original Pr 15Za isomeric state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilo Mathes
- †Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Ravensbergen
- †Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miroslav Kloz
- †Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Gleichmann
- †Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin D Gallagher
- ‡Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 North St. Louis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60625, United States
| | - Nicole C Woitowich
- ‡Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 North St. Louis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60625, United States
| | - Rachael St Peter
- ‡Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 North St. Louis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60625, United States
| | - Svetlana E Kovaleva
- ‡Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 North St. Louis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60625, United States
| | - Emina A Stojković
- ‡Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 North St. Louis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60625, United States
| | - John T M Kennis
- †Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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31
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Burgie ES, Wang T, Bussell AN, Walker JM, Li H, Vierstra RD. Crystallographic and electron microscopic analyses of a bacterial phytochrome reveal local and global rearrangements during photoconversion. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:24573-87. [PMID: 25006244 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.571661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochromes are multidomain photoswitches that drive light perception in plants and microorganisms by coupling photoreversible isomerization of their bilin chromophore to various signaling cascades. How changes in bilin conformation affect output by these photoreceptors remains poorly resolved and might include several species-specific routes. Here, we present detailed three-dimensional models of the photosensing module and a picture of an entire dimeric photoreceptor through structural analysis of the Deinococcus radiodurans phytochrome BphP assembled with biliverdin (BV). A 1.16-Å resolution crystal structure of the bilin-binding pocket in the dark-adapted red light-absorbing state illuminated the intricate network of bilin/protein/water interactions and confirmed the protonation and ZZZssa conformation of BV. Structural and spectroscopic comparisons with the photochemically compromised D207A mutant revealed that substitutions of Asp-207 allow inclusion of cyclic porphyrins in addition to BV. A crystal structure of the entire photosensing module showed a head-to-head, twisted dimeric arrangement with bowed helical spines and a hairpin protrusion connecting the cGMP phosphodiesterase/adenylyl cyclase/FhlA (GAF) and phytochrome-specific (PHY) domains. A key conserved hairpin feature is its anti-parallel, two β-strand stem, which we show by mutagenesis to be critical for BphP photochemistry. Comparisons of single particle electron microscopic images of the full-length BphP dimer in the red light-absorbing state and the photoactivated far-red light-absorbing state revealed a large scale reorientation of the PHY domain relative to the GAF domain, which alters the position of the downstream histidine kinase output module. Together, our data support a toggle model whereby bilin photoisomerization alters GAF/PHY domain interactions through conformational modification of the hairpin, which regulates signaling by impacting the relationship between sister output modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sethe Burgie
- From the Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Tong Wang
- the Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, and
| | - Adam N Bussell
- From the Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Joseph M Walker
- From the Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Huilin Li
- the Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, and the Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Richard D Vierstra
- From the Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706,
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32
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Linke M, Yang Y, Zienicke B, Hammam MAS, von Haimberger T, Zacarias A, Inomata K, Lamparter T, Heyne K. Electronic transitions and heterogeneity of the bacteriophytochrome Pr absorption band: An angle balanced polarization resolved femtosecond VIS pump-IR probe study. Biophys J 2014; 105:1756-66. [PMID: 24138851 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoisomerization of biliverdin (BV) chromophore triggers the photoresponse in native Agp1 bacteriophytochrome. We discuss heterogeneity in phytochrome Pr form to account for the shape of the absorption profile. We investigated different regions of the absorption profile by angle balanced polarization resolved femtosecond VIS pump-IR probe spectroscopy. We studied the Pr form of Agp1 with its natural chromophore and with a sterically locked 18Et-BV (locked Agp1). We followed the dynamics and orientations of the carbonyl stretching vibrations of ring D and ring A in their ground and electronically excited states. Photoisomerization of ring D is reflected by strong signals of the ring D carbonyl vibration. In contrast, orientational data on ring A show no rotation of ring A upon photoexcitation. Orientational data allow excluding a ZZZasa geometry and corroborates a nontwisted ZZZssa geometry of the chromophore. We found no proof for heterogeneity but identified a new, to our knowledge, electronic transition in the absorption profile at 644 nm (S0→S2). Excitation of the S0→S2 transition will introduce a more complex photodynamics compared with S0→S1 transition. Our approach provides fundamental information on disentanglement of absorption profiles, identification of chromophore structures, and determination of molecular groups involved in the photoisomerization process of photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Linke
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Physics, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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33
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Yang Y, Linke M, von Haimberger T, Matute R, González L, Schmieder P, Heyne K. Active and silent chromophore isoforms for phytochrome Pr photoisomerization: An alternative evolutionary strategy to optimize photoreaction quantum yields. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2014; 1:014701. [PMID: 26798771 PMCID: PMC4711594 DOI: 10.1063/1.4865233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Photoisomerization of a protein bound chromophore is the basis of light sensing of many photoreceptors. We tracked Z-to-E photoisomerization of Cph1 phytochrome chromophore PCB in the Pr form in real-time. Two different phycocyanobilin (PCB) ground state geometries with different ring D orientations have been identified. The pre-twisted and hydrogen bonded PCB(a) geometry exhibits a time constant of 30 ps and a quantum yield of photoproduct formation of 29%, about six times slower and ten times higher than that for the non-hydrogen bonded PCB(b) geometry. This new mechanism of pre-twisting the chromophore by protein-cofactor interaction optimizes yields of slow photoreactions and provides a scaffold for photoreceptor engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Linke
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ricardo Matute
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
| | - Leticia González
- Universität Wien, Institut für Theoretische Chemie , Währinger Str. 17, A-1090 Wien
| | - Peter Schmieder
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie , Robert-Rössle Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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34
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Velazquez Escobar F, Hildebrandt T, Utesch T, Schmitt FJ, Seuffert I, Michael N, Schulz C, Mroginski MA, Friedrich T, Hildebrandt P. Structural parameters controlling the fluorescence properties of phytochromes. Biochemistry 2013; 53:20-9. [PMID: 24328165 DOI: 10.1021/bi401287u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Phytochromes constitute a class of photoreceptors that can be photoconverted between two stable states. The tetrapyrrole chromophore absorbs in the red spectral region and displays fluorescence maxima above 700 nm, albeit with low quantum yields. Because this wavelength region is particularly advantageous for fluorescence-based deep tissue imaging, there is a strong interest to engineer phytochrome variants with increased fluorescence yields. Such targeted design efforts would substantially benefit from a deeper understanding of those structural parameters that control the photophysical properties of the protein-bound chromophore. Here we have employed resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations for elucidating the chromophore structural changes in a fluorescence-optimized mutant (iRFP) derived from the PAS-GAF domain of the bacteriophytochrome RpBphP2 from Rhodopseudomas palustris . Both methods consistently reveal the structural consequences of the amino acid substitutions in the vicinity of the biliverdin chromophore that may account for lowering the propability of nonradiative excited state decays. First, compared to the wild-type protein, the tilt angle of the terminal ring D with respect to ring C is increased in iRFP, accompanied by the loss of hydrogen bond interactions of the ring D carbonyl function and the reduction of the number of water molecules in that part of the chromophore pocket. Second, the overall flexibility of the chromophore is significantly reduced, particularly in the region of rings D and A, thereby reducing the conformational heterogeneity of the methine bridge between rings A and B and the ring A carbonyl group, as concluded from the RR spectra of the wild-type proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Velazquez Escobar
- Technische Universität Berlin , Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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35
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Nieder JB, Stojković EA, Moffat K, Forest KT, Lamparter T, Bittl R, Kennis JTM. Pigment–Protein Interactions in Phytochromes Probed by Fluorescence Line Narrowing Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:14940-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jp409110q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana B. Nieder
- Fachbereich
Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Emina A. Stojković
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Advanced
Radiation Sources, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Keith Moffat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Advanced
Radiation Sources, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Katrina T. Forest
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Tilman Lamparter
- Botany
1, KIT - Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstrasse 2, D 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Robert Bittl
- Fachbereich
Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - John T. M. Kennis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Biophysics Section, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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36
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Gottlieb SM, Kim PW, Rockwell NC, Hirose Y, Ikeuchi M, Lagarias JC, Larsen DS. Primary Photodynamics of the Green/Red-Absorbing Photoswitching Regulator of the Chromatic Adaptation E Domain from Fremyella diplosiphon. Biochemistry 2013; 52:8198-208. [DOI: 10.1021/bi400946q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Gottlieb
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Peter W. Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Nathan C. Rockwell
- Department
of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, One Shields
Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yuu Hirose
- Electronics-Inspired
Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ikeuchi
- Electronics-Inspired
Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - J. Clark Lagarias
- Department
of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, One Shields
Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Delmar S. Larsen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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37
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Anders K, Daminelli-Widany G, Mroginski MA, von Stetten D, Essen LO. Structure of the cyanobacterial phytochrome 2 photosensor implies a tryptophan switch for phytochrome signaling. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:35714-25. [PMID: 24174528 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.510461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochromes are highly versatile photoreceptors, which occur ubiquitously in plants as well as in many light-responsive microorganisms. Here, photosynthetic cyanobacteria utilize up to three different phytochrome architectures, where only the plant-like and the single-domain cyanobacteriochromes are structurally characterized so far. Cph2 represents a third group in Synechocystis species and affects their capability of phototaxis by controlling c-di-GMP synthesis and degradation. The 2.6-Å crystal structure of its red/far-red responsive photosensory module in the Pr state reveals a tandem-GAF bidomain that lacks the figure-of-eight knot of the plant/cph1 subfamily. Its covalently attached phycocyanobilin chromophore adopts a highly tilted ZZZssa conformation with a novel set of interactions between its propionates and the GAF1 domain. The tongue-like protrusion from the GAF2 domain interacts with the GAF1-bound chromophore via its conserved PRXSF, WXE, and W(G/A)G motifs. Mutagenesis showed that the integrity of the tongue is indispensable for Pr → Pfr photoconversion and involves a swap of the motifs' tryptophans within the tongue-GAF1 interface. This "Trp switch" is supposed to be a crucial element for the photochromicity of all multidomain phytochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Anders
- From the Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Research Centre, Philipps-Universität, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
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38
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Zienicke B, Molina I, Glenz R, Singer P, Ehmer D, Escobar FV, Hildebrandt P, Diller R, Lamparter T. Unusual spectral properties of bacteriophytochrome Agp2 result from a deprotonation of the chromophore in the red-absorbing form Pr. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:31738-51. [PMID: 24036118 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.479535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochromes are widely distributed photoreceptors with a bilin chromophore that undergo a typical reversible photoconversion between the two spectrally different forms, Pr and Pfr. The phytochrome Agp2 from Agrobacterium tumefaciens belongs to the group of bathy phytochromes that have a Pfr ground state as a result of the Pr to Pfr dark conversion. Agp2 has untypical spectral properties in the Pr form reminiscent of a deprotonated chromophore as confirmed by resonance Raman spectroscopy. UV/visible absorption spectroscopy showed that the pKa is >11 in the Pfr form and ∼7.6 in the Pr form. Unlike other phytochromes, photoconversion thus results in a pKa shift of more than 3 units. The Pr/Pfr ratio after saturating irradiation with monochromatic light is strongly pH-dependent. This is partially due to a back-reaction of the deprotonated Pr chromophore at pH 9 after photoexcitation as found by flash photolysis. The chromophore protonation and dark conversion were affected by domain swapping and site-directed mutagenesis. A replacement of the PAS or GAF domain by the respective domain of the prototypical phytochrome Agp1 resulted in a protonated Pr chromophore; the GAF domain replacement afforded an inversion of the dark conversion. A reversion was also obtained with the triple mutant N12S/Q190L/H248Q, whereas each single point mutant is characterized by decelerated Pr to Pfr dark conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Zienicke
- From the Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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39
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Salewski J, Escobar FV, Kaminski S, von Stetten D, Keidel A, Rippers Y, Michael N, Scheerer P, Piwowarski P, Bartl F, Frankenberg-Dinkel N, Ringsdorf S, Gärtner W, Lamparter T, Mroginski MA, Hildebrandt P. Structure of the biliverdin cofactor in the Pfr state of bathy and prototypical phytochromes. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:16800-16814. [PMID: 23603902 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.457531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochromes act as photoswitches between the red- and far-red absorbing parent states of phytochromes (Pr and Pfr). Plant phytochromes display an additional thermal conversion route from the physiologically active Pfr to Pr. The same reaction pattern is found in prototypical biliverdin-binding bacteriophytochromes in contrast to the reverse thermal transformation in bathy bacteriophytochromes. However, the molecular origin of the different thermal stabilities of the Pfr states in prototypical and bathy bacteriophytochromes is not known. We analyzed the structures of the chromophore binding pockets in the Pfr states of various bathy and prototypical biliverdin-binding phytochromes using a combined spectroscopic-theoretical approach. For the Pfr state of the bathy phytochrome from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the very good agreement between calculated and experimental Raman spectra of the biliverdin cofactor is in line with important conclusions of previous crystallographic analyses, particularly the ZZEssa configuration of the chromophore and its mode of covalent attachment to the protein. The highly homogeneous chromophore conformation seems to be a unique property of the Pfr states of bathy phytochromes. This is in sharp contrast to the Pfr states of prototypical phytochromes that display conformational equilibria between two sub-states exhibiting small structural differences at the terminal methine bridges A-B and C-D. These differences may mainly root in the interactions of the cofactor with the highly conserved Asp-194 that occur via its carboxylate function in bathy phytochromes. The weaker interactions via the carbonyl function in prototypical phytochromes may lead to a higher structural flexibility of the chromophore pocket opening a reaction channel for the thermal (ZZE → ZZZ) Pfr to Pr back-conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Salewski
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Francisco Velazquez Escobar
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Steve Kaminski
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - David von Stetten
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany; Structural Biology Group, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Anke Keidel
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yvonne Rippers
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Michael
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics (CCO), D-10117 Berlin, Germany; AG Protein X-ray Crystallography, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Piwowarski
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics (CCO), D-10117 Berlin, Germany; AG Spectroscopy, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franz Bartl
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics (CCO), D-10117 Berlin, Germany; AG Spectroscopy, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Frankenberg-Dinkel
- AG Physiologie der Mikroorganismen, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Simone Ringsdorf
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Gärtner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim, Germany
| | - Tilman Lamparter
- Institut für Allgemeine Botanik, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Maria Andrea Mroginski
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
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Song C, Rohmer T, Tiersch M, Zaanen J, Hughes J, Matysik J. Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy to Probe Photoactivation in Canonical Phytochromes. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 89:259-73. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thierry Rohmer
- Leids Instituut voor Chemisch Onderzoek; Universiteit Leiden; Leiden; The Netherlands
| | | | - Jan Zaanen
- Instituut-Lorentz for Theoretical Physics; Universiteit Leiden; Leiden; The Netherlands
| | - Jon Hughes
- Pflanzenphysiologie; Justus-Liebig-Universität; Giessen; Germany
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41
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Freer LH, Kim PW, Corley SC, Rockwell NC, Zhao L, Thibert AJ, Lagarias JC, Larsen DS. Chemical inhomogeneity in the ultrafast dynamics of the DXCF cyanobacteriochrome Tlr0924. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:10571-81. [PMID: 22721495 DOI: 10.1021/jp302637u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) are diverse biliprotein photosensors distantly related to the red/far-red photoreceptors of the phytochrome family. There are several subfamilies of CBCRs, displaying varied spectral responses spanning the entire visible region. Tlr0924 belongs to the DXCF subfamily that utilizes the Cys residue in a conserved Asp-Xaa-Cys-Phe (DXCF) motif to form a second covalent linkage to the chromophore, resulting in a blue-absorbing dark state. Photoconversion leads to elimination of this linkage, resulting in a green-absorbing photoproduct. Tlr0924 initially incorporates phycocyanobilin (PCB) as a chromophore, exhibiting a blue/orange photocycle, but slowly isomerizes PCB to phycoviolobilin (PVB) to yield a blue/green photocycle. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy was used to study both forward and reverse reaction photodynamics of the recombinant GAF domain of Tlr0924. Primary photoproducts were identified, as were subsequent intermediates at 1 ms. PCB and PVB population photodynamics were decomposed using global target analysis. PCB and PVB populations exhibit similar and parallel photocycles in Tlr0924, but the PVB population exhibits faster excited-state decay in both reaction directions. On the basis of longer time analysis, we show that the photochemical coordinate (15,16-isomerization) and second-linkage coordinate (elimination or bond formation at C10) are separate processes in both directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy H Freer
- Department of Chemistry, One Shields Ave, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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42
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Song C, Essen LO, Gärtner W, Hughes J, Matysik J. Solid-state NMR spectroscopic study of chromophore-protein interactions in the Pr ground state of plant phytochrome A. MOLECULAR PLANT 2012; 5:698-715. [PMID: 22419823 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sss017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive study, the molecular structure of the chromophore-binding pocket of phytochrome A (phyA), the principal photoreceptor controlling photomorphogenesis in plants, has not yet been successfully resolved. Here, we report a series of two-dimensional (2-D) magic-angle spinning solid-state NMR experiments on the recombinant N-terminal, 65-kDa PAS-GAF-PHY light-sensing module of phytochrome A3 from oat (Avena sativa), assembled with uniformly 13C- and 15N-labeled phycocyanobilin (u-[13C,15N]-PCB-As.phyA3). The Pr state of this protein was studied regarding the electronic structure of the chromophore and its interactions with the proximal amino acids. Using 2-D 13C-13C and 1H-15N experiments, a complete set of 13C and 15N assignments for the chromophore were obtained. Also, a large number of 1H-13C distance restraints between the chromophore and its binding pocket were revealed by interfacial heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy. 13C doublings of the chromophore A-ring region and the C-ring carboxylate moiety, together with the observation of two Pr isoforms, Pr-I and Pr-II, demonstrate the local mobility of the chromophore and the plasticity of its protein environment. It appears that the interactions and dynamics in the binding pocket of phyA in the Pr state are remarkably similar to those of cyanobacterial phytochrome (Cph1). The N-terminus of the region modeled (residues 56-66 of phyA) is highly mobile. Differences in the regulatory processes involved in plant and Cph1 phytochromes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Song
- Leids Instituut voor Chemisch Onderzoek, Universiteit Leiden, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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43
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Kim PW, Freer LH, Rockwell NC, Martin SS, Lagarias JC, Larsen DS. Femtosecond photodynamics of the red/green cyanobacteriochrome NpR6012g4 from Nostoc punctiforme. 2. reverse dynamics. Biochemistry 2012; 51:619-30. [PMID: 22148731 DOI: 10.1021/bi2017365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Phytochromes are red/far-red photosensory proteins that utilize photoisomerization of a linear tetrapyrrole (bilin) chromophore to photoconvert reversibly between red- and far-red-absorbing forms (P(r) and P(fr), respectively). Cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) are related photosensory proteins with more diverse spectral sensitivity. The mechanisms that underlie this spectral diversity have not yet been fully elucidated. One of the main CBCR subfamilies photoconverts between a red-absorbing 15Z ground state, like the familiar P(r) state of phytochromes, and a green-absorbing photoproduct ((15E)P(g)). We have previously used the red/green CBCR NpR6012g4 from the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme to examine ultrafast photodynamics of the forward photoreaction. Here, we examine the reverse reaction. Using excitation-interleaved transient absorption spectroscopy with broadband detection and multicomponent global analysis, we observed multiphasic excited-state dynamics. Interleaved excitation allowed us to identify wavelength-dependent shifts in the ground-state bleach that equilibrated on a 200 ps time scale, indicating ground-state heterogeneity. Compared to the previously studied forward reaction, the reverse reaction has much faster excited-state decay time constants and significantly higher photoproduct yield. This work thus demonstrates striking differences between the forward and reverse reactions of NpR6012g4 and provides clear evidence of ground-state heterogeneity in the phytochrome superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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44
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Auldridge ME, Satyshur KA, Anstrom DM, Forest KT. Structure-guided engineering enhances a phytochrome-based infrared fluorescent protein. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:7000-9. [PMID: 22210774 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.295121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochrome is a multidomain dimeric red light photoreceptor that utilizes a chromophore-binding domain (CBD), a PHY domain, and an output module to induce cellular changes in response to light. A promising biotechnology tool emerged when a structure-based substitution at Asp-207 was shown to be an infrared fluorophore that uses a biologically available tetrapyrrole chromophore. We report multiple crystal structures of this D207H variant of the Deinococcus radiodurans CBD, in which His-207 is observed to form a hydrogen bond with either the tetrapyrrole A-ring oxygen or the Tyr-263 hydroxyl. Based on the implications of this duality for fluorescence properties, Y263F was introduced and shown to have stronger fluorescence than the original D207H template. Our structures are consistent with the model that the Y263F change prevents a red light-induced far-red light absorbing phytochrome chromophore configuration. With the goal of decreasing size and thereby facilitating use as a fluorescent tag in vivo, we also engineered a monomeric form of the CBD. Unexpectedly, photoconversion was observed in the monomer despite the lack of a PHY domain. This observation underscores an interplay between dimerization and the photochemical properties of phytochrome and suggests that the monomeric CBD could be used for further studies of the photocycle. The D207H substitution on its own in the monomer did not result in fluorescence, whereas Y263F did. Combined, the D207H and Y263F substitutions in the monomeric CBD lead to the brightest of our variants, designated Wisconsin infrared phytofluor (Wi-Phy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele E Auldridge
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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45
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Spectroscopy and a High-Resolution Crystal Structure of Tyr263 Mutants of Cyanobacterial Phytochrome Cph1. J Mol Biol 2011; 413:115-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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46
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Mailliet J, Psakis G, Feilke K, Sineshchekov V, Essen LO, Hughes J. Spectroscopy and a High-Resolution Crystal Structure of Tyr263 Mutants of Cyanobacterial Phytochrome Cph1. J Mol Biol 2011; 413:115-127. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2011.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
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47
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Vierstra RD, Zhang J. Phytochrome signaling: solving the Gordian knot with microbial relatives. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 16:417-426. [PMID: 21719341 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Phytochromes encompass a diverse collection of biliproteins that regulate numerous photoresponses in plants and microorganisms. Whereas the plant versions have proven experimentally intractable for structural studies, the microbial forms have recently provided important insights into how these photoreceptors work at the atomic level. Here, we review the current understanding of these microbial phytochromes, which shows that they have a modular dimeric architecture that propagates light-driven rotation of the bilin to distal contacts between adjacent signal output domains. Surprising features underpinning this signaling include: a deeply buried chromophore; a knot and hairpin loop that stabilizes the photosensing domain; and an extended helical spine that translates conformational changes in the photosensing domain to the output domain. Conservation within the superfamily both in modular construction and sequence strongly suggests that higher plant phytochromes work similarly as light-regulated toggle switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Vierstra
- Department of Genetics, 425-G Henry Mall, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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48
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Toh KC, Stojković EA, van Stokkum IHM, Moffat K, Kennis JTM. Fluorescence quantum yield and photochemistry of bacteriophytochrome constructs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:11985-97. [PMID: 21611667 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp00050k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophytochromes (Bphs) are red-light photoreceptor proteins with a photosensory core that consists of three distinct domains, PAS, GAF and PHY, and covalently binds biliverdin (BV) to a conserved cysteine in the PAS domain. In a recent development, PAS-GAF variants were engineered for use as a near-infrared fluorescent marker in mammalian tissues (Tsien and co-workers, Science, 2009, 324, 804-807). Here, we report the fluorescence quantum yield and photochemistry of two highly-related Bphs from Rps. palustris, RpBphP2 (P2) and RpBphP3 (P3) with distinct photoconversion and fluorescence properties. We applied ultrafast spectroscopy to wild type P3 and P2 PAS-GAF proteins and their P3 D216A, Y272F and P2 D202A PAS-GAF-PHY mutant proteins. In these mutants hydrogen-bond interactions between a conserved aspartate (Asp) which connects the BV chromophore with the PHY domains are disrupted. The excited-state lifetime of the truncated P3 and P2 PAS-GAF proteins was significantly longer than in their PAS-GAF-PHY counterparts that constitute the full photosensory core. Mutation of the conserved Asp to Ala in the PAS-GAF-PHY protein had a similar but larger effect. The fluorescence quantum yields of the P3 D216A and Y272F mutants were 0.066, higher than that of wild type P3 (0.043) and similar to the engineered Bph of Tsien and co-workers. We conclude that elimination of a key hydrogen-bond interaction between Asp and a conserved Arg in the PHY domain is responsible for the excited-state lifetime increase in all Bph variants studied here. H/D exchange resulted in a 1.4-1.7 fold increase of excited-state lifetime. The results support a reaction model in which deactivation of the BV chromophore proceeds via excited-state proton transfer from the BV pyrrole nitrogens to the backbone of the conserved Asp or to a bound water. This work may aid in rational structure- and mechanism-based conversion of constructs based on P3 and other BPhs into efficient near-IR, deep tissue, fluorescent markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Toh
- Biophysics Section, Department of Physics and Astronomy, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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49
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Elucidating photoinduced structural changes in phytochromes by the combined application of resonance Raman spectroscopy and theoretical methods. J Mol Struct 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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50
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Two ground state isoforms and a chromophore D-ring photoflip triggering extensive intramolecular changes in a canonical phytochrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:3842-7. [PMID: 21325055 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1013377108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochrome photoreceptors mediate light responses in plants and in many microorganisms. Here we report studies using (1)H-(13)C magic-angle spinning NMR spectroscopy of the sensor module of cyanobacterial phytochrome Cph1. Two isoforms of the red-light absorbing Pr ground state are identified. Conclusive evidence that photoisomerization occurs at the C15-methine bridge leading to a β-facial disposition of the ring D is presented. In the far-red-light absorbing Pfr state, strong hydrogen-bonding interactions of the D-ring carbonyl group to Tyr-263 and of N24 to Asp-207 hold the chromophore in a tensed conformation. Signaling is triggered when Asp-207 is released from its salt bridge to Arg-472, probably inducing conformational changes in the tongue region. A second signal route is initiated by partner swapping of the B-ring propionate between Arg-254 and Arg-222.
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