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Goršak T, Jovičić EJ, Tratnjek L, Križaj I, Sepulveda B, Nogues J, Kreft ME, Petan T, Kralj S, Makovec D. The efficient magneto-mechanical actuation of cancer cells using a very low concentration of non-interacting ferrimagnetic hexaferrite nanoplatelets. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 657:778-787. [PMID: 38081112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024]
Abstract
Magneto-mechanical actuation (MMA) using the low-frequency alternating magnetic fields (AMFs) of magnetic nanoparticles internalized into cancer cells can be used to irreparably damage these cells. However, nanoparticles in cells usually agglomerate, thus greatly augmenting the delivered force compared to single nanoparticles. Here, we demonstrate that MMA also decreases the cell viability, with the MMA mediated by individual, non-interacting nanoparticles. The effect was demonstrated with ferrimagnetic (i.e., permanently magnetic) barium-hexaferrite nanoplatelets (NPLs, ∼50 nm wide and 3 nm thick) with a unique, perpendicular orientation of the magnetization. Two cancer-cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and HeLa) are exposed to the NPLs in-vitro under different cell-culture conditions and actuated with a uniaxial AMF. TEM analyses show that only a small number of NPLs internalize in the cells, always situated in membrane-enclosed compartments of the endosomal-lysosomal system. Most compartments contain 1-2 NPLs and only seldom are the NPLs found in small groups, but never in close contact or mutually oriented. Even at low concentrations, the single NPLs reduce the cell viability when actuated with AMFs, which is further increased when the cells are in starvation conditions. These results pave the way for more efficient in-vivo MMA at very low particle concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Goršak
- Department for Materials Synthesis, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Jarc Jovičić
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Larisa Tratnjek
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cell Biology, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Križaj
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Borja Sepulveda
- Instituto de Microelectronica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Nogues
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mateja Erdani Kreft
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cell Biology, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Toni Petan
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Slavko Kralj
- Department for Materials Synthesis, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Darko Makovec
- Department for Materials Synthesis, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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2
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Zhang F, Ma PC, Wang J, Zhang Q, Feng W, Zhu Y, Zheng Q. Anisotropic conductive networks for multidimensional sensing. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:2615-2653. [PMID: 34617540 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00615k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, flexible physical sensors have attracted great attention due to their wide applications in many emerging areas including health-monitoring, human-machine interfaces, smart robots, and entertainment. However, conventional sensors are typically designed to respond to a specific stimulus or a deformation along only one single axis, while directional tracking and accurate monitoring of complex multi-axis stimuli is more critical in practical applications. Multidimensional sensors with distinguishable signals for simultaneous detection of complex postures and movements in multiple directions are highly demanded for the development of wearable electronics. Recently, many efforts have been devoted to the design and fabrication of multidimensional sensors that are capable of distinguishing stimuli from different directions accurately. Benefiting from their unique decoupling mechanisms, anisotropic architectures have been proved to be promising structures for multidimensional sensing. This review summarizes the present state and advances of the design and preparation strategies for fabricating multidimensional sensors based on anisotropic conducting networks. The fabrication strategies of different anisotropic structures, the working mechanism of various types of multidimensional sensing and their corresponding unique applications are presented and discussed. The potential challenges faced by multidimensional sensors are revealed to provide an insightful outlook for the future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Peng-Cheng Ma
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology, The Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, P. R. China
| | - Jiangxin Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China
| | - Yanwu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Qingbin Zheng
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China.
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3
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Zhou X, Cao H, Yang D, Zhang L, Jiang L, Liu M. Two-Dimensional Alignment of Self-Assembled Organic Nanotubes through Langmuir-Blodgett Technique. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:13065-13072. [PMID: 27951713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A C3-symmetric molecule was found to form organic nanotubes through supramolecular gel formation in organic solvents. These nanotubes can be dispersed in toluene without destroying the tubular nanostructures. Using the dispersions of these organic nanotubes as "spreading solutions", Langmuir-spreading films of these nanotubes were formed. Through repeated compression and expansion cycles, the nanotubes can be aligned to a certain extent. The formed Langmuir films could be subsequently transferred to a solid substrate, and the well-aligned nanotube films were constructed by Langmuir-Blodgett film deposition technique. Interestingly, many guests including polymers, water-soluble or oil-soluble organic molecules can be encapsulated into the nanotubes and further spread on a water subphase. Through elaborate control, large-scale parallel alignment of self-assembled organic nanotubes encapsulated by guests was also realized. This study implies that 2D hierarchical alignment of one-dimensional organic nanostructures can be realized using a simple method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hai Cao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Dong Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Long Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Minghua Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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4
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Economopoulos SP, Koutentis PA, Ioannidou HA, Choulis SA. Identifying potential candidates for donor–acceptor copolymers on a series of 4H-1,2,6-thiadiazines: An electrochemical approach. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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5
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Maggini L, Liu M, Ishida Y, Bonifazi D. Anisotropically luminescent hydrogels containing magnetically-aligned MWCNTs-Eu(III) hybrids. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:2462-2467. [PMID: 23371763 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201204698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The anisotropic emission properties of an Eu(III)-MWCNTs-based nanocomposite PNIPAAm hydrogel is induced upon application of a 10 T magnetic field, the latter dictating the alignment of the carbon nanotubes. This structuration creates directional highways for light to be preferentially absorbed, giving rise to orientation-dependent light emission intensity. Thermal control of the transparency of the aqueous matrix also allowed a stimulus-induced switching of the materials' emission properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maggini
- Department of Chemistry and Namur Research College (NARC), University of Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgium
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7
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Xiao L, Wei J, Gao Y, Yang D, Li H. Formation of gradient multiwalled carbon nanotube stripe patterns by using evaporation-induced self-assembly. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:3811-3817. [PMID: 22765011 DOI: 10.1021/am300936a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Gradient stripe patterns of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with remarkable regularity over large areas were fabricated by using evaporation-induced self-assembly technique. In this method, a glass coverslip was inclinedly immersed into a suspension of MWCNTs in dichloroethane. By controlling the solvent evaporation temperature, well-defined gradient stripes were formed at the air-solvent-substrate contact line. The effects of several experimental parameters, such as the substrate tilt angle, concentration of MWCNTs, and evaporation temperature, on the regularity of stripes were discussed. A possible stripe formation process was described as a negative feedback of MWCNT concentration caused by a concavely curved shape of the meniscus. Additionally, the strips of MWCNTs on Si/SiO(2) substrate were directly used to fabricate field-effect transistor (FET) devices. The electrical properties of the MWCNT-FET devices were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xiao
- College of Chemistry, Key Lab of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application in Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan Province, P. R. China
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Lee JJ, Yamaguchi A, Alam MA, Yamamoto Y, Fukushima T, Kato K, Takata M, Fujita N, Aida T. Discotic Ionic Liquid Crystals of Triphenylene as Dispersants for Orienting Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:8490-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeongho Jay Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐8656 (Japan)
| | - Akihisa Yamaguchi
- ERATO‐SORST Nanospace Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 2‐3‐6 Aomi, Koto‐ku, Tokyo 135‐0064 (Japan)
| | - Md. Akhtarul Alam
- ERATO‐SORST Nanospace Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 2‐3‐6 Aomi, Koto‐ku, Tokyo 135‐0064 (Japan)
| | - Yohei Yamamoto
- ERATO‐SORST Nanospace Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 2‐3‐6 Aomi, Koto‐ku, Tokyo 135‐0064 (Japan)
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Interdisciplinary Materials Science (TIMS), University of Tsukuba, 1‐1‐1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‐8573 (Japan)
| | - Takanori Fukushima
- Functional Soft Matter Research Group, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2‐1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351‐0198 (Japan)
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori‐ku, Yokohama 226‐8503 (Japan)
| | - Kenichi Kato
- RIKEN SPring‐8 Center, 1‐1‐1 Kouto, Sayo‐cho, Sayo‐gun, Hyogo 679‐5148 (Japan)
| | - Masaki Takata
- RIKEN SPring‐8 Center, 1‐1‐1 Kouto, Sayo‐cho, Sayo‐gun, Hyogo 679‐5148 (Japan)
| | - Norifumi Fujita
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐8656 (Japan)
| | - Takuzo Aida
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐8656 (Japan)
- ERATO‐SORST Nanospace Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 2‐3‐6 Aomi, Koto‐ku, Tokyo 135‐0064 (Japan)
- Functional Soft Matter Research Group, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2‐1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351‐0198 (Japan)
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9
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Lee JJ, Yamaguchi A, Alam MA, Yamamoto Y, Fukushima T, Kato K, Takata M, Fujita N, Aida T. Discotic Ionic Liquid Crystals of Triphenylene as Dispersants for Orienting Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeongho Jay Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐8656 (Japan)
| | - Akihisa Yamaguchi
- ERATO‐SORST Nanospace Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 2‐3‐6 Aomi, Koto‐ku, Tokyo 135‐0064 (Japan)
| | - Md. Akhtarul Alam
- ERATO‐SORST Nanospace Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 2‐3‐6 Aomi, Koto‐ku, Tokyo 135‐0064 (Japan)
| | - Yohei Yamamoto
- ERATO‐SORST Nanospace Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 2‐3‐6 Aomi, Koto‐ku, Tokyo 135‐0064 (Japan)
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Interdisciplinary Materials Science (TIMS), University of Tsukuba, 1‐1‐1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‐8573 (Japan)
| | - Takanori Fukushima
- Functional Soft Matter Research Group, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2‐1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351‐0198 (Japan)
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori‐ku, Yokohama 226‐8503 (Japan)
| | - Kenichi Kato
- RIKEN SPring‐8 Center, 1‐1‐1 Kouto, Sayo‐cho, Sayo‐gun, Hyogo 679‐5148 (Japan)
| | - Masaki Takata
- RIKEN SPring‐8 Center, 1‐1‐1 Kouto, Sayo‐cho, Sayo‐gun, Hyogo 679‐5148 (Japan)
| | - Norifumi Fujita
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐8656 (Japan)
| | - Takuzo Aida
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐8656 (Japan)
- ERATO‐SORST Nanospace Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 2‐3‐6 Aomi, Koto‐ku, Tokyo 135‐0064 (Japan)
- Functional Soft Matter Research Group, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2‐1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351‐0198 (Japan)
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Li Y, Du J, Yang J, Liu D, Lu X. Electrocatalytic detection of dopamine in the presence of ascorbic acid and uric acid using single-walled carbon nanotubes modified electrode. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 97:32-6. [PMID: 22580482 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) fabricated by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (f-SWCNTs) modified glassy carbon electrodes (f-SWCNTs/GCE) for the simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA). The f-SWCNTs/GCE displayed very good electrochemical catalytic activities with respect to GCE. The oxidation over-potentials of DA and UA decreased dramatically, and their oxidation peak currents increased significantly at f-SWCNTs/GCE compared to those obtained at the bare GCE. Simultaneously, the oxidation peak currents of AA decreased accordingly. The f-SWCNTs/GCE not only divide the overlapping voltammetric responses of them into individual voltammetric peaks, but also totally eliminate the interference from AA and distinguish DA from UA. The catalytic peak currents obtained from square-wave voltammetry increased linearly with increasing DA concentrations in the range of 5.0×10(-6) to 1.0×10(-4)M with a detection limit of 2.0×10(-8)M (S/N=3). The method was also successfully applied for determination of DA and showed good recovery in some biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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11
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Roy S, Banerjee A. Functionalized single walled carbon nanotube containing amino acid based hydrogel: a hybrid nanomaterial. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra00763k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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12
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Jang HS, Do C, Kim TH, Choi SM. Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Induced Lyotropic Phase Behavior of a Polymeric System. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2021166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Sik Jang
- Department of Nuclear and Quantum
Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Changwoo Do
- Department of Nuclear and Quantum
Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- Department of Nuclear and Quantum
Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Neutron Science Division, Department
of Reactor Utilization and Development, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 305-353, Republic
of Korea
| | - Sung-Min Choi
- Department of Nuclear and Quantum
Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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Wang Z, Zhao H, Fan L, Lin J, Zhuang P, Yuan WZ, Hu Q, Sun JZ, Tang BZ. Chitosan rods reinforced by aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes via magnetic-field-assistant in situ precipitation. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Druzhinina T, Hoeppener S, Schubert US. Strategies for post-synthesis alignment and immobilization of carbon nanotubes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:953-970. [PMID: 21181769 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201003509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have developed into a standard material used as a building block for nanotechnological developments. Based on the unique properties that make CNTs useful for many different applications in nanotechnology, optics, electronics, and material science, there has been a rapid development of this research area and many different applications have emerged in the past few years. Frequently, the alignment and immobilization of CNTs play an important role for many applications and different strategies, in particular post-synthesis approaches, can be applied. Recent developments of different techniques to immobilize and align carbon nanotubes are discussed and classified into three main categories: chemical immobilization and alignment, physical immobilization and alignment, and the use of external fields for these purposes. Many of the techniques involve multiple steps and may also cross these rather crudely defined boundaries. As such, the techniques are classified according to their most important or unique step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Druzhinina
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Nanoscience, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
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15
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Karousis N, Tagmatarchis N, Tasis D. Current Progress on the Chemical Modification of Carbon Nanotubes. Chem Rev 2010; 110:5366-97. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100018g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1038] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Karousis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 116 35 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Tagmatarchis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 116 35 Athens, Greece
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