1
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Guo CY, Chen JZ, Liu WT, Mei H, Meng J, Chen JP. Organocatalytic enantioselective decarboxylative protonation of α-alkyl-α-aryl malonate monoesters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3854-3857. [PMID: 38497353 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06018g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
In contrast to the well-established enzymatic enantioselective decarboxylative protonation (EDP), the corresponding chemocatalytic reactions of acyclic malonic acid derivatives remain challenging. Herein, we developed a biomimetic EDP of α-alkyl-α-aryl malonate monoesters using a chiral 1,2-trans-diaminocyclohexane-based N-sulfonamide as an organocatalyst. The method demonstrates excellent chemical yields, good enantioselectivity, mild reaction conditions, and the generation of only CO2 as waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Ying Guo
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Jia-Zheng Chen
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Wen-Ting Liu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Hao Mei
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Jie Meng
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Jian-Ping Chen
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
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2
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Lin X, Woldegiorgis AG. An acid for an acid. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1655-1656. [PMID: 38036647 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Lin
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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3
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Zheng WF, Chen J, Qi X, Huang Z. Modular and diverse synthesis of amino acids via asymmetric decarboxylative protonation of aminomalonic acids. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1672-1682. [PMID: 37973941 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01362-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Stereoselective protonation is a challenge in asymmetric catalysis. The small size and high rate of transfer of protons mean that face-selective delivery to planar intermediates is hard to control, but it can unlock previously obscure asymmetric transformations. Particularly, when coupled with a preceding decarboxylation, enantioselective protonation can convert the abundant acid feedstocks into structurally diverse chiral molecules. Here an anchoring group strategy is demonstrated as a potential alternative and supplement to the conventional structural modification of catalysts by creating additional catalyst-substrate interactions. We show that a tailored benzamide group in aminomalonic acids can help build a coordinated network of non-covalent interactions, including hydrogen bonds, π-π interactions and dispersion forces, with a chiral acid catalyst. This allows enantioselective decarboxylative protonation to give α-amino acids. The malonate-based synthesis introduces side chains via a facile substitution of aminomalonic esters and thus can access structurally and functionally diverse amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Feng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jingdan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zhongxing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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4
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Xu YY, Gao ZH, Li CB, Ye S. Enantioselective N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed α-Oxidative Coupling of Enals with Carboxylic Acids Using an Iodine(III) Reagent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218362. [PMID: 36651829 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The enantioselective α-oxidative coupling of enals with carboxylic acids was developed via the umpolung of an NHC-bound enolate with an iodine(III) reagent. The corresponding α-acyloxyl-β,γ-unsaturated esters were afforded in good yields, with high regio- and enantioselectivities. The key step of the reaction involves the formation of enol iodine(III) intermediate from the enolate with iodosobenzene, which changes the polarity of α-carbon of the enal from nucleophilic to electrophilic, and thus facilitates the subsequent addition of carboxylate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Hua Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Cao-Bo Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Song Ye
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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5
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Wohlgemuth R. Selective Biocatalytic Defunctionalization of Raw Materials. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200402. [PMID: 35388636 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biobased raw materials, such as carbohydrates, amino acids, nucleotides, or lipids contain valuable functional groups with oxygen and nitrogen atoms. An abundance of many functional groups of the same type, such as primary or secondary hydroxy groups in carbohydrates, however, limits the synthetic usefulness if similar reactivities cannot be differentiated. Therefore, selective defunctionalization of highly functionalized biobased starting materials to differentially functionalized compounds can provide a sustainable access to chiral synthons, even in case of products with fewer functional groups. Selective defunctionalization reactions, without affecting other functional groups of the same type, are of fundamental interest for biocatalytic reactions. Controlled biocatalytic defunctionalizations of biobased raw materials are attractive for obtaining valuable platform chemicals and building blocks. The biocatalytic removal of functional groups, an important feature of natural metabolic pathways, can also be utilized in a systemic strategy for sustainable metabolite synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Wohlgemuth
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology Łódź, 90-537, Lodz, Poland
- Swiss Coordination Committee Biotechnology (SKB), 8002, Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Li Y, Bao J, Wei R, Bao H. Palladium-Catalyzed Three-Component 1,4-Carboarylation of 1,3-Enynes with Malonic Esters and Aryl Iodides. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1801-3656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIonic 1,4-difunctionalization of 1,3-enynes has often been conducted with strong nucleophiles or 1,3-enynes that are activated by an electron-withdrawing group. In this work, a palladium-catalyzed three-component ionic 1,4-carboarylation of 1,3-enynes is reported with arylated 1,3-enynes as the substrates. This method can afford various tetrasubstituted allenes with different functionalities. The palladium salt might play a key dual role in the reaction: as the catalyst to catalyze the cross-coupling reaction and as a Lewis acid to facilitate the nucleophilic attack. The synthetic value of this method is demonstrated by the further cyclization, decoration, and hydrolysis of the allene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Li
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Jingjing Bao
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Rongbiao Wei
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Hongli Bao
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
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7
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Biler M, Crean RM, Schweiger AK, Kourist R, Kamerlin SCL. Ground-State Destabilization by Active-Site Hydrophobicity Controls the Selectivity of a Cofactor-Free Decarboxylase. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20216-20231. [PMID: 33180505 PMCID: PMC7735706 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial arylmalonate decarboxylase (AMDase) and evolved variants have become a valuable tool with which to access both enantiomers of a broad range of chiral arylaliphatic acids with high optical purity. Yet, the molecular principles responsible for the substrate scope, activity, and selectivity of this enzyme are only poorly understood to date, greatly hampering the predictability and design of improved enzyme variants for specific applications. In this work, empirical valence bond and metadynamics simulations were performed on wild-type AMDase and variants thereof to obtain a better understanding of the underlying molecular processes determining reaction outcome. Our results clearly reproduce the experimentally observed substrate scope and support a mechanism driven by ground-state destabilization of the carboxylate group being cleaved by the enzyme. In addition, our results indicate that, in the case of the nonconverted or poorly converted substrates studied in this work, increased solvent exposure of the active site upon binding of these substrates can disturb the vulnerable network of interactions responsible for facilitating the AMDase-catalyzed cleavage of CO2. Finally, our results indicate a switch from preferential cleavage of the pro-(R) to the pro-(S) carboxylate group in the CLG-IPL variant of AMDase for all substrates studied. This appears to be due to the emergence of a new hydrophobic pocket generated by the insertion of the six amino acid substitutions, into which the pro-(S) carboxylate binds. Our results allow insight into the tight interaction network determining AMDase selectivity, which in turn provides guidance for the identification of target residues for future enzyme engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Biler
- Department
of Chemistry−BMC, Uppsala University, BMC Box 576, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rory M. Crean
- Department
of Chemistry−BMC, Uppsala University, BMC Box 576, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna K. Schweiger
- Institute
of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University
of Technology, NAWI Graz,
Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Kourist
- Institute
of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University
of Technology, NAWI Graz,
Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
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8
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Blakemore CA, France SP, Samp L, Nason DM, Yang E, Howard RM, Coffman KJ, Yang Q, Smith AC, Evrard E, Li W, Dai L, Yang L, Chen Z, Zhang Q, He F, Zhang J. Scalable, Telescoped Hydrogenolysis–Enzymatic Decarboxylation Process for the Asymmetric Synthesis of (R)-α-Heteroaryl Propionic Acids. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A. Blakemore
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Scott P. France
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Lacey Samp
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Deane M. Nason
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Eddie Yang
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Roger M. Howard
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Karen J. Coffman
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Qingyi Yang
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Aaron C. Smith
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Edelweiss Evrard
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wei Li
- BioDuro LLC, No. 233 North FuTe Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Linlin Dai
- BioDuro LLC, No. 233 North FuTe Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Lixia Yang
- BioDuro LLC, No. 233 North FuTe Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Zhiguang Chen
- BioDuro LLC, No. 233 North FuTe Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Qingli Zhang
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Fangyan He
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jiesen Zhang
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
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9
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Sheng X, Kazemi M, Planas F, Himo F. Modeling Enzymatic Enantioselectivity using Quantum Chemical Methodology. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Sheng
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Masoud Kazemi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Ferran Planas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Fahmi Himo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
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10
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Dasgupta S, Herbert JM. Using Atomic Confining Potentials for Geometry Optimization and Vibrational Frequency Calculations in Quantum-Chemical Models of Enzyme Active Sites. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:1137-1147. [PMID: 31986049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b11060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantum-chemical studies of enzymatic reaction mechanisms sometimes use truncated active-site models as simplified alternatives to mixed quantum mechanics molecular mechanics (QM/MM) procedures. Eliminating the MM degrees of freedom reduces the complexity of the sampling problem, but the trade-off is the need to introduce geometric constraints in order to prevent structural collapse of the model system during geometry optimizations that do not contain a full protein backbone. These constraints may impair the efficiency of the optimization, and care must be taken to avoid artifacts such as imaginary vibrational frequencies. We introduce a simple alternative in which terminal atoms of the model system are placed in soft harmonic confining potentials rather than being rigidly constrained. This modification is simple to implement and straightforward to use in vibrational frequency calculations, unlike iterative constraint-satisfaction algorithms, and allows the optimization to proceed without constraint even though the practical result is to fix the anchor atoms in space. The new approach is more efficient for optimizing minima and transition states, as compared to the use of fixed-atom constraints, and also more robust against unwanted imaginary frequencies. We illustrate the method by application to several enzymatic reaction pathways where entropy makes a significant contribution to the relevant reaction barriers. The use of confining potentials correctly describes reaction paths and facilitates calculation of both vibrational zero-point and finite-temperature entropic corrections to barrier heights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswata Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - John M Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
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11
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Enoki J, Mügge C, Tischler D, Miyamoto K, Kourist R. Chemoenzymatic Cascade Synthesis of Optically Pure Alkanoic Acids by Using Engineered Arylmalonate Decarboxylase Variants. Chemistry 2019; 25:5071-5076. [PMID: 30702787 PMCID: PMC6563808 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Arylmalonate decarboxylase (AMDase) catalyzes the cofactor‐free asymmetric decarboxylation of prochiral arylmalonic acids and produces the corresponding monoacids with rigorous R selectivity. Alteration of catalytic cysteine residues and of the hydrophobic environment in the active site by protein engineering has previously resulted in the generation of variants with opposite enantioselectivity and improved catalytic performance. The substrate spectrum of AMDase allows it to catalyze the asymmetric decarboxylation of small methylvinylmalonic acid derivatives, implying the possibility to produce short‐chain 2‐methylalkanoic acids with high optical purity after reduction of the nonactivated C=C double bond. Use of diimide as the reductant proved to be a simple strategy to avoid racemization of the stereocenter during reduction. The developed chemoenzymatic sequential cascade with use of R‐ and S‐selective AMDase variants produced optically pure short‐chain 2‐methylalkanoic acids in moderate to full conversion and gave both enantiomers in excellent enantiopurity (up to 83 % isolated yield and 98 % ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Enoki
- Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Carolin Mügge
- Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kenji Miyamoto
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, 22308522, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Robert Kourist
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
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12
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Enoki J, Linhorst M, Busch F, Baraibar ÁG, Miyamoto K, Kourist R, Mügge C. Preparation of optically pure flurbiprofen via an integrated chemo-enzymatic synthesis pathway. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Arylmalonate decarboxylase (AMD) is a monomeric enzyme of only 26 kDa. A recombinant AMDase from Bordetella bronchiseptica was expressed in Escherichia coli and the enzyme was immobilized using different techniques: entrapment in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel (LentiKats®), covalent binding onto magnetic microparticles (MMP, PERLOZA s.r.o., Lovosice, Czech Republic) and double-immobilization (MMP-LentiKats®) using the previous two methods. The double-immobilized AMDase was stable in 8 repeated biocatalytic reactions. This combined immobilization technique has the potential to be applied to different small proteins.
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15
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Fröhlich T, Reiter C, Saeed MEM, Hutterer C, Hahn F, Leidenberger M, Friedrich O, Kappes B, Marschall M, Efferth T, Tsogoeva SB. Synthesis of Thymoquinone-Artemisinin Hybrids: New Potent Antileukemia, Antiviral, and Antimalarial Agents. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:534-539. [PMID: 29937978 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of hybrid compounds based on the natural products artemisinin and thymoquinone was synthesized and investigated for their biological activity against the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and two leukemia cell lines (drug-sensitive CCRF-CEM and multidrug-resistant subline CEM/ADR5000). An unprecedented one-pot method of selective formation of C-10α-acetate 14 starting from a 1:1 mixture of C-10α- to C-10β-dihydroartemisinin was developed. The key step of this facile method is a mild decarboxylative activation of malonic acid mediated by DCC/DMAP. Ether-linked thymoquinone-artemisinin hybrids 6a/b stood out as the most active compounds in all categories, while showing no toxic side effects toward healthy human foreskin fibroblasts and thus being selective. They exhibited EC50 values of 0.2 μM against the doxorubicin-sensitive as well as the multidrug-resistant leukemia cells and therefore can be regarded as superior to doxorubicin. Moreover, they showed to be five times more active than the standard drug ganciclovir and nearly eight times more active than artesunic acid against HCMV. In addition, hybrids 6a/b possessed excellent antimalarial activity (EC50 = 5.9/3.7 nM), which was better than that of artesunic acid (EC50 = 8.2 nM) and chloroquine (EC50 = 9.8 nM). Overall, most of the presented thymoquinone-artemisinin-based hybrids exhibit an excellent and broad variety of biological activities (anticancer, antimalarial, and antiviral) combined with a low toxicity/high selectivity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Fröhlich
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Reiter
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mohamed E. M. Saeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Corina Hutterer
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Hahn
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria Leidenberger
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordon-Straße 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordon-Straße 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Kappes
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordon-Straße 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Svetlana B. Tsogoeva
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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16
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Aßmann M, Mügge C, Gaßmeyer SK, Enoki J, Hilterhaus L, Kourist R, Liese A, Kara S. Improvement of the Process Stability of Arylmalonate Decarboxylase by Immobilization for Biocatalytic Profen Synthesis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:448. [PMID: 28360905 PMCID: PMC5352704 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzyme arylmalonate decarboxylase (AMDase) enables the selective synthesis of enantiopure (S)-arylpropinates in a simple single-step decarboxylation of dicarboxylic acid precursors. However, the poor enzyme stability with a half-life time of about 1.2 h under process conditions is a serious limitation of the productivity, which results in a need for high catalyst loads. By immobilization on an amino C2 acrylate carrier the operational stability of the (S)-selective AMDase variant G74C/M159L/C188G/V43I/A125P/V156L was increased to a half-life of about 8.6 days, which represents a 158-fold improvement. Further optimization was achieved by simple immobilization of the cell lysate to eliminate the cost- and time intensive enzyme purification step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Aßmann
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Mügge
- Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Junichi Enoki
- Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lutz Hilterhaus
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Kourist
- Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Liese
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Selin Kara
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
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17
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Romero-Rivera A, Garcia-Borràs M, Osuna S. Computational tools for the evaluation of laboratory-engineered biocatalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 53:284-297. [PMID: 27812570 PMCID: PMC5310519 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc06055b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis is based on the application of natural catalysts for new purposes, for which enzymes were not designed. Although the first examples of biocatalysis were reported more than a century ago, biocatalysis was revolutionized after the discovery of an in vitro version of Darwinian evolution called Directed Evolution (DE). Despite the recent advances in the field, major challenges remain to be addressed. Currently, the best experimental approach consists of creating multiple mutations simultaneously while limiting the choices using statistical methods. Still, tens of thousands of variants need to be tested experimentally, and little information is available on how these mutations lead to enhanced enzyme proficiency. This review aims to provide a brief description of the available computational techniques to unveil the molecular basis of improved catalysis achieved by DE. An overview of the strengths and weaknesses of current computational strategies is explored with some recent representative examples. The understanding of how this powerful technique is able to obtain highly active variants is important for the future development of more robust computational methods to predict amino-acid changes needed for activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Romero-Rivera
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Marc Garcia-Borràs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 607 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Sílvia Osuna
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Karmakar T, Balasubramanian S. Molecular Dynamics and Free Energy Simulations of Phenylacetate and CO 2 Release from AMDase and Its G74C/C188S Mutant: A Possible Rationale for the Reduced Activity of the Latter. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:11644-11653. [PMID: 27775347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b07034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Arylmalonate decarboxylase (AMDase) catalyzes the decarboxylation of α-aryl-α-methyl malonates to produce optically pure α-arylpropionates of industrial and medicinal importance. Herein, atomistic molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out to delineate the mechanism of the release of product molecules phenylacetate (PAC) and carbon dioxide (CO2), from the wild-type (WT) and its G74C/C188S mutant enzymes. Both of the product molecules follow a crystallographically characterized solvent-accessible channel to come out of the protein interior. A higher free energy barrier for the release of PAC from G74C/C188S compared to that in the WT is consistent with the experimentally observed compromised efficiency of the mutant. The release of CO2 precedes that of PAC; free energy barriers for CO2 and PAC release in the WT enzyme are calculated to be ∼1-2 and ∼23 kcal/mol, respectively. Postdecarboxylation, CO2 moves toward a hydrophobic pocket formed by Pro 14, Leu 38, Leu 40, Leu 77, and the side chain of Tyr 48 which serves as its temporary "reservoir". CO2 releases following a channel mainly decorated by apolar residues, unlike in the case of oxalate decarboxylase where polar residues mediate its transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarak Karmakar
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Bangalore 560 064, India
| | - Sundaram Balasubramanian
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Bangalore 560 064, India
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19
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Miyamoto K, Kourist R. Arylmalonate decarboxylase—a highly selective bacterial biocatalyst with unknown function. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:8621-31. [PMID: 27566691 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7778-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Miyamoto
- Department for Biosciences and Bioinformatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Robert Kourist
- Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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20
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Maimanakos J, Chow J, Gaßmeyer SK, Güllert S, Busch F, Kourist R, Streit WR. Sequence-Based Screening for Rare Enzymes: New Insights into the World of AMDases Reveal a Conserved Motif and 58 Novel Enzymes Clustering in Eight Distinct Families. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1332. [PMID: 27610105 PMCID: PMC4996985 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Arylmalonate Decarboxylases (AMDases, EC 4.1.1.76) are very rare and mostly underexplored enzymes. Currently only four known and biochemically characterized representatives exist. However, their ability to decarboxylate α-disubstituted malonic acid derivatives to optically pure products without cofactors makes them attractive and promising candidates for the use as biocatalysts in industrial processes. Until now, AMDases could not be separated from other members of the aspartate/glutamate racemase superfamily based on their gene sequences. Within this work, a search algorithm was developed that enables a reliable prediction of AMDase activity for potential candidates. Based on specific sequence patterns and screening methods 58 novel AMDase candidate genes could be identified in this work. Thereby, AMDases with the conserved sequence pattern of Bordetella bronchiseptica’s prototype appeared to be limited to the classes of Alpha-, Beta-, and Gamma-proteobacteria. Amino acid homologies and comparison of gene surrounding sequences enabled the classification of eight enzyme clusters. Particularly striking is the accumulation of genes coding for different transporters of the tripartite tricarboxylate transporters family, TRAP transporters and ABC transporters as well as genes coding for mandelate racemases/muconate lactonizing enzymes that might be involved in substrate uptake or degradation of AMDase products. Further, three novel AMDases were characterized which showed a high enantiomeric excess (>99%) of the (R)-enantiomer of flurbiprofen. These are the recombinant AmdA and AmdV from Variovorax sp. strains HH01 and HH02, originated from soil, and AmdP from Polymorphum gilvum found by a data base search. Altogether our findings give new insights into the class of AMDases and reveal many previously unknown enzyme candidates with high potential for bioindustrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Maimanakos
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, University of Hamburg Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Chow
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, University of Hamburg Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah K Gaßmeyer
- Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Simon Güllert
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, University of Hamburg Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Busch
- Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Robert Kourist
- Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang R Streit
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, University of Hamburg Hamburg, Germany
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21
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Gaßmeyer SK, Wetzig J, Mügge C, Assmann M, Enoki J, Hilterhaus L, Zuhse R, Miyamoto K, Liese A, Kourist R. Arylmalonate Decarboxylase-Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of Optically Pure Flurbiprofen. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201501205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jasmin Wetzig
- Chiracon GmbH; Im Biotechnologiepark 14943 Luckenwalde Germany
| | - Carolin Mügge
- Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology; Ruhr-University Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Miriam Assmann
- Institute for Technical Biocatalysis; Hamburg University of Technology TUHH; Denickestr. 15 21071 Hamburg Germany
| | - Junichi Enoki
- Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology; Ruhr-University Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Lutz Hilterhaus
- Institute for Technical Biocatalysis; Hamburg University of Technology TUHH; Denickestr. 15 21071 Hamburg Germany
| | - Ralf Zuhse
- Chiracon GmbH; Im Biotechnologiepark 14943 Luckenwalde Germany
| | - Kenji Miyamoto
- Department for Biosciences and Bioinformatics; Keio University; 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
| | - Andreas Liese
- Institute for Technical Biocatalysis; Hamburg University of Technology TUHH; Denickestr. 15 21071 Hamburg Germany
| | - Robert Kourist
- Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology; Ruhr-University Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
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22
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Wende RC, Seitz A, Niedek D, Schuler SMM, Hofmann C, Becker J, Schreiner PR. The Enantioselective Dakin-West Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:2719-23. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raffael C. Wende
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Justus-Liebig University; 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Alexander Seitz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Justus-Liebig University; 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Dominik Niedek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Justus-Liebig University; 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Sören M. M. Schuler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Justus-Liebig University; 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Christine Hofmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Justus-Liebig University; 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Jonathan Becker
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Justus-Liebig University; 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Peter R. Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Justus-Liebig University; 35392 Giessen Germany
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23
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Wende RC, Seitz A, Niedek D, Schuler SMM, Hofmann C, Becker J, Schreiner PR. The Enantioselective Dakin-West Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raffael C. Wende
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Justus-Liebig University; 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Alexander Seitz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Justus-Liebig University; 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Dominik Niedek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Justus-Liebig University; 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Sören M. M. Schuler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Justus-Liebig University; 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Christine Hofmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Justus-Liebig University; 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Jonathan Becker
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Justus-Liebig University; 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Peter R. Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Justus-Liebig University; 35392 Giessen Germany
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24
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Yoshida S, Enoki J, Kourist R, Miyamoto K. Engineered hydrophobic pocket of (S)-selective arylmalonate decarboxylase variant by simultaneous saturation mutagenesis to improve catalytic performance. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:1965-71. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1060844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A bacterial arylmalonate decarboxylase (AMDase) catalyzes asymmetric decarboxylation of unnatural arylmalonates to produce optically pure (R)-arylcarboxylates without the addition of cofactors. Previously, we designed an AMDase variant G74C/C188S that displays totally inverted enantioselectivity. However, the variant showed a 20,000-fold reduction in activity compared with the wild-type AMDase. Further studies have demonstrated that iterative saturation mutagenesis targeting the active site residues in a hydrophobic pocket of G74C/C188S leads to considerable improvement in activity where all positive variants harbor only hydrophobic substitutions. In this study, simultaneous saturation mutagenesis with a restricted set of amino acids at each position was applied to further heighten the activity of the (S)-selective AMDase variant toward α-methyl-α-phenylmalonate. The best variant (V43I/G74C/A125P/V156L/M159L/C188G) showed 9,500-fold greater catalytic efficiency kcat/Km than that of G74C/C188S. Notably, a high level of decarboxylation of α-(4-isobutylphenyl)-α-methylmalonate by the sextuple variant produced optically pure (S)-ibuprofen, an analgesic compound which showed 2.5-fold greater activity than the (R)-selective wild-type AMDase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shosuke Yoshida
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Junichi Enoki
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Robert Kourist
- Faculty for Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kenji Miyamoto
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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25
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An improved solvent-free system for the microwave-assisted decarboxylation of malonate derivatives based on the use of imidazole. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Payne KAP, White MD, Fisher K, Khara B, Bailey SS, Parker D, Rattray NJW, Trivedi DK, Goodacre R, Beveridge R, Barran P, Rigby SEJ, Scrutton NS, Hay S, Leys D. New cofactor supports α,β-unsaturated acid decarboxylation via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Nature 2015; 522:497-501. [PMID: 26083754 PMCID: PMC4988494 DOI: 10.1038/nature14560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ubiD/ubiX or the homologous fdc/pad genes have been implicated in the non-oxidative reversible decarboxylation of aromatic substrates, and play a pivotal role in bacterial ubiquinone biosynthesis1–3 or microbial biodegradation of aromatic compounds4–6 respectively. Despite biochemical studies on individual gene products, the composition and co-factor requirement of the enzyme responsible for in vivo decarboxylase activity remained unclear7–9. We show Fdc is solely responsible for (de)carboxylase activity, and that it requires a new type of cofactor: a prenylated flavin synthesised by the associated UbiX/Pad10. Atomic resolution crystal structures reveal two distinct isomers of the oxidized cofactor can be observed: an isoalloxazine N5-iminium adduct and a N5 secondary ketimine species with drastically altered ring structure, both having azomethine ylide character. Substrate binding positions the dipolarophile enoic acid group directly above the azomethine ylide group. The structure of a covalent inhibitor-cofactor adduct suggests 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition chemistry supports reversible decarboxylation in these enzymes. While 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is commonly used in organic chemistry11–12, we propose this presents the first example of an enzymatic 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. Our model for Fdc/UbiD catalysis offers new routes in alkene hydrocarbon production or aryl (de)carboxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl A P Payne
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Mark D White
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Karl Fisher
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Basile Khara
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Samuel S Bailey
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - David Parker
- Innovation/Biodomain, Shell International Exploration and Production, Westhollow Technology Center, 3333 Highway 6 South, Houston, Texas 77082-3101, USA
| | - Nicholas J W Rattray
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Drupad K Trivedi
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Royston Goodacre
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Rebecca Beveridge
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Perdita Barran
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Stephen E J Rigby
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Sam Hay
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - David Leys
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
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27
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Zhang F, Sun H, Song Z, Zhou S, Wen X, Xu QL, Sun H. Stereoselective Synthesis of Arylglycine Derivatives via Palladium-Catalyzed α-Arylation of a Chiral Nickel(II) Glycinate. J Org Chem 2015; 80:4459-64. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases and State Key Laboratory of
Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia
Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hengzhi Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases and State Key Laboratory of
Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia
Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhuang Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases and State Key Laboratory of
Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia
Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shuxi Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases and State Key Laboratory of
Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia
Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaoan Wen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases and State Key Laboratory of
Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia
Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qing-Long Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases and State Key Laboratory of
Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia
Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hongbin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases and State Key Laboratory of
Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia
Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
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28
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Lewin R, Goodall M, Thompson ML, Leigh J, Breuer M, Baldenius K, Micklefield J. Enzymatic enantioselective decarboxylative protonation of heteroaryl malonates. Chemistry 2015; 21:6557-63. [PMID: 25766433 PMCID: PMC4517146 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme aryl/alkenyl malonate decarboxylase (AMDase) catalyses the enantioselective decarboxylative protonation (EDP) of a range of disubstituted malonic acids to give homochiral carboxylic acids that are valuable synthetic intermediates. AMDase exhibits a number of advantages over the non-enzymatic EDP methods developed to date including higher enantioselectivity and more environmentally benign reaction conditions. In this report, AMDase and engineered variants have been used to produce a range of enantioenriched heteroaromatic α-hydroxycarboxylic acids, including pharmaceutical precursors, from readily accessible α-hydroxymalonates. The enzymatic method described here represents an improvement upon existing synthetic chemistry methods that have been used to produce similar compounds. The relationship between the structural features of these new substrates and the kinetics associated with their enzymatic decarboxylation is explored, which offers further insight into the mechanism of AMDase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Lewin
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7ND (UK) E-mail:
| | - Mark Goodall
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7ND (UK) E-mail:
| | - Mark L Thompson
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7ND (UK) E-mail:
| | - James Leigh
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7ND (UK) E-mail:
| | | | | | - Jason Micklefield
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7ND (UK) E-mail:
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29
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Currin A, Swainston N, Day PJ, Kell DB. Synthetic biology for the directed evolution of protein biocatalysts: navigating sequence space intelligently. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:1172-239. [PMID: 25503938 PMCID: PMC4349129 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00351a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The amino acid sequence of a protein affects both its structure and its function. Thus, the ability to modify the sequence, and hence the structure and activity, of individual proteins in a systematic way, opens up many opportunities, both scientifically and (as we focus on here) for exploitation in biocatalysis. Modern methods of synthetic biology, whereby increasingly large sequences of DNA can be synthesised de novo, allow an unprecedented ability to engineer proteins with novel functions. However, the number of possible proteins is far too large to test individually, so we need means for navigating the 'search space' of possible protein sequences efficiently and reliably in order to find desirable activities and other properties. Enzymologists distinguish binding (Kd) and catalytic (kcat) steps. In a similar way, judicious strategies have blended design (for binding, specificity and active site modelling) with the more empirical methods of classical directed evolution (DE) for improving kcat (where natural evolution rarely seeks the highest values), especially with regard to residues distant from the active site and where the functional linkages underpinning enzyme dynamics are both unknown and hard to predict. Epistasis (where the 'best' amino acid at one site depends on that or those at others) is a notable feature of directed evolution. The aim of this review is to highlight some of the approaches that are being developed to allow us to use directed evolution to improve enzyme properties, often dramatically. We note that directed evolution differs in a number of ways from natural evolution, including in particular the available mechanisms and the likely selection pressures. Thus, we stress the opportunities afforded by techniques that enable one to map sequence to (structure and) activity in silico, as an effective means of modelling and exploring protein landscapes. Because known landscapes may be assessed and reasoned about as a whole, simultaneously, this offers opportunities for protein improvement not readily available to natural evolution on rapid timescales. Intelligent landscape navigation, informed by sequence-activity relationships and coupled to the emerging methods of synthetic biology, offers scope for the development of novel biocatalysts that are both highly active and robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Currin
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , The University of Manchester , 131, Princess St , Manchester M1 7DN , UK . ; http://dbkgroup.org/; @dbkell ; Tel: +44 (0)161 306 4492
- School of Chemistry , The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , UK
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM) , The University of Manchester , 131, Princess St , Manchester M1 7DN , UK
| | - Neil Swainston
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , The University of Manchester , 131, Princess St , Manchester M1 7DN , UK . ; http://dbkgroup.org/; @dbkell ; Tel: +44 (0)161 306 4492
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM) , The University of Manchester , 131, Princess St , Manchester M1 7DN , UK
- School of Computer Science , The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , UK
| | - Philip J. Day
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , The University of Manchester , 131, Princess St , Manchester M1 7DN , UK . ; http://dbkgroup.org/; @dbkell ; Tel: +44 (0)161 306 4492
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM) , The University of Manchester , 131, Princess St , Manchester M1 7DN , UK
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences , The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PT , UK
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , The University of Manchester , 131, Princess St , Manchester M1 7DN , UK . ; http://dbkgroup.org/; @dbkell ; Tel: +44 (0)161 306 4492
- School of Chemistry , The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , UK
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM) , The University of Manchester , 131, Princess St , Manchester M1 7DN , UK
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30
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Lind MES, Himo F. Theoretical Study of Reaction Mechanism and Stereoselectivity of Arylmalonate Decarboxylase. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs5009738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. S. Lind
- Department
of Organic Chemistry
Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fahmi Himo
- Department
of Organic Chemistry
Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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31
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Lebedyeva IO, Biswas S, Goncalves K, Sileno SM, Jackson AR, Patel K, Steel PJ, Katritzky AR. One-pot decarboxylative acylation of N-, O-, S-nucleophiles and peptides with 2,2-disubstituted malonic acids. Chemistry 2014; 20:11695-8. [PMID: 25065781 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Monocarbonyl activation of 2,2-disubstituted malonic acids with benzotriazole leads to decarboxylation of one of the carboxy groups and formation of a CH bond. Intermediate carbonyl benzotriazoles then readily acylate nucleophilic reagents and peptides resulting in libraries of conjugates and peptidomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna O Lebedyeva
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA), Fax: (+1) 352-392-9199; Department of Chemistry and Physics, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street SCI W3005, Augusta, GA 30912 (USA).
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Kourist R, Guterl JK, Miyamoto K, Sieber V. Enzymatic Decarboxylation-An Emerging Reaction for Chemicals Production from Renewable Resources. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Acevedo-Rocha CG, Hoebenreich S, Reetz MT. Iterative saturation mutagenesis: a powerful approach to engineer proteins by systematically simulating Darwinian evolution. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1179:103-28. [PMID: 25055773 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1053-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Iterative saturation mutagenesis (ISM) is a widely applicable and powerful strategy for the efficient directed evolution of enzymes. First, one or more amino acid positions from the chosen enzyme are assigned to multi-residue sites (i.e., groups of amino acids or "multisites"). Then, the residues in each multisite are mutated with a user-defined randomization scheme to all canonical amino acids or a reduced amino acid alphabet. Subsequently, the genes of chosen variants (usually the best but not necessarily) are used as templates for saturation mutagenesis at other multisites, and the process is repeated until the desired degree of biocatalyst improvement has been achieved. Addressing multisites iteratively results in a so-called ISM scheme or tree with various upward branches or pathways. The systematic character of ISM simulates in vitro the natural process of Darwinian evolution: variation (library creation), selection (library screening), and amplification (template chosen for the next round of randomization). However, the main feature of ISM that distinguishes it from other directed evolution methods is the systematic probing of a defined segment of the protein sequence space, as it has been shown that ISM is much more efficient in terms of biocatalyst optimization than random methods such as error-prone PCR. In addition, ISM trees have also shed light on the emergence of epistasis, thereby rationally improving the strategies for evolving better enzymes. ISM was developed to improve catalytic properties such as rate, substrate scope, stereo- and regioselectivity using the Combinatorial Active-site Saturation Test (CAST), as well as chemical and thermal stability employing the B-Factor Iterative Test (B-FIT). However, ISM can also be invoked to manipulate such protein properties as binding affinity among other possibilities, including protein-protein interactions. Herein, we provide general guidelines for ISM, using CAST as the case study in the quest to enhance the activity and regioselectivity of the monooxygenase P450BM3 toward testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Acevedo-Rocha
- Organische Synthese, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim, Germany
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Marlow VA, Rea D, Najmudin S, Wills M, Fülöp V. Structure and mechanism of acetolactate decarboxylase. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:2339-44. [PMID: 23985082 DOI: 10.1021/cb400429h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acetolactate decarboxylase catalyzes the conversion of both enantiomers of acetolactate to the (R)-enantiomer of acetoin, via a mechanism that has been shown to involve a prior rearrangement of the non-natural (R)-enantiomer substrate to the natural (S)-enantiomer. In this paper, a series of crystal structures of ALDC complex with designed transition state mimics are reported. These structures, coupled with inhibition studies and site-directed mutagenesis provide an improved understanding of the molecular processes involved in the stereoselective decarboxylation/protonation events. A mechanism for the transformation of each enantiomer of acetolactate is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Marlow
- MOAC
Doctoral Training Centre, The University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- School
of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Dean Rea
- School
of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Shabir Najmudin
- School
of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Wills
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Vilmos Fülöp
- School
of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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Reetz MT. Biocatalysis in organic chemistry and biotechnology: past, present, and future. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:12480-96. [PMID: 23930719 DOI: 10.1021/ja405051f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 541] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes as catalysts in synthetic organic chemistry gained importance in the latter half of the 20th century, but nevertheless suffered from two major limitations. First, many enzymes were not accessible in large enough quantities for practical applications. The advent of recombinant DNA technology changed this dramatically in the late 1970s. Second, many enzymes showed a narrow substrate scope, often poor stereo- and/or regioselectivity and/or insufficient stability under operating conditions. With the development of directed evolution beginning in the 1990s and continuing to the present day, all of these problems can be addressed and generally solved. The present Perspective focuses on these and other developments which have popularized enzymes as part of the toolkit of synthetic organic chemists and biotechnologists. Included is a discussion of the scope and limitation of cascade reactions using enzyme mixtures in vitro and of metabolic engineering of pathways in cells as factories for the production of simple compounds such as biofuels and complex natural products. Future trends and problems are also highlighted, as is the discussion concerning biocatalysis versus nonbiological catalysis in synthetic organic chemistry. This Perspective does not constitute a comprehensive review, and therefore the author apologizes to those researchers whose work is not specifically treated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred T Reetz
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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Sankar MG, Garcia-Castro M, Wang Y, Kumar K. A Facile Dipolar Entry to Diverse Dihydro-1 H-1,2,4-Triazoles. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201300120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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1,4-Addition of an aryllithium reagent to diethyl ketomalonate. Scalable synthesis of ethyl 1-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-1-carboxylate. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Reetz MT. Laboratory evolution of stereoselective enzymes as a means to expand the toolbox of organic chemists. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Wang M, Si T, Zhao H. Biocatalyst development by directed evolution. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 115:117-25. [PMID: 22310212 PMCID: PMC3351540 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has emerged as a great addition to traditional chemical processes for production of bulk chemicals and pharmaceuticals. To overcome the limitations of naturally occurring enzymes, directed evolution has become the most important tool for improving critical traits of biocatalysts such as thermostability, activity, selectivity, and tolerance towards organic solvents for industrial applications. Recent advances in mutant library creation and high-throughput screening have greatly facilitated the engineering of novel and improved biocatalysts. This review provides an update of the recent developments in the use of directed evolution to engineer biocatalysts for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Tong Si
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Bioengineering, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: (217) 333-2631. Fax: (217) 333-5052.
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Gumulya Y, Sanchis J, Reetz MT. Many Pathways in Laboratory Evolution Can Lead to Improved Enzymes: How to Escape from Local Minima. Chembiochem 2012; 13:1060-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Hata S, Koyama H, Shimizu M. Synthesis of α,α-Disubstituted α-Amino Esters: Nucleophilic Addition to Iminium Salts Generated from Amino Ketene Silyl Acetals. J Org Chem 2011; 76:9670-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201692x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Hata
- Department of Chemistry
for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Koyama
- Department of Chemistry
for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Makoto Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry
for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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Gumulya Y, Reetz MT. Enhancing the Thermal Robustness of an Enzyme by Directed Evolution: Least Favorable Starting Points and Inferior Mutants Can Map Superior Evolutionary Pathways. Chembiochem 2011; 12:2502-10. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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García-Urdiales E, Alfonso I, Gotor V. Update 1 of: Enantioselective Enzymatic Desymmetrizations in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2011; 111:PR110-80. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100330u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo García-Urdiales
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad
de Oviedo, Julián Clavería, 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain,
and
| | - Ignacio Alfonso
- Departamento de Química Biológica
y Modelización Molecular, Instituto de Química Avanzada
de Cataluña (IQAC, CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona,
Spain
| | - Vicente Gotor
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad
de Oviedo, Julián Clavería, 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain,
and
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Strohmeier GA, Pichler H, May O, Gruber-Khadjawi M. Application of Designed Enzymes in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2011; 111:4141-64. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100386u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gernot A. Strohmeier
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Pichler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Oliver May
- DSM—Innovative Synthesis BV, Geleen, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
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Lafrance D, Bowles P, Leeman K, Rafka R. Mild decarboxylative activation of malonic acid derivatives by 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole. Org Lett 2011; 13:2322-5. [PMID: 21488674 DOI: 10.1021/ol200575c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Malonic acid derivatives undergo unusually mild decarboxylation when treated with N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) at room temperature to generate the carbonyl imidazole moiety in high yield, which can be reacted further with a variety of nucleophiles in an efficient one-pot process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Lafrance
- Development Science and Technology, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Nestl BM, Nebel BA, Hauer B. Recent progress in industrial biocatalysis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2011; 15:187-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kotsuki H, Sasakura N, Yamauchi T, Nakano K, Ichikawa Y. Efficient and Mild Procedure for the Decarboxylative Cyanomethyl Esterification of Arylmalonic Acids Using ClCH2CN/1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene. HETEROCYCLES 2011. [DOI: 10.3987/com-11-12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Fisch F, Fleites CM, Delenne M, Baudendistel N, Hauer B, Turkenburg JP, Hart S, Bruce NC, Grogan G. A covalent succinylcysteine-like intermediate in the enzyme-catalyzed transformation of maleate to fumarate by maleate isomerase. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:11455-7. [PMID: 20677745 DOI: 10.1021/ja1053576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Maleate isomerase (MI), a member of the Asp/Glu racemase superfamily, catalyzes cis-trans isomerization of the C2-C3 double bond in maleate to yield fumarate. Mutational studies, in conjunction with the structure of the C194A mutant of Nocardia farcinica MI cocrystallized with maleate, have revealed an unprecedented mode of catalysis for the superfamily in which the isomerization reaction is initiated by nucleophilic attack of cysteine at the double bond, yielding a covalent succinylcysteine-like intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Fisch
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5YW, United Kingdom
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