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Oh C, Park B, Sundaresan V, Schaefer JL, Bohn PW. Closed Bipolar Electrode-Enabled Electrochromic Sensing of Multiple Metabolites in Whole Blood. ACS Sens 2023; 8:270-279. [PMID: 36547518 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We report a closed bipolar electrode (CBE)-based sensing platform for the detection of diagnostic metabolites in undiluted whole human blood. The sensor is enabled by electrode chemistry based on: (1) a mixed layer of blood-compatible adsorption-resistant phosphorylcholine (PPC) and phenylbutyric acid (PBA), (2) ferrocene (Fc) redox mediators, and (3) immobilized redox-active enzymes. This scheme is designed to overcome nonspecific protein adsorption and amplify sensing currents in whole human fluids. The scheme also incorporates a diffusing mediator to increase electronic communication between the immobilized redox enzyme and the working electrode. The use of both bound and freely diffusing mediators is synergistic in producing the electrochemical response. The sensor is realized by linking the analyte cell, containing the specific electrode surface architecture, through a CBE to a reporter cell containing the electrochromic reporter, methyl viologen (MV). The colorless-to-purple color change accompanying the 1e- reduction of MV2+ is captured using a smartphone camera. Subsequent red-green-blue analysis is performed on the acquired images to determine cholesterol, glucose, and lactate concentrations in whole blood. The CBE blood metabolite sensor produces a linear color change at clinically relevant concentration ranges for all metabolites with good reproducibility (∼5% or better) and with limits of detection of 79 μM for cholesterol, 59 μM for glucose, and 86 μM for lactate. Finally, metabolite concentration measurements from the CBE blood metabolite sensor are compared with results from commercially available FDA-approved blood cholesterol, glucose, and lactate meters, with an average difference of ∼3.5% across all three metabolites in the ranges studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Oh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana46556, United States
| | - Bumjun Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana46556, United States
| | - Vignesh Sundaresan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana46556, United States
| | - Jennifer L Schaefer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana46556, United States
| | - Paul W Bohn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana46556, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana46556, United States
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2
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Fabre B, Camerel F, Ababou-Girard S. Photoactive silicon surfaces functionalized with high-quality and redox-active platinum diimine complex monolayers. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05805c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Platinum diimine complexes can covalently be grafted onto oxide-free, hydrogen-terminated silicon(111) surfaces into clean and high-quality monolayers. The so modified surfaces offer great prospects as photocathodes for solar-driven electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fabre
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Franck Camerel
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Soraya Ababou-Girard
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes)-UMR 6251, F-35000 Rennes, France
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3
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Vaske B, Schaube M, Meiners F, Ross JH, Christoffers J, Wittstock G. Modification and Patterning of Self‐Assembled Monolayers Using Electrogenerated Etchants and Homogeneous Scavenging Reactions in a Scanning Electrochemical Microscope. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Britta Vaske
- Institute of Chemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg 2 6111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Maximilian Schaube
- Institute of Chemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg 2 6111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Frank Meiners
- Institute of Chemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg 2 6111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Jan Henning Ross
- Institute of Chemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg 2 6111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Jens Christoffers
- Institute of Chemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg 2 6111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Gunther Wittstock
- Institute of Chemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg 2 6111 Oldenburg Germany
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Tahara K, Ashihara Y, Ikeda T, Kadoya T, Fujisawa JI, Ozawa Y, Tajima H, Toyoda N, Haruyama Y, Abe M. Immobilizing a π-Conjugated Catecholato Framework on Surfaces of SiO 2 Insulator Films via a One-Atom Anchor of a Platinum Metal Center to Modulate Organic Transistor Performance. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:17945-17957. [PMID: 33169615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemical modification of insulating material surfaces is an important methodology to improve the performance of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). However, few redox-active self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have been constructed on gate insulator film surfaces, in contrast to the numerous SAMs formed on many types of conducting electrodes. In this study, we report a new approach to introduce a π-conjugated organic fragment in close proximity to an insulating material surface via a transition metal center acting as a one-atom anchor. On the basis of the reported coordination chemistry of a catecholato complex of Pt(II) in solution, we demonstrate that ligand exchange can occur on an insulating material surface, affording SAMs on the SiO2 surface derived from a newly synthesized Pt(II) complex containing a benzothienobenzothiophene (BTBT) framework in the catecholato ligand. The resultant SAMs were characterized in detail by water contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The SAMs served as good scaffolds of π-conjugated pillars for forming thin films of a well-known organic semiconductor C8-BTBT (2,7-dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene), accompanied by the engagements of the C8-BTBT molecules with the SAMs containing the common BTBT framework at the first layer on SiO2. OFETs containing the SAMs displayed improved performance in terms of hole mobility and onset voltage, presumably because of the unique interfacial structure between the organic semiconducting and inorganic insulating layers. These findings provide important insight into creating new elaborate interfaces through installing coordination chemistry in solution to solid surfaces, as well as OFET design by considering the compatibility between SAMs and organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishiro Tahara
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 6781297, Japan
| | - Yuya Ashihara
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 6781297, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikeda
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 6781297, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Kadoya
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 6781297, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Fujisawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1, Tenjin, Kiryu, Gunma 3768515, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Ozawa
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 6781297, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tajima
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 6781297, Japan
| | - Noriaki Toyoda
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167, Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 6712280, Japan
| | - Yuichi Haruyama
- Laboratory of Advanced Science and Technology for Industry, University of Hyogo, 3-1-2 Koto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 6781205, Japan
| | - Masaaki Abe
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 6781297, Japan
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Ikeda T, Tahara K, Kadoya T, Tajima H, Toyoda N, Yasuno S, Ozawa Y, Abe M. Ferrocene on Insulator: Silane Coupling to a SiO 2 Surface and Influence on Electrical Transport at a Buried Interface with an Organic Semiconductor Layer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:5809-5819. [PMID: 32407106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A silane coupling-based procedure for decoration of an insulator surface containing abundant hydroxy groups by constructing redox-active self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) is described. A newly synthesized ferrocene (Fc) derivative containing a triethoxysilyl group designated FcSi was immobilized on SiO2/Si by a simple operation that involved immersing the substrate in a toluene solution of the Fc silane coupling reagent and then rinsing the resulting substrate. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements confirmed that the Fc group was immobilized on SiO2/Si in the Fe(II) state. Cyclic voltammetry measurements showed that the Fc groups were electrically insulated from the Si electrode by the SiO2 layer. The FcSi on SiO2/Si structures were found to serve as a good scaffold for formation of organic semiconductor thin films by vacuum thermal evaporation of C8-BTBT (2,7-dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene), which is well-known as an organic field-effect transistor (OFET) material. The X-ray diffraction profile indicated that the conventional standing-up conformation of the C8-BTBT molecules perpendicular to the substrates was maintained in the thin films formed on FcSi@SiO2/Si. Further vacuum thermal evaporation of Au provided an FcSi-based OFET structure with good transfer characteristics. The FcSi-based OFET showed pronounced source-drain current hysteresis between the forward and backward scans. The degree of this hysteresis was varied reversibly via gate bias manipulation, which was presumably accompanied by trapping and detrapping of hole carriers at the Fc-decorated SiO2 surface. These findings provide new insights into application of redox-active SAMs to nonvolatile OFET memories while also creating new interfaces through junctions with functional thin films, in which the underlying redox-active SAMs play supporting roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ikeda
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Keishiro Tahara
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Kadoya
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tajima
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Noriaki Toyoda
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167, Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yasuno
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1, Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Ozawa
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Masaaki Abe
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
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6
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de Sousa JA, Bejarano F, Gutiérrez D, Leroux YR, Nowik-Boltyk EM, Junghoefer T, Giangrisostomi E, Ovsyannikov R, Casu MB, Veciana J, Mas-Torrent M, Fabre B, Rovira C, Crivillers N. Exploiting the versatile alkyne-based chemistry for expanding the applications of a stable triphenylmethyl organic radical on surfaces. Chem Sci 2019; 11:516-524. [PMID: 32190271 PMCID: PMC7067255 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04499j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of terminal alkynes into the chemical structure of persistent organic perchlorotriphenylmethyl (PTM) radicals provides new chemical tools to expand their potential applications. In this work, this is demonstrated by the chemical functionalization of two types of substrates, hydrogenated SiO2-free silicon (Si-H) and gold, and, by exploiting the click chemistry, scarcely used with organic radicals, to synthesise multifunctional systems. On one hand, the one-step functionalization of Si-H allows a light-triggered capacitance switch to be successfully achieved under electrochemical conditions. On the other hand, the click reaction between the alkyne-terminated PTM radical and a ferrocene azide derivative, used here as a model azide system, leads to a multistate electrochemical switch. The successful post-surface modification makes the self-assembled monolayers reported here an appealing platform to synthesise multifunctional systems grafted on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alejandro de Sousa
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Networking Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , Campus de la UAB , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain . .,Laboratorio de Electroquímica , Departamento de Química , Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad de los Andes , 5101 Mérida , Venezuela
| | - Francesc Bejarano
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Networking Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , Campus de la UAB , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain .
| | - Diego Gutiérrez
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Networking Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , Campus de la UAB , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain .
| | - Yann R Leroux
- Univ Rennes , CNRS , ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR 6226 , F-35000 Rennes , France
| | | | - Tobias Junghoefer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , University of Tübingen , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Erika Giangrisostomi
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (HZB) , Albert-Einstein-Str 15 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Ruslan Ovsyannikov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (HZB) , Albert-Einstein-Str 15 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Maria Benedetta Casu
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , University of Tübingen , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Jaume Veciana
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Networking Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , Campus de la UAB , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain .
| | - Marta Mas-Torrent
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Networking Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , Campus de la UAB , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain .
| | - Bruno Fabre
- Univ Rennes , CNRS , ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR 6226 , F-35000 Rennes , France
| | - Concepció Rovira
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Networking Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , Campus de la UAB , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain .
| | - Núria Crivillers
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Networking Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , Campus de la UAB , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain .
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7
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Redox-Active Ferrocene grafted on H-Terminated Si(111): Electrochemical Characterization of the Charge Transport Mechanism and Dynamics. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8735. [PMID: 31217551 PMCID: PMC6584626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45448-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroactive self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) bearing a ferrocene (Fc) redox couple were chemically assembled on H-terminated semiconducting degenerate-doped n-type Si(111) substrate. This allows to create a Si(111)|organic-spacer|Fc hybrid interface, where the ferrocene moiety is covalently immobilized on the silicon, via two alkyl molecular spacers of different length. Organic monolayer formation was probed by Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements, which were also used to estimate thickness and surface assembled monolayer (SAM) surface coverage. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements allowed to ascertain surface morphology and roughness. The single electron transfer process, between the ferrocene redox probe and the Si electrode surface, was probed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements. CVs recorded at different scan rates, in the 10 to 500 mV s−1 range, allowed to determine peak-to-peak separation, half-wave potential, and charge-transfer rate constant (KET). The experimental findings suggest that the electron transfer is a one electron quasi-reversible process. The present demonstration of surface engineering of functional redox-active organometallic molecule can be efficient in the field of molecular electronics, surface-base redox chemistry, opto-electronic applications.
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8
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Ferrocene Molecular Architectures Grafted on Si(111): A Theoretical Calculation of the Standard Oxidation Potentials and Electron Transfer Rate Constant. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10101109. [PMID: 28934134 PMCID: PMC5666915 DOI: 10.3390/ma10101109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The standard oxidation potential and the electron transfer (ET) rate constants of two silicon-based hybrid interfaces, Si(111)/organic-spacer/Ferrocene, are theoretically calculated and assessed. The dynamics of the electrochemical driven ET process is modeled in terms of the classical donor/acceptor scheme within the framework of “Marcus theory”. The ET rate constants, kET, are determined following calculation of the electron transfer matrix element, VRP, together with the knowledge of the energy of the neutral and charge separated systems. The recently introduced Constrained Density Functional Theory (CDFT) method is exploited to optimize the structure and determine the energy of the charge separated species. Calculated ET rate constants are kET=77.8 s−1 and kET=1.3×10−9 s−1, in the case of the short and long organic-spacer, respectively.
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9
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Choudhury MH, Ciampi S, Lu X, Kashi MB, Zhao C, Gooding JJ. Spatially confined electrochemical activity at a non-patterned semiconductor electrode. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.04.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Yang Y, Ciampi S, Gooding JJ. Coupled Thermodynamic and Kinetic Changes in the Electrochemistry of Ferrocenyl Monolayers Induced by Light. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:2497-2503. [PMID: 28212037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on the light-induced systematic changes to the thermodynamics and kinetics of ferrocene units attached to a n-type silicon(100) photoelectrode. Both the reaction rate and the energetics of the charge transfer are simultaneously affected by changes in the intensity of the incident light. Cyclic voltammetry shows that increases in the intensity of illumination can drive the redox process toward less positive potentials, with a downhill shift in E1/2 of ca. 160 mV by increasing the light intensity from 3 to 94 mW cm-2. However, this thermodynamic shift is paralleled by an increase in the kinetics of the charge transfer. This latter observation-light-induced kinetic effects at monolayers on silicon electrodes-is made possible only by the stability of the surface chemistry construct. Furthermore, electrochemical impedance measurements showed that the electrodes exhibit faster electron-transfer kinetics under illumination than previously reported for ferrocene-terminated highly doped silicon (around 1 order of magnitude faster). An explanation for the kinetic effects is proposed on the basis of the consistent increase in photogenerated charge carriers inside silicon and the enlarged potential difference between the valence band of silicon and the surface-attached ferrocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales , Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Simone Ciampi
- Department of Chemistry, Curtin University , Bentley WA 6102, Australia
| | - J Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales , Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
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11
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Polcari D, Dauphin-Ducharme P, Mauzeroll J. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: A Comprehensive Review of Experimental Parameters from 1989 to 2015. Chem Rev 2016; 116:13234-13278. [PMID: 27736057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Polcari
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec Canada, H3A 0B8
| | - Philippe Dauphin-Ducharme
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec Canada, H3A 0B8
| | - Janine Mauzeroll
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec Canada, H3A 0B8
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12
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Kashi MB, Wu Y, Gonçales VR, Choudhury MH, Ciampi S, Gooding JJ. Silicon–SAM–AuNP electrodes: Electrochemical “switching” and stability. Electrochem commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fabre
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS/Université de Rennes 1, Matière Condensée et Systèmes Electroactifs MaCSE, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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14
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Mohammadi Ziarani G, Hassanzadeh Z, Gholamzadeh P, Asadi S, Badiei A. Advances in click chemistry for silica-based material construction. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26034e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Click chemistry is undoubtedly the most powerful 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shima Asadi
- Department of Chemistry
- Alzahra University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Alireza Badiei
- School of Chemistry
- College of Science
- University of Tehran
- Tehran
- Iran
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15
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Li F, Basile VM, Rose MJ. Electron Transfer through Surface-Grown, Ferrocene-Capped Oligophenylene Molecular Wires (5-50 Å) on n-Si(111) Photoelectrodes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:7712-7716. [PMID: 26153919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the surface growth of oligophenylene molecular wires on Si(111) substrates and their electron-transfer (ET) properties. Iterative wire growth of biphenylene was achieved via Pd-catalyzed Negishi reactions for lengths of nphenyl = 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 (d ≈ 5-50 Å). The triflato-capped wires were functionalized with vinylferrocene for potentiometric studies. For the oligophenylenes of nphenyl = 1, 2, and 4 (wire length d ≈ 5-20 Å), there was a strong distance dependence (kapp = 22.6, 16.0, 8.40 s(-1), respectively), correlated to β = 0.07 Å(-1). In contrast, longer oligophenylenes for nphenyl = 4-12 (d ≈ 20-50 Å) displayed a negligible distance dependence with an ET rate of kapp ≈ 10.0 ± 1.6 s(-1). These data suggest a distance-dependent tunneling mechanism at short lengths (d < 20 Å) and a distance-independent ET at longer lengths (d > 20 Å).
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Victoria M Basile
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Michael J Rose
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
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16
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Alonso JM, Fabre B, Trilling AK, Scheres L, Franssen MCR, Zuilhof H. Covalent attachment of 1-alkenes to oxidized platinum surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:2714-2721. [PMID: 25710809 DOI: 10.1021/la504447t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the formation of covalently bound alkyl layers onto oxidized Pt (PtOx) substrates by reaction with 1-alkenes as a novel way to bind organic molecules to metal surfaces. The organic layers were characterized by static contact angle, infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The grafted alkyl layers display a hydrolytic stability that is comparable to that of alkyl thiols on Au. PtOx-alkene attachment is compatible with terminal ester moieties enabling further anchoring of functional groups, such as redox-active ferrocene, and thus has great potential to extend monolayer chemistry on noble metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Maria Alonso
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Millesi S, Maccarrone G, Gulino A. Solid nanoarchitecture – Cu(ii) solution: dynamics of the chemical communication. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:6612-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00169b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The response of a porphyrin nanoarchitecture, covalently supported on quartz, was investigated upon the external chemical Cu(ii) stimulus. The overall structure behaves as a ternary optical system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatrice Millesi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università di Catania and I.N.S.T.M. UdR of Catania
- 95125 Catania
- Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maccarrone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università di Catania and I.N.S.T.M. UdR of Catania
- 95125 Catania
- Italy
| | - Antonino Gulino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università di Catania and I.N.S.T.M. UdR of Catania
- 95125 Catania
- Italy
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18
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Fabre B, Pujari SP, Scheres L, Zuilhof H. Micropatterned ferrocenyl monolayers covalently bound to hydrogen-terminated silicon surfaces: effects of pattern size on the cyclic voltammetry and capacitance characteristics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:7235-43. [PMID: 24885588 DOI: 10.1021/la501330j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the size of patterns of micropatterned ferrocene (Fc)-functionalized, oxide-free n-type Si(111) surfaces was systematically investigated by electrochemical methods. Microcontact printing with amine-functionalized Fc derivatives was performed on a homogeneous acid fluoride-terminated alkenyl monolayer covalently bound to n-type H-terminated Si surfaces to give Fc patterns of different sizes (5 × 5, 10 × 10, and 20 × 20 μm(2)), followed by backfilling with n-butylamine. These Fc-micropatterned surfaces were characterized by static water contact angle measurements, ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The charge-transfer process between the Fc-micropatterned and underlying Si interface was subsequently studied by cyclic voltammetry and capacitance. By electrochemical studies, it is evident that the smallest electroactive ferrocenyl patterns (i.e., 5 × 5 μm(2) squares) show ideal surface electrochemistry, which is characterized by narrow, perfectly symmetric, and intense cyclic voltammetry and capacitance peaks. In this respect, strategies are briefly discussed to further improve the development of photoswitchable charge storage microcells using the produced redox-active monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fabre
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS/Université de Rennes 1, Matière Condensée et Systèmes Electroactifs (MaCSE) , Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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19
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Pujari SP, Scheres L, Marcelis ATM, Zuilhof H. Covalent Surface Modification of Oxide Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:6322-56. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 583] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sidharam P. Pujari
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 26, 6703 HB Wageningen (The Netherlands)
| | - Luc Scheres
- Surfix B.V. Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen (The Netherlands)
| | - Antonius T. M. Marcelis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 26, 6703 HB Wageningen (The Netherlands)
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 26, 6703 HB Wageningen (The Netherlands)
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah (Saudi Arabia)
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20
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Pujari SP, Scheres L, Marcelis ATM, Zuilhof H. Kovalente Oberflächenmodifikationen von Oxiden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sidharam P. Pujari
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 26, 6703 HB Wageningen (Niederlande)
| | | | - Antonius T. M. Marcelis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 26, 6703 HB Wageningen (Niederlande)
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 26, 6703 HB Wageningen (Niederlande)
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah (Saudi‐Arabien)
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21
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Yzambart G, Fabre B, Roisnel T, Dorcet V, Ababou-Girard S, Meriadec C, Lorcy D. Assembly of Platinum Diimine Dithiolate Complexes onto Hydrogen-Terminated Silicon Surfaces. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om5000369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Yzambart
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques
de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Fabre
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques
de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques
de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Dorcet
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques
de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Soraya Ababou-Girard
- Institut de Physique de Rennes, Département
Matériaux et Nanosciences, Campus de Beaulieu, UMR 6251 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Cristelle Meriadec
- Institut de Physique de Rennes, Département
Matériaux et Nanosciences, Campus de Beaulieu, UMR 6251 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Dominique Lorcy
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques
de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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22
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Lillethorup M, Torbensen K, Ceccato M, Pedersen SU, Daasbjerg K. Electron transport through a diazonium-based initiator layer to covalently attached polymer brushes of ferrocenylmethyl methacrylate. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:13595-13604. [PMID: 24144237 DOI: 10.1021/la402535u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A versatile method based on electrografting of aryldiazonium salts was used to introduce covalently attached initiators for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) on glassy carbon surfaces. Polymer brushes of ferrocenylmethyl methacrylate were prepared from the surface-attached initiators, and these films were thoroughly analyzed using various techniques, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS), ellipsometry, and electrochemistry. Of particular interest was the electrochemical characterization of the electron transfer through the diazonium-based initiator layer to the redox centers in the polymer brush films. It was found that the apparent rate constant of electron transfer decreases exponentially with the dry-state thickness of this layer. To investigate the electron transfer in the brushes themselves, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was applied, thereby allowing the effect from the initiator layer to be excluded. The unusual transition feature of the approach curves recorded suggests that an initial fast charge transfer to the outermost-situated ferrocenyl groups is followed by a slower electron transport involving the neighboring redox units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Lillethorup
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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23
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Fabre B, Li Y, Scheres L, Pujari SP, Zuilhof H. Light-Activated Electroactive Molecule-Based Memory Microcells Confined on a Silicon Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201304688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Fabre B, Li Y, Scheres L, Pujari SP, Zuilhof H. Light-Activated Electroactive Molecule-Based Memory Microcells Confined on a Silicon Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12024-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201304688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Green K, Gauthier N, Sahnoune H, Halet JF, Paul F, Fabre B. Covalent Immobilization of Redox-Active Fe(κ2-dppe)(η5-C5Me5)-Based π-Conjugated Wires on Oxide-Free Hydrogen-Terminated Silicon Surfaces. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om4006017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katy Green
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Campus
de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Gauthier
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Campus
de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Hiba Sahnoune
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Campus
de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Jean-François Halet
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Campus
de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Paul
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Campus
de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Fabre
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Campus
de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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26
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Green K, Gauthier N, Sahnoune H, Argouarch G, Toupet L, Costuas K, Bondon A, Fabre B, Halet JF, Paul F. Synthesis and Characterization of Redox-Active Mononuclear Fe(κ2-dppe)(η5-C5Me5)-Terminated π-Conjugated Wires. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400515g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katy Green
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques
de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Gauthier
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques
de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Hiba Sahnoune
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques
de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Gilles Argouarch
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques
de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Loic Toupet
- Institut de Physique de Rennes,
UMR 6251 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Karine Costuas
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques
de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Arnaud Bondon
- RMN-ILP, UMR 6026 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, IFR 140, PRISM, CS 34317,
Campus de Villejean, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Fabre
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques
de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Jean-François Halet
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques
de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Paul
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques
de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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27
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Buriez O, Podvorica FI, Galtayries A, Labbé E, Top S, Vessières A, Jaouen G, Combellas C, Amatore C. Surface grafting of a π-conjugated amino-ferrocifen drug. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Liu Y, Wolfrum B, Hüske M, Offenhäusser A, Wang E, Mayer D. Ein elektrochemischer Gleichrichter ermöglicht Transistorfunktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201207778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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29
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Liu Y, Wolfrum B, Hüske M, Offenhäusser A, Wang E, Mayer D. Transistor Functions Based on Electrochemical Rectification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:4029-32. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Pujari SP, Spruijt E, Cohen Stuart MA, van Rijn CJM, Paulusse JMJ, Zuilhof H. Ultralow adhesion and friction of fluoro-hydro alkyne-derived self-assembled monolayers on H-terminated Si(111). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:17690-17700. [PMID: 23234602 DOI: 10.1021/la303893u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
New fluorine-containing terminal alkynes were synthesized and self-assembled onto Si(111) substrates to obtain fluorine-containing organic monolayers. The monolayers were analyzed in detail by ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (FT-IRRAS), static water contact angle measurements (CA), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The SAMs exhibit excellent hydrophobicity, with static water contact angles of up to 119° and low critical surface tensions of 5-20 mN/m depending on the number of F atoms per molecule. IRRAS confirmed the formation of highly ordered monolayers, as indicated by the antisymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations of the CH(2) moieties at 2918-2920 and 2850-2851 cm(-1), respectively. Upon increasing the number of fluorine atoms in the alkyne chains from 0 to 17, the adhesion of bare silica probes to the SAMs in air decreases from 11.6 ± 0.20 mJ/m(2) for fluorine-free (F0) alkyne monolayers to as low as 3.2 ± 0.03 mJ/m(2) for a heptadecafluoro-hexadecyne (F17)-based monolayer. Likewise, the friction coefficient decreases from 5.7 × 10(-2) to 1.2 × 10(-2). The combination of high ordering, excellent hydrophobicity, low adhesion, and low friction makes these fluoro-hydro alkyne-derived monolayers highly promising candidates for use in high-performance microelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidharam P Pujari
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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31
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Darwish N, Eggers PK, Ciampi S, Tong Y, Ye S, Paddon-Row MN, Gooding JJ. Probing the Effect of the Solution Environment around Redox-Active Moieties Using Rigid Anthraquinone Terminated Molecular Rulers. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:18401-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja307665k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadim Darwish
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052,
Australia
| | - Paul K. Eggers
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052,
Australia
| | - Simone Ciampi
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052,
Australia
| | - Yujin Tong
- Catalysis Research
Centre, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021,
Japan
| | - Shen Ye
- Catalysis Research
Centre, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021,
Japan
| | - Michael N. Paddon-Row
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052,
Australia
| | - J. Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052,
Australia
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32
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Zhan D, Yang D, Yin BS, Zhang J, Tian ZQ. Electrochemical Behaviors of Single Microcrystals of Iron Hexacyanides/NaCl Solid Solution. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9276-81. [PMID: 23026011 DOI: 10.1021/ac302053x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongping Zhan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, and
State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Dezhi Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, and
State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Bing-sheng Yin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, and
State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, and
State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, and
State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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33
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Li Y, Calder S, Yaffe O, Cahen D, Haick H, Kronik L, Zuilhof H. Hybrids of organic molecules and flat, oxide-free silicon: high-density monolayers, electronic properties, and functionalization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:9920-9929. [PMID: 22587009 DOI: 10.1021/la3010568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Since the first report of Si-C bound organic monolayers on oxide-free Si almost two decades ago, a substantial amount of research has focused on studying the fundamental mechanical and electronic properties of these Si/molecule surfaces and interfaces. This feature article covers three closely related topics, including recent advances in achieving high-density organic monolayers (i.e., atomic coverage >55%) on oxide-free Si(111) substrates, an overview of progress in the fundamental understanding of the energetics and electronic properties of hybrid Si/molecule systems, and a brief summary of recent examples of subsequent functionalization on these high-density monolayers, which can significantly expand the range of applicability. Taken together, these topics provide an overview of the present status of this active area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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34
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Halls JE, Bourne RW, Wright KJ, Partington LI, Tamba MG, Zhou Y, Ramakrishnappa T, Mehl GH, Kelly SM, Wadhawan JD. Electrochemistry of organometallic lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals. Electrochem commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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35
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Rijksen B, Pujari SP, Scheres L, van Rijn CJM, Baio JE, Weidner T, Zuilhof H. Hexadecadienyl monolayers on hydrogen-terminated Si(111): faster monolayer formation and improved surface coverage using the enyne moiety. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:6577-6588. [PMID: 22448743 DOI: 10.1021/la204770r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To further improve the coverage of organic monolayers on hydrogen-terminated silicon (H-Si) surfaces with respect to the hitherto best agents (1-alkynes), it was hypothesized that enynes (H-C≡C-HC═CH-R) would be even better reagents for dense monolayer formation. To investigate whether the increased delocalization of β-carbon radicals by the enyne functionality indeed lowers the activation barrier, the kinetics of monolayer formation by hexadec-3-en-1-yne and 1-hexadecyne on H-Si(111) were followed by studying partially incomplete monolayers. Ellipsometry and static contact angle measurements indeed showed a faster increase of layer thickness and hydrophobicity for the hexadec-3-en-1-yne-derived monolayers. This more rapid monolayer formation was supported by IRRAS and XPS measurements that for the enyne show a faster increase of the CH2 stretching bands and the amount of carbon at the surface (C/Si ratio), respectively. Monolayer formation at room temperature yielded plateau values for hexadec-3-en-1-yne and 1-hexadecyne after 8 and 16 h, respectively. Additional experiments were performed for 16 h at 80° to ensure full completion of the layers, which allows comparison of the quality of both layers. Ellipsometry thicknesses (2.0 nm) and contact angles (111-112°) indicated a high quality of both layers. XPS, in combination with DFT calculations, revealed terminal attachment of hexadec-3-en-1-yne to the H-Si surface, leading to dienyl monolayers. Moreover, analysis of the Si2p region showed no surface oxidation. Quantitative XPS measurements, obtained via rotating Si samples, showed a higher surface coverage for C16 dienyl layers than for C16 alkenyl layers (63% vs 59%). The dense packing of the layers was confirmed by IRRAS and NEXAFS results. Molecular mechanics simulations were undertaken to understand the differences in reactivity and surface coverage. Alkenyl layers show more favorable packing energies for surface coverages up to 50-55%. At higher coverages, this packing energy rises quickly, and there the dienyl packing becomes more favorable. When the binding energies are included the difference becomes more pronounced, and dense packing of dienyl layers becomes more favorable by 2-3 kcal/mol. These combined data show that enynes provide the highest-quality organic monolayers reported on H-Si up to now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Rijksen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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36
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Eyley S, Shariki S, Dale SEC, Bending S, Marken F, Thielemans W. Ferrocene-decorated nanocrystalline cellulose with charge carrier mobility. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:6514-6519. [PMID: 22486421 DOI: 10.1021/la3001224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ferrocene-decorated cellulose nanowhiskers were prepared by the grafting of ethynylferrocene onto azide functionalized cotton-derived cellulose nanowhiskers using azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Successful surface modification and retention of the crystalline morphology of the nanocrystals was confirmed by elemental analysis, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The coverage with ferrocenyl is high (approximately 1.14 × 10(-3) mol g(-1) or 4.6 × 10(13) mol cm(-2) corresponding to a specific area of 61 Å(2) per ferrocene). Cyclic voltammetry measurements of films formed by deposition of ferrocene-decorated nanowhiskers showed that this small spacing of redox centers along the nanowhisker surface allowed conduction hopping of electrons. The apparent diffusion coefficient for electron (or hole) hopping via Fe(III/II) surface sites is estimated as Dapp = 10(-19) m(2)s(-1) via impedance methods, a value significantly less than nonsolvated ferrocene polymers, which would be expected as the 1,2,3-triazole ring forms a rigid linker tethering the ferrocene to the nanowhisker surface. In part, this is believed to be also due to "bottleneck" diffusion of charges across contact points where individual cellulose nanowhiskers contact each other. However, the charge-communication across the nanocrystal surface opens up the potential for use of cellulose nanocrystals as a charge percolation template for the preparation of conducting films via covalent surface modification (with applications similar to those using adsorbed conducting polymers), for use in bioelectrochemical devices to gently transfer and remove electrons without the need for a solution-soluble redox mediator, or for the fabrication of three-dimensional self-assembled conducting networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Eyley
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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37
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Nunige S, Cornut R, Hazimeh H, Hauquier F, Lefrou C, Combellas C, Kanoufi F. Reactivity of Surfaces Determined by Local Electrochemical Triggering: A Bromo-Terminated Self-Assembled Monolayer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201201083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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38
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Nunige S, Cornut R, Hazimeh H, Hauquier F, Lefrou C, Combellas C, Kanoufi F. Reactivity of Surfaces Determined by Local Electrochemical Triggering: A Bromo-Terminated Self-Assembled Monolayer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:5208-12. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201201083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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39
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Li Y, Zuilhof H. Photochemical grafting and patterning of organic monolayers on indium tin oxide substrates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:5350-5359. [PMID: 22324432 DOI: 10.1021/la204980f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Covalently attached organic layers on indium tin oxide (ITO) surfaces were prepared by the photochemical grafting with 1-alkenes. The surface modification was monitored with static water contact angle, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. Hydrophobic methyl-terminated ITO surfaces can be obtained via the grafting of tetradec-1-ene, whereas the attachment of ω-functionalized 1-alkenes leads to functionalized ITO surfaces. The use of a C≡C-Ge(CH(3))(3) terminus allows for facile tagging of the surface with an azido group via a one-pot deprotection/click reaction, resulting in bio/electronically active interfaces. The combination of nonaggressive chemicals (alkenes), mild reaction conditions (room temperature), and a light-induced grafting that facilitates the direct patterning of organic layers makes this simple approach highly promising for the development of ITO-based (bio)electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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40
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Yzambart G, Fabre B, Lorcy D. Multiredox tetrathiafulvalene-modified oxide-free hydrogen-terminated Si(100) surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:3453-3459. [PMID: 22272686 DOI: 10.1021/la204375a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) monolayers covalently bound to oxide-free hydrogen-terminated Si(100) surfaces have been prepared from the hydrosilylation reaction involving a TTF-terminated ethyne derivative. FTIR spectroscopy characterization using similarly modified porous Si(100) substrates revealed the presence of vibration bands assigned to the immobilized TTF rings and the Si-C═C- interfacial bonds. Cyclic voltammetry measurements showed the presence of two reversible one-electron systems ascribed to TTF/TTF(.+) and TTF(.+)/TTF(2+) redox couples at ca. 0.40 and 0.75 V vs SCE, respectively, which compare well with the values determined for the electroactive molecule in solution. The amount of immobilized TTF units could be varied in the range from 1.7 × 10(-10) to 5.2 × 10(-10) mol cm(-2) by diluting the TTF-terminated chains with inert n-decenyl chains. The highest coverage obtained for the single-component monolayer is consistent with a densely packed TTF monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Yzambart
- Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS/Université de Rennes 1, MaCSE, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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41
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Schulz C, Nowak S, Fröhlich R, Ravoo BJ. Covalent layer-by-layer assembly of redox active molecular multilayers on silicon (100) by photochemical thiol-ene chemistry. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:569-577. [PMID: 22183873 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201101822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of thin organic films covalently grafted onto silicon substrates is of significant interest, as they are expected to give access to a broad range of new materials for integration into microelectronic applications. Covalent layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly offers a high degree of freedom when designing such thin films. In this work an approach for the preparation of covalent redox active molecular multilayers on silicon (100) surfaces is presented using a highly branched decaallylferrocene and thiol-ene click chemistry. The multilayers are analyzed by ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron sprectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The results indicate that the multilayer growth is linear for at least sixteen layers and the density of ferrocenes per layer is in the range of 6 × 10⁻¹¹ mol cm⁻². Moreover, this method for LbL assembly is extended to surfaces which have been locally passivated by microcontact printing. By atomic force microscopy measurements it is possible to show that the covalent LbL deposition proceeds exclusively in the nonpassivated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schulz
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Fabre B, Herrier C. Automated sub-100 nm local anodic oxidation (LAO)-directed nanopatterning of organic monolayer-modified silicon surfaces. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ra00450f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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43
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Ciampi S, Guan B, Darwish NA, Zhu Y, Reece PJ, Justin Gooding J. A multimodal optical and electrochemical device for monitoring surface reactions: redox active surfaces in porous silicon Rugate filters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:16433-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp43461j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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Jo K, Dutta G, Kim JW, Yang H. Facile decrease in the electron-transfer rate and surface roughness of gold by ultrasonic treatment. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:8841-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc33875k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Ciampi S, James M, Le Saux G, Gaus K, Justin Gooding J. Electrochemical “Switching” of Si(100) Modular Assemblies. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 134:844-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja210048x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Ciampi
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052,
Australia
| | - Michael James
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052,
Australia
- Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Guillaume Le Saux
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052,
Australia
| | - Katharina Gaus
- Centre for Vascular Research, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052,
Australia
| | - J. Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052,
Australia
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46
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Cummings SP, Savchenko J, Ren T. Functionalization of flat Si surfaces with inorganic compounds—Towards molecular CMOS hybrid devices. Coord Chem Rev 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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47
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Hazimeh H, Nunige S, Cornut R, Lefrou C, Combellas C, Kanoufi F. Surface Reactivity from Electrochemical Lithography: Illustration in the Steady-State Reductive Etching of Perfluorinated Surfaces. Anal Chem 2011; 83:6106-13. [DOI: 10.1021/ac201255c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Hazimeh
- Physico-Chimie des Electrolytes, des Colloides et Sciences Analytiques, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR 7195, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Sandra Nunige
- Physico-Chimie des Electrolytes, des Colloides et Sciences Analytiques, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR 7195, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Renaud Cornut
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie et de Physico-chimie des Matériaux et des Interfaces, UMR 5279 CNRS-Grenoble-INP-UJF, 1130 Rue de la Piscine, B.P. 75, Domaine Universitaire, 38402 Saint Martin d’Hères Cedex, France
| | - Christine Lefrou
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie et de Physico-chimie des Matériaux et des Interfaces, UMR 5279 CNRS-Grenoble-INP-UJF, 1130 Rue de la Piscine, B.P. 75, Domaine Universitaire, 38402 Saint Martin d’Hères Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Combellas
- Physico-Chimie des Electrolytes, des Colloides et Sciences Analytiques, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR 7195, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Frédéric Kanoufi
- Physico-Chimie des Electrolytes, des Colloides et Sciences Analytiques, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR 7195, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Ciampi S, James M, Michaels P, Gooding JJ. Tandem "click" reactions at acetylene-terminated Si(100) monolayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:6940-6949. [PMID: 21557551 DOI: 10.1021/la2013733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a simple method for coupling alkynes to alkynes. The method involves tandem azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions ("click" chemistry) for the immobilization of 1-alkyne species onto an alkyne modified surface in a one-pot procedure. In the case presented, these reactions take place on a nonoxidized Si(100) surface although the approach is general for linking alkynes to alkynes. The applicability of the method in the preparation of electrically well-behaved functionalized surfaces is demonstrated by coupling an alkyne-tagged ferrocene species onto alkyne-terminated Si(100) surfaces. The utility of the approach in biotechnology is shown by constructing a DNA sensing interface by derivatization of the acetylenyl surface with commercially available alkyne-tagged oligonucleotides. Cyclic voltametry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray reflectometry are used to characterize the coupling reactions and performance of the final modified surfaces. These data show that this synthetic protocol gives chemically well-defined, electronically well-behaved, and robust (bio)functionalized monolayers on silicon semiconducting surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Ciampi
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
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Rijksen B, van Lagen B, Zuilhof H. Mimicking the Silicon Surface: Reactivity of Silyl Radical Cations toward Nucleophiles. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:4998-5008. [DOI: 10.1021/ja110844e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bart Rijksen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barend van Lagen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Ciampi S, James M, Darwish N, Luais E, Guan B, Harper JB, Gooding JJ. Oxidative acetylenic coupling reactions as a surface chemistry tool. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:15624-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21450k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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