1
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Gao ZX, Wang H, Su AH, Li QY, Liang Z, Zhang YQ, Liu XY, Zhu MZ, Zhang HX, Hou YT, Li X, Sun LR, Li J, Xu ZJ, Lou HX. Asymmetric Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Platensilin, Platensimycin, Platencin, and Their Analogs via a Bioinspired Skeletal Reconstruction Approach. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18967-18978. [PMID: 38973592 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Platensilin, platensimycin, and platencin are potent inhibitors of β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase (FabF) in the bacterial and mammalian fatty acid synthesis system, presenting promising drug leads for both antibacterial and antidiabetic therapies. Herein, a bioinspired skeleton reconstruction approach is reported, which enables the unified synthesis of these three natural FabF inhibitors and their skeletally diverse analogs, all stemming from a common ent-pimarane core. The synthesis features a diastereoselective biocatalytic reduction and an intermolecular Diels-Alder reaction to prepare the common ent-pimarane core. From this intermediate, stereoselective Mn-catalyzed hydrogen atom-transfer hydrogenation and subsequent Cu-catalyzed carbenoid C-H insertion afford platensilin. Furthermore, the intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction succeeded by regioselective ring opening of the newly formed cyclopropane enables the construction of the bicyclo[3.2.1]-octane and bicyclo[2.2.2]-octane ring systems of platensimycin and platencin, respectively. This skeletal reconstruction approach of the ent-pimarane core facilitates the preparation of analogs bearing different polycyclic scaffolds. Among these analogs, the previously unexplored cyclopropyl analog 47 exhibits improved antibacterial activity (MIC80 = 0.0625 μg/mL) against S. aureus compared to platensimycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Xu Gao
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhuaxi Rd, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery System, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 6699, Qingdao Rd, Jinan 250117, P. R. China
| | - Ai-Hong Su
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhuaxi Rd, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Qian-Ying Li
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhuaxi Rd, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Liang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhuaxi Rd, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Qing Zhang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhuaxi Rd, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Yuan Liu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhuaxi Rd, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Zhu Zhu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhuaxi Rd, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Xia Zhang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhuaxi Rd, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Tong Hou
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhuaxi Rd, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery System, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 6699, Qingdao Rd, Jinan 250117, P. R. China
| | - Long-Ru Sun
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhuaxi Rd, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Jian Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 429, Zhangheng Rd, Shanghai 200213, P. R. China
| | - Ze-Jun Xu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhuaxi Rd, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhuaxi Rd, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
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2
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Hsu D, Hwang T. Stereoselective Formal Synthesis of Platencin. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Day‐Shin Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry National Chung Cheng University Minhsiung, Chiayi Taiwan 62102
| | - Tai‐Yun Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry National Chung Cheng University Minhsiung, Chiayi Taiwan 62102
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3
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Rulev AY, Zubkov FI. Hyperbaric reactions in organic synthesis. Progress from 2006 to 2020. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:2320-2355. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01423d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This comprehensive review summarizes the published literature data concerning above 1 kbar reactions for the purposes of preparative organic synthesis (more then 50 mg of the initial substance) from 2006...
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4
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Budy SM, Khan M, Chang X, Iacono ST, Son DY. Semi‐fluorinated polyarylenes: Microwave‐assisted synthesis and
structure–property
relationships. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Budy
- Department of Chemistry Southern Methodist University Dallas Texas USA
| | - Mansoor Khan
- Department of Chemistry Southern Methodist University Dallas Texas USA
| | - Xu Chang
- Department of Chemistry Southern Methodist University Dallas Texas USA
| | - Scott T. Iacono
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Research Center, Laboratories for Advanced Materials United States Air Force Academy Colorado Springs Colorado USA
| | - David Y. Son
- Department of Chemistry Southern Methodist University Dallas Texas USA
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Day-Shin Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; National Chung Cheng University; 621 Minhsiung Taiwan
| | - Tai-Yu Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; National Chung Cheng University; 621 Minhsiung Taiwan
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6
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Defieber C, Mohr JT, Grabovyi GA, Stoltz BM. Short Enantioselective Formal Synthesis of (-)-Platencin. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2018; 50:4359-4368. [PMID: 31061542 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1610437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A short enantioselective formal synthesis of the antibiotic natural product platencin is reported. Key steps in the synthesis include enantioselective decarboxylation alkylation, aldehyde/olefin radical cyclization, and regioselective aldol cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Defieber
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd. MC 101-20, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Justin T Mohr
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd. MC 101-20, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Gennadii A Grabovyi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Brian M Stoltz
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd. MC 101-20, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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7
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Brill ZG, Condakes ML, Ting CP, Maimone TJ. Navigating the Chiral Pool in the Total Synthesis of Complex Terpene Natural Products. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11753-11795. [PMID: 28293944 PMCID: PMC5638449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pool of abundant chiral terpene building blocks (i.e., "chiral pool terpenes") has long served as a starting point for the chemical synthesis of complex natural products, including many terpenes themselves. As inexpensive and versatile starting materials, such compounds continue to influence modern synthetic chemistry. This review highlights 21st century terpene total syntheses which themselves use small, terpene-derived materials as building blocks. An outlook to the future of research in this area is highlighted as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary G. Brill
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Matthew L. Condakes
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Chi P. Ting
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Thomas J. Maimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
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8
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A brief history of antibiotics and select advances in their synthesis. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2017; 71:153-184. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2017.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Wang Y, Ren J, Huang XHH, Tong R, Yu JZ. Synthesis of Four Monoterpene-Derived Organosulfates and Their Quantification in Atmospheric Aerosol Samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6791-6801. [PMID: 28549212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Monoterpenes, a major class of biogenic volatile organic compounds, are known to produce oxidation products that further react with sulfate to form organosulfates. The accurate quantification of monoterpene-derived organosulfates (OSs) is necessary for quantifying this controllable aerosol source; however, it has been hampered by a lack of authentic standards. Here we report a unified synthesis strategy starting from the respective monoterpene through Upjohn dihydroxylation or Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation followed by monosulfation with the sulfur trioxide-pyridine complex. We demonstrate the successful synthesis of four monoterpene-derived OS compounds, including α-pinene OS, β-pinene OS, limonene OS, and limonaketone OS. Quantification of OSs is commonly achieved using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) by either monitoring the [M-H]- ion or through multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of mass transitions between the [M-H]- and m/z 97 ions. Comparison between the synthesized standards and previously adopted quantification surrogates reveals that camphor-10-sulfonic acid is a better quantification surrogate using [M-H]- as the quantification ion, while the highly compound-specific nature of MRM quantification makes it difficult to choose a suitable surrogate. Both could be rationalized in accordance to their respective MS quantification mechanisms. The in-house availability of the authentic standards enables us to discover that β-pinene OS, due to the sulfate group at the primary carbon, partially degrades to a dehydrogenated OS compound during LC/MS analysis and a hydroperoxy OS over a prolonged storage period (>5 month) and forms a regioisomer through intermolecular isomerization. Limonene OS was positively identified for the first time in ambient samples and found to be more abundant than α-/β-pinene OS in the Pearl River Delta, China. This work highlights the critical importance of having authentic standards in advancing our understanding of the interactions between biogenic VOC emissions and anthropogenic sulfur pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- Environmental Science Programs, §Institute of Environment, and ‡Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology , Hong Kong, China
| | - Jingyun Ren
- Environmental Science Programs, §Institute of Environment, and ‡Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology , Hong Kong, China
| | - X H Hilda Huang
- Environmental Science Programs, §Institute of Environment, and ‡Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology , Hong Kong, China
| | - Rongbiao Tong
- Environmental Science Programs, §Institute of Environment, and ‡Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology , Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Environmental Science Programs, §Institute of Environment, and ‡Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology , Hong Kong, China
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10
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Yoshimitsu T. Radical Cyclization Strategies in Total Syntheses of Bioactive Fused Cyclic Natural Products. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2016. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.74.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Wang J, Sun WB, Li YZ, Wang X, Sun BF, Lin GQ, Zou JP. A concise formal synthesis of platencin. Org Chem Front 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5qo00065c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A formal synthesis of platencin features an organocatalytic approach to the [2.2.2] bicycle, a radical reductive elimination, a Au-catalyzed rearrangement and a Rh-catalyzed hydrosilylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Wang-Bin Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Shanghai 200032
- China
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
| | - Ying-Zi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Xuan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Bing-Feng Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Guo-Qiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Jian-Ping Zou
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
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12
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Li YZ, Wang J, Sun WB, Shan YF, Sun BF, Lin GQ, Zou JP. Enantioselective synthesis of bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylates under metal free conditions. Org Chem Front 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4qo00311j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A new tandem reaction permits rapid access to bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylates with excellent enantioselectivities under metal free, mild, and operationally simple conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Zi Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Wang-Bin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Yi-Fan Shan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Bing-Feng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Guo-Qiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Jian-Ping Zou
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
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13
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Moustafa GAI, Saku Y, Aoyama H, Yoshimitsu T. A new route to platencin via decarboxylative radical cyclization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:15706-9. [PMID: 25361063 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07316a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new approach to platencin, a potent antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces platensis, has been established. The highly congested tricyclic core of the natural product was successfully constructed by decarboxylative radical cyclization of an alkynyl silyl ester with Pb(OAc)4 in the presence of pyridine in refluxing 1,4-dioxane. The key decarboxylation, which likely takes place via lead(IV) esterification followed by carbon-centered radical generation and subsequent capture of the radical with a triple bond, allows the rapid construction of the twisted polycyclic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal A I Moustafa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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14
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Allahverdiyev AM, Bagirova M, Abamor ES, Ates SC, Koc RC, Miraloglu M, Elcicek S, Yaman S, Unal G. The use of platensimycin and platencin to fight antibiotic resistance. Infect Drug Resist 2013; 6:99-114. [PMID: 24082790 PMCID: PMC3785399 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s25076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are known as one of the most life-threatening disabilities worldwide. Approximately 13 million deaths related to infectious diseases are reported each year. The only way to combat infectious diseases is by chemotherapy using antimicrobial agents and antibiotics. However, due to uncontrolled and unnecessary use of antibiotics in particular, surviving bacteria have evolved resistance against several antibiotics. Emergence of multidrug resistance in bacteria over the past several decades has resulted in one of the most important clinical health problems in modern medicine. For instance, approximately 440,000 new cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis are reported every year leading to the deaths of 150,000 people worldwide. Management of multidrug resistance requires understanding its molecular basis and the evolution and dissemination of resistance; development of new antibiotic compounds in place of traditional antibiotics; and innovative strategies for extending the life of antibiotic molecules. Researchers have begun to develop new antimicrobials for overcoming this important problem. Recently, platensimycin - isolated from extracts of Streptomyces platensis - and its analog platencin have been defined as promising agents for fighting multidrug resistance. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that these new antimicrobials have great potential to inhibit methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae by targeting type II fatty acid synthesis in bacteria. Showing strong efficacy without any observed in vivo toxicity increases the significance of these antimicrobial agents for their use in humans. However, at the present time, clinical trials are insufficient and require more research. The strong antibacterial efficacies of platensimycin and platencin may be established in clinical trials and their use in humans for coping with multidrug resistance may be allowed in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melahat Bagirova
- Department of Bioengineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emrah Sefik Abamor
- Department of Bioengineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezen Canim Ates
- Department of Bioengineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rabia Cakir Koc
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yeni Yuzyil University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meral Miraloglu
- Vocational School of Health Services, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Serhat Elcicek
- Department of Bioengineering, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Serkan Yaman
- Department of Bioengineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gokce Unal
- Department of Bioengineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
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15
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Zhu L, Zhou C, Yang W, He S, Cheng GJ, Zhang X, Lee CS. Formal Syntheses of (±)-Platensimycin and (±)-Platencin via a Dual-Mode Lewis Acid Induced Cascade Cyclization Approach. J Org Chem 2013; 78:7912-29. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401105q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Zhu
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics,
School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen University
Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Congshan Zhou
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics,
School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen University
Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics,
School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen University
Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shuzhong He
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics,
School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen University
Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Gui-Juan Cheng
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics,
School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen University
Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xinhao Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics,
School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen University
Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chi-Sing Lee
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics,
School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen University
Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055, China
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- J. S. Yadav
- Division of Natural Product Chemistry and Laboratory of X-ray Crystallography, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, India
| | - Rajendar Goreti
- Division of Natural Product Chemistry and Laboratory of X-ray Crystallography, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, India
| | - Srihari Pabbaraja
- Division of Natural Product Chemistry and Laboratory of X-ray Crystallography, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, India
| | - B. Sridhar
- Division of Natural Product Chemistry and Laboratory of X-ray Crystallography, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, India
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17
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Hong AY, Stoltz BM. The Construction of All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters by Use of Pd-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation Reactions in Total Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2013; 2013:2745-2759. [PMID: 24944521 PMCID: PMC4059687 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
All-carbon quaternary stereocenters have posed significant challenges in the synthesis of complex natural products. These important structural motifs have inspired the development of broadly applicable palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation reactions of unstabilized non-biased enolates for the synthesis of enantioenriched α-quaternary products. This microreview outlines key considerations in the application of palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation reactions and presents recent total syntheses of complex natural products that have employed these powerful transformations for the direct, catalytic, enantioselective construction of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Y. Hong
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., MC 101-20, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA, Homepage: http://stoltz.caltech.edu
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., MC 101-20, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA, Homepage: http://stoltz.caltech.edu
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18
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Zhu L, Han Y, Du G, Lee CS. A Bifunctional Lewis Acid Induced Cascade Cyclization to the Tricyclic Core of ent-Kaurenoids and Its Application to the Formal Synthesis of (±)-Platensimycin. Org Lett 2013; 15:524-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol3033412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Zhu
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen University Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yejian Han
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen University Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guangyan Du
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen University Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chi-Sing Lee
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen University Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055, China
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19
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Nicolaou KC, Hale CRH, Nilewski C, Ioannidou HA. Constructing molecular complexity and diversity: total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5185-238. [PMID: 22743704 PMCID: PMC3426871 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The advent of organic synthesis and the understanding of the molecule as they occurred in the nineteenth century and were refined in the twentieth century constitute two of the most profound scientific developments of all time. These discoveries set in motion a revolution that shaped the landscape of the molecular sciences and changed the world. Organic synthesis played a major role in this revolution through its ability to construct the molecules of the living world and others like them whose primary element is carbon. Although the early beginnings of organic synthesis came about serendipitously, organic chemists quickly recognized its potential and moved decisively to advance and exploit it in myriad ways for the benefit of mankind. Indeed, from the early days of the synthesis of urea and the construction of the first carbon-carbon bond, the art of organic synthesis improved to impressively high levels of sophistication. Through its practice, today chemists can synthesize organic molecules--natural and designed--of all types of structural motifs and for all intents and purposes. The endeavor of constructing natural products--the organic molecules of nature--is justly called both a creative art and an exact science. Often called simply total synthesis, the replication of nature's molecules in the laboratory reflects and symbolizes the state of the art of synthesis in general. In the last few decades a surge in total synthesis endeavors around the world led to a remarkable collection of achievements that covers a wide ranging landscape of molecular complexity and diversity. In this article, we present highlights of some of our contributions in the field of total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. For perspective, we also provide a listing of selected examples of additional natural products synthesized in other laboratories around the world over the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Maestro MC, Fernández-Salas JA, García Ruano JL, Ramírez-Rodríguez OO, Araya-Maturana R. Remote stereocontrol by the sulfinyl group. Diels–Alder reaction of cyclopentadiene with substituted (S)-[2-(p-tolylsulfinyl)styrenes and (S)-[2-(p-tolylsulfinyl)phenyl] vinyl ketones. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.03.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Orellana A, Pandey SK, Carret S, Greene AE, Poisson JF. A Diels–Alder-Based Total Synthesis of (−)-Kainic Acid. J Org Chem 2012; 77:5286-96. [DOI: 10.1021/jo300608g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Orellana
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (SERCO)
CNRS, UMR-5250, ICMG FR-2607, Université Joseph Fourier BP-53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Sushil K. Pandey
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (SERCO)
CNRS, UMR-5250, ICMG FR-2607, Université Joseph Fourier BP-53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Sébastien Carret
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (SERCO)
CNRS, UMR-5250, ICMG FR-2607, Université Joseph Fourier BP-53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Andrew E. Greene
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (SERCO)
CNRS, UMR-5250, ICMG FR-2607, Université Joseph Fourier BP-53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-François Poisson
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (SERCO)
CNRS, UMR-5250, ICMG FR-2607, Université Joseph Fourier BP-53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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Plesch E, Bracher F, Krauss J. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Novel Platensimycin Analogues. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2012; 345:657-62. [PMID: 22549797 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201100455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Plesch
- Center of Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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Yoshimitsu T, Nojima S, Hashimoto M, Tanaka T. Total Synthesis of (±)-Platencin. Org Lett 2011; 13:3698-701. [DOI: 10.1021/ol2013439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Yoshimitsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shoji Nojima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masashi Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuaki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Wang J, Sintim HO. Dialkylamino-2,4-dihydroxybenzoic Acids as Easily Synthesized Analogues of Platensimycin and Platencin with Comparable Antibacterial Properties. Chemistry 2011; 17:3352-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hirai S, Nakada M. Enantioselective divergent approaches to both (−)-platensimycin and (−)-platencin. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Saleem M, Hussain H, Ahmed I, van Ree T, Krohn K. Platensimycin and its relatives: A recent story in the struggle to develop new naturally derived antibiotics. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:1534-79. [DOI: 10.1039/c1np00010a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Palanichamy K, Subrahmanyam AV, Kaliappan KP. A radical cyclization approach to the formal total syntheses of platencin. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:7877-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06155k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tiefenbacher K, Gollner A, Mulzer J. Syntheses and antibacterial properties of iso-platencin, Cl-iso-platencin and Cl-platencin: identification of a new lead structure. Chemistry 2010; 16:9616-22. [PMID: 20486112 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Platencin is a novel antibiotic which is active against multiresistant pathogens. We describe efficient syntheses of three platencin analogues of varying activities which allow further conclusions about the pharmacophoric part of the molecule. The unnatural antibiotic iso-platencin, which is about as active as natural platencin, but much more selective, was identified as a new lead structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Tiefenbacher
- University of Vienna, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Währingerstrasse 38, 1090 Wien, Austria
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Hirai S, Nakada M. An enantioselective approach to (−)-platencin via catalytic asymmetric intramolecular cyclopropanation. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Waalboer DCJ, Leenders SHAM, Schülin-Casonato T, van Delft FL, Rutjes FPJT. Total Synthesis and Antibiotic Activity of Dehydrohomoplatencin. Chemistry 2010; 16:11233-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Palanichamy K, Kaliappan KP. Discovery and syntheses of "superbug challengers"-platensimycin and platencin. Chem Asian J 2010; 5:668-703. [PMID: 20209576 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200900423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria have developed resistance to almost all existing antibiotics known today and this has been a major issue over the last few decades. The search for a new class of antibiotics with a new mode of action to fight these multiply-drug-resistant strains, or "superbugs", allowed a team of scientists at Merck to discover two novel antibiotics, platensimycin and platencin using advanced screening strategies, as inhibitors of bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis, which is essential for the survival of bacteria. Though both these antibiotics are structurally related, they work by slightly different mechanisms and target different enzymes conserved in the bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis. This Focus Review summarizes the synthetic and biological aspects of these natural products and their analogues and congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalanidhi Palanichamy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076, India
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Suzuki T, Kobayashi S. Concise Approach to Pupukeanane Skeleton: Synthetic Study of Chloropupukeananin. Org Lett 2010; 12:2920-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol100935w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science (RIKADAI), 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Susumu Kobayashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science (RIKADAI), 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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Abstract
An asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction between acrolein and 1-benzyloxymethyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene affords a bicyclic aldehyde that was elaborated in 11 steps to nor-platencin. nor-Platencin is 4-16 times less active than platencin against several resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, macrolide-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium.
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Singh V, Sahu BC, Bansal V, Mobin SM. Intramolecular cycloaddition in 6,6-spiroepoxycyclohexa-2,4-dienone: simple aromatics to (±)-Platencin. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:4472-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c004316h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nicolaou KC, Tria GS, Edmonds DJ, Kar M. Total syntheses of (+/-)-platencin and (-)-platencin. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:15909-17. [PMID: 19824676 PMCID: PMC2783895 DOI: 10.1021/ja906801g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The secondary metabolites platensimycin and platencin, isolated from the bacterial strain Streptomyces platensis, represent a novel class of natural products exhibiting unique and potent antibacterial activity. Platencin, though structurally similar to platensimycin, has been found to operate through a slightly different mechanism of action involving the dual inhibition of lipid elongation enzymes FabF and FabH. Both natural products exhibit strong, broad-spectrum, gram-positive antibacterial activity to key antibiotic resistant strains, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Described herein are our synthetic efforts toward platencin, culminating in both racemic and asymmetric preparation of the natural product. The syntheses demonstrate the power of the cobalt-catalyzed asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction and the one-pot reductive rearrangement of [3.2.1] bicyclic ketones to [2.2.2] bicyclic olefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Isolation, enzyme-bound structure and antibacterial activity of platencin A1 from Streptomyces platensis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4756-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ghosh A, Xi K. A Symmetry-Based Concise Formal Synthesis of Platencin, a Novel Lead against “Superbugs”. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200902338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Koeken AC, Benes N, van den Broeke LJ, Keurentjes JT. Efficient Hydroformylation in Dense Carbon Dioxide using Phosphorus Ligands without Perfluoroalkyl Substituents. Adv Synth Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Yun SY, Zheng JC, Lee D. Stereoelectronic Effect for the Selectivity in C−H Insertion of Alkylidene Carbenes and Its Application to the Synthesis of Platensimycin. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:8413-5. [PMID: 19473019 DOI: 10.1021/ja903526g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Young Yun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061
| | - Jun-Cheng Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061
| | - Daesung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Tiefenbacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Mulzer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Nicolaou K, Chen J, Edmonds D, Estrada A. Fortschritte in der Chemie und Biologie natürlicher Antibiotika. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200801695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ghosh AK, Xi K. A symmetry-based concise formal synthesis of platencin, a novel lead against "superbugs". Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:5372-5. [PMID: 19572306 PMCID: PMC3518310 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200902338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Quick access: A concise and efficient formal synthesis of platencin has been accomplished in nine steps from a commercially available starting material. The synthesis utilized only one protecting group. The base-catalyzed Michael cyclization of precursor 1 afforded the key diketone 2, which was converted into the desired core structure 4 via the radical intermediate 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Nicolaou KC, Chen JS, Edmonds DJ, Estrada AA. Recent advances in the chemistry and biology of naturally occurring antibiotics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:660-719. [PMID: 19130444 PMCID: PMC2730216 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200801695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the world-shaping discovery of penicillin, nature's molecular diversity has been extensively screened for new medications and lead compounds in drug discovery. The search for agents intended to combat infectious diseases has been of particular interest and has enjoyed a high degree of success. Indeed, the history of antibiotics is marked with impressive discoveries and drug-development stories, the overwhelming majority of which have their origin in natural products. Chemistry, and in particular chemical synthesis, has played a major role in bringing naturally occurring antibiotics and their derivatives to the clinic, and no doubt these disciplines will continue to be key enabling technologies. In this review article, we highlight a number of recent discoveries and advances in the chemistry, biology, and medicine of naturally occurring antibiotics, with particular emphasis on total synthesis, analogue design, and biological evaluation of molecules with novel mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerrie A. B. Austin
- Research School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Martin G. Banwell
- Research School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Anthony C. Willis
- Research School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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