1
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Jiang QC, Iwai T, Jo M, Hosomi T, Yanagida T, Uchida K, Hashimoto K, Nakazono T, Yamada Y, Kobayashi A, Takizawa SY, Masai H, Terao J. Insulated π-Conjugated Azido Scaffolds for Stepwise Functionalization via Huisgen Cycloaddition on Metal Oxide Surfaces. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403717. [PMID: 39046075 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
In organic-inorganic hybrid devices, fine interfacial controls by organic components directly affect the device performance. However, fabrication of uniformed interfaces using π-conjugated molecules remains challenging due to facile aggregation by their strong π-π interaction. In this report, a π-conjugated scaffold insulated by covalently linked permethylated α-cyclodextrin moiety with an azido group is synthesized for surface Huisgen cycloaddition on metal oxides. Fourier-transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirm the successful immobilization of the insulated azido scaffold on ZnO nanowire array surfaces. Owing to the highly independent immobilization, the scaffold allows rapid and complete conversion of the surface azido group in Huisgen cycloaddition reactions with ethynyl-terminated molecules, as confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy monitoring. Cyclic voltammetry analysis of modified indium tin oxide substrates shows the positive effects of cyclic insulation toward suppression of intermolecular interaction between molecules introduced by the surface Huisgen cycloaddition reactions. The utility of the scaffold for heterogeneous catalysis is demonstrated in electrocatalytic selective O2 reduction to H2O2 with cobalt(II) chlorin modified fluorine doped tin oxide electrode and photocatalytic H2 generation with iridium(III) dye-sensitized Pt-loaded TiO2 nanoparticle. These results highlight the potential of the insulated azido scaffold for a stepwise functionalization process, enabling precise and well-defined hybrid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Chun Jiang
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Iwai
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Morihiro Jo
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Takuro Hosomi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yanagida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ken Uchida
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazuki Hashimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakazono
- Research Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (ReCAP), Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamada
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
- Research Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (ReCAP), Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Shin-Ya Takizawa
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Masai
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Jun Terao
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
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2
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Zimmermann P, Frohs S, Wiesing M, Meena K, Nagel J. Efficient Approach for Direct Robust Surface Grafting of Polyethyleneimine onto a Polyester Surface during Moulding. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:644. [PMID: 38475327 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper uses a very effective way for surface modification of thermoplastic polymers during moulding. It is based on a grafting reaction between a thin layer of a functional polymer, deposited on a substrate in advance, and a polymer melt. In this paper, a glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate (PETG) that was brought in contact with a polyethyleneimine layer during fused filament fabrication is investigated. The focus of this paper is the investigation of the reaction product. Grafting was realised by the formation of stable amide bonds by amidation of ester groups in the main chain of a PETG. XPS investigations revealed that the conversion of amino groups was very high, the distribution was even, and the quantity of amino groups per polyester surface area was still very high. The surface properties of the produced polyester part were mainly characterised by polyethyleneimine. The grafting was able to resist several cycles of extraction in alkaline solutions. The stability was only limited by saponification of the polyester. The degree of surface modification was dependent on the molar mass of polyethyleneimine. This could be rationalised, because grafting only occurred with the one polyethyleneimine molecule that is in close vicinity to the polyester surface when both components come in contact. Fused deposition modelling was chosen as the model process with control over each processing step. However, any other moulding process may be applied, particularly injection moulding for mass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Zimmermann
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Silven Frohs
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Wiesing
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Fertigungstechnik und Angewandte Materialforschung, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Kamal Meena
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Nagel
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
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3
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Pilato S, Moffa S, Siani G, Diomede F, Trubiani O, Pizzicannella J, Capista D, Passacantando M, Samorì P, Fontana A. 3D Graphene Oxide-Polyethylenimine Scaffolds for Cardiac Tissue Engineering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15. [PMID: 36881875 PMCID: PMC10037243 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel three-dimensional (3D) nanomaterials combining high biocompatibility, precise mechanical characteristics, electrical conductivity, and controlled pore size to enable cell and nutrient permeation is highly sought after for cardiac tissue engineering applications including repair of damaged heart tissues following myocardial infarction and heart failure. Such unique characteristics can collectively be found in hybrid, highly porous tridimensional scaffolds based on chemically functionalized graphene oxide (GO). By exploiting the rich reactivity of the GO's basal epoxydic and edge carboxylate moieties when interacting, respectively, with NH2 and NH3+ groups of linear polyethylenimines (PEIs), 3D architectures with variable thickness and porosity can be manufactured, making use of the layer-by-layer technique through the subsequent dipping in GO and PEI aqueous solutions, thereby attaining enhanced compositional and structural control. The elasticity modulus of the hybrid material is found to depend on scaffold's thickness, with the lowest value of 13 GPa obtained in samples containing the highest number of alternating layers. Thanks to the amino-rich composition of the hybrid and the established biocompatibility of GO, the scaffolds do not exhibit cytotoxicity; they promote cardiac muscle HL-1 cell adhesion and growth without interfering with the cell morphology and increasing cardiac markers such as Connexin-43 and Nkx 2.5. Our novel strategy for scaffold preparation thus overcomes the drawbacks associated with the limited processability of pristine graphene and low GO conductivity, and it enables the production of biocompatible 3D GO scaffolds covalently functionalized with amino-based spacers, which is advantageous for cardiac tissue engineering applications. In particular, they displayed a significant increase in the number of gap junctions compared to HL-1 cultured on CTRL substrates, which render them key components for repairing damaged heart tissues as well as being used for 3D in vitro cardiac modeling investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Pilato
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università “G.
d’Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Samanta Moffa
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università “G.
d’Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Gabriella Siani
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università “G.
d’Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesca Diomede
- Dipartimento
di Tecnologie Innovative in Medicina & Odontoiatria, Università “G. d’Annunzio”
di Chieti-Pescara, Via
dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Oriana Trubiani
- Dipartimento
di Tecnologie Innovative in Medicina & Odontoiatria, Università “G. d’Annunzio”
di Chieti-Pescara, Via
dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Capista
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università
degli Studi dell’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Maurizio Passacantando
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università
degli Studi dell’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Université
de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 alleé Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Antonella Fontana
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università “G.
d’Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- UdA—TechLab,
Research Center, Università “G.
d’Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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4
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Su P, Wei B, Guo C, Hu Y, Tang R, Zhang S, He C, Lin J, Yu X, Chen Z, Li H, Wang H, Li X. Metallo-Supramolecular Hexagonal Wreath with Four Switchable States Based on a pH-Responsive Tridentate Ligand. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3131-3145. [PMID: 36696285 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In biological systems, many biomacromolecules (e.g., heme proteins) are capable of switching their states reversibly in response to external stimuli, endowing these natural architectures with a high level of diversity and functionality. Although tremendous efforts have been made to advance the complexity of artificial supramolecules, it remains a challenge to construct metallo-supramolecular systems that can carry out reversible interconversion among multiple states. Here, a pH-responsive tridentate ligand, 2,6-di(1H-imidazole-2-yl)pyridine (H2DAP), is incorporated into the multitopic building block for precise construction of giant metallo-supramolecular hexagonal wreaths with three metal ions, i.e., Fe(II), Co(II), and Ni(II), through coordination-driven self-assembly. In particular, a Co-linked wreath enables in situ reversible interconversion among four states in response to pH and oxidant/reductant with highly efficient conversion without losing structural integrity. During the state interconversion cycles, the physical properties of the assembled constructs are finely tuned, including the charge states of the backbone, valency of metal ions, and paramagnetic/diamagnetic features of complexes. Such discrete wreath structures with a charge-switchable backbone further facilitate layer-by-layer assembly of metallo-supramolecules on the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingru Su
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Biaowen Wei
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Chenxing Guo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yaqi Hu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Runxu Tang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Shunran Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuanxin He
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Lin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiujun Yu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China.,Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
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5
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Multi-Liquid Repellent, Fluorine-Free, Heat Stable SLIPS via Layer-by-Layer Assembly. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Nadeem QUA, Nadeem Z, Gill R, Shchukin DG. Multifunctional ZnO-Co 3O 4 @ polymer hybrid nanocoatings with controlled adsorption, photocatalytic and anti-microbial functions for polluted water systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:46737-46750. [PMID: 35174460 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18722-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Triple action pollutant responsive multi-layer hybrid nanocoatings of architecture PEI(PAA/ZnO-Co3O4)n were constructed through ZnO-Co3O4 binary oxide co-precipitation followed by its inclusion in multi-layer polymeric thin films using Layer-by-Layer (LbL) deposition. Characterization of the designed architecture was carried out via FTIR, XRD, UV-Vis, and Raman spectroscopic studies to evaluate the chemical nature, bonding, and crystallographic behavior of ZnO-Co3O4. Peaks of ZnO-Co3O4 were recorded at 586.38, 486.08, and 443.64 cm-1 while pronounced shifting of ZnO characteristic E2 (high) peak ~ 450 cm-1 and appearance of modes around 495, 530, 630, and 719 cm-1 indexed via Raman studies validated Co3O4 impregnation into ZnO structure. XRD patterns of ZnO-Co3O4 compared to their previously reported pristine structures also justified the formation of binary oxide as unit composite. SEM micrographs confirmed homogenous multi-layered depositions while EDX analysis confirmed their uniform elemental distribution in the unit structure. Sequential multi-layer buildup up to 48 layer pairs was monitored using ellipsometry with maximum film thickness ~ 89 nm and by UV-Vis at 376 nm. The prepared thin films exhibited significant photodegradation of methylene blue ~ 91% and Cu (II) adsorption capacity ~ 89% within first 90 min of contact, along with prominent bactericidal efficiency against E. coli within 24 h of reaction time. FAAS, ICP-OES, and UV-Vis spectroscopy analyses make these multifunctional hybrid nanocoatings promising for industrial wastewater as well as drinking water purification setups. Furthermore, protuberant recycling and regenerative capacity make these hybrid nanocoatings an eco-friendly system for hydro-remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qurat Ul Ain Nadeem
- Fatima Jinnah Women University, The Mall, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Zoobia Nadeem
- Fatima Jinnah Women University, The Mall, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Rohama Gill
- Fatima Jinnah Women University, The Mall, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Dmitry G Shchukin
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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7
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Wang Y, Desroches GJ, Macfarlane RJ. Ordered polymer composite materials: challenges and opportunities. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:426-443. [PMID: 33367442 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07547g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymer nanocomposites containing nanoscale fillers are an important class of materials due to their ability to access a wide variety of properties as a function of their composition. In order to take full advantage of these properties, it is critical to control the distribution of nanofillers within the parent polymer matrix, as this structural organization affects how the two constituent components interact with one another. In particular, new methods for generating ordered arrays of nanofillers represent a key underexplored research area, as emergent properties arising from nanoscale ordering can be used to introduce novel functionality currently inaccessible in random composites. The knowledge gained from developing such methods will provide important insight into the thermodynamics and kinetics associated with nanomaterial and polymer assembly. These insights will not only benefit researchers working on new composite materials, but will also deepen our understanding of soft matter systems in general. In this review, we summarize contemporary research efforts in manipulating nanofiller organization in polymer nanocomposites and highlight future challenges and opportunities for constructing ordered nanocomposite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
| | - Griffen J Desroches
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
| | - Robert J Macfarlane
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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8
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Xiao W, Zhi D, Pan Q, Liang Y, Zhou F, Chen Z. A ratiometric bilirubin sensor based on a fluorescent gold nanocluster film with dual emissions. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:5691-5698. [PMID: 33205788 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01781g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bilirubin originates from hemoglobin metabolism and is an important biomarker for liver function. A ratiometric film sensor based on gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) was fabricated for highly sensitive determination of free bilirubin (fBR). Using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a template, AuNCs that can emit blue and red fluorescence were prepared by the hydrothermal method at different pH values. Two kinds of AuNCs were incorporated into a single film by the layer-by-layer assembly (LBL) technique. The obtained thin-film showed dual fluorescence peaks excited at 372 nm, corresponding to the blue (443 nm) and red (622 nm) emissions of AuNCs respectively. When fBR interacted with the film, both fluorescence peaks were quenched at different degrees. A ratiometric method for fBR detection was established based on the fluorescence intensity ratio of the two emissions. The linear calibration curve for fBR lay in the concentration range of 0.01-2.00 μmol L-1 with a detection limit of 8.90 ± 0.34 nmol L-1 (S/N = 3). The film sensor showed a quick and sensitive response to fBR and could detect fBR in real samples with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Xiao
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
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9
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Batool S, Gill R, Arshad M, Siddiqi HM, Qureshi SS. Layer-by-layer fabrication of nacre inspired epoxy/MMT multilayered composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Batool
- Department of Environmental Sciences; Fatima Jinnah Women University; Rawalpindi 46000 Pakistan
| | - Rohama Gill
- Department of Environmental Sciences; Fatima Jinnah Women University; Rawalpindi 46000 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Nanoscience and Technology Department; National Centre for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus; Islamabad 44000 Pakistan
| | | | - Shahid Saeed Qureshi
- Department of Chemistry; Government Post Graduate College (GPGC); Jhelum 49600 Pakistan
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10
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Zahouani S, Hurman L, De Giorgi M, Vigier-Carrière C, Boulmedais F, Senger B, Frisch B, Schaaf P, Lavalle P, Jierry L. Step-by-step build-up of covalent poly(ethylene oxide) nanogel films. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:18379-18391. [PMID: 29147710 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05424f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) are commonly used for studies related to cell fate and tissue engineering. Here we present a new covalent layer-by-layer build-up process leading to PEG coatings of nanometer size called "nanogel films". Compared to macroscopic hydrogels, such nanogels should provide a fine control over the structure and the thickness of the coating. Alternated deposition of bifunctional and tetra functional PEG molecules reacting through thiol/maleimide click chemistry is evaluated by quartz crystal microbalance. We first study parameters influencing the build-up process of such coatings and demonstrate the importance of (i) the nature of the first deposited layer, (ii) the PEG concentrations and (iii) the length of the PEG chains that appears to be the most significant parameter influencing film growth. The build-up process can be extended to a large variety of substrates like SiO2 or polymers by using an appropriate anchoring layer. Covalent functionalization of these nanogel films by proteins or enzymes is suited by modifying the biomolecules with thiol or maleimide groups and immobilizing them during the build-up process. Activity of the embedded enzymes can be maintained. Moreover ligands like biotin can be incorporated into the film and recognition by streptavidin can be modulated by playing with the number of PEG layers covering biotin. Compared to well-known PEG hydrogels, these new coatings are promising as they allow to (i) build thin nanometric coatings, (ii) finely control the amount of deposited PEG and (iii) organize the position of the embedded biomolecules inside the film layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zahouani
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unité 1121, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
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11
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Fabrication of covalently bonded nanostructured thin films of epoxy resin and polydimethylsiloxane for oil adsorption. Polym Bull (Berl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-017-1988-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Richardson JJ, Cui J, Björnmalm M, Braunger JA, Ejima H, Caruso F. Innovation in Layer-by-Layer Assembly. Chem Rev 2016; 116:14828-14867. [PMID: 27960272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Methods for depositing thin films are important in generating functional materials for diverse applications in a wide variety of fields. Over the last half-century, the layer-by-layer assembly of nanoscale films has received intense and growing interest. This has been fueled by innovation in the available materials and assembly technologies, as well as the film-characterization techniques. In this Review, we explore, discuss, and detail innovation in layer-by-layer assembly in terms of past and present developments, and we highlight how these might guide future advances. A particular focus is on conventional and early developments that have only recently regained interest in the layer-by-layer assembly field. We then review unconventional assemblies and approaches that have been gaining popularity, which include inorganic/organic hybrid materials, cells and tissues, and the use of stereocomplexation, patterning, and dip-pen lithography, to name a few. A relatively recent development is the use of layer-by-layer assembly materials and techniques to assemble films in a single continuous step. We name this "quasi"-layer-by-layer assembly and discuss the impacts and innovations surrounding this approach. Finally, the application of characterization methods to monitor and evaluate layer-by-layer assembly is discussed, as innovation in this area is often overlooked but is essential for development of the field. While we intend for this Review to be easily accessible and act as a guide to researchers new to layer-by-layer assembly, we also believe it will provide insight to current researchers in the field and help guide future developments and innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Richardson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Manufacturing, CSIRO , Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Jiwei Cui
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Mattias Björnmalm
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Julia A Braunger
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Hirotaka Ejima
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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13
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Jeong H, Heo J, Son B, Choi D, Park TH, Chang M, Hong J. Intrinsic Hydrophobic Cairnlike Multilayer Films for Antibacterial Effect with Enhanced Durability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:26117-26123. [PMID: 26561514 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b07613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
One important aspect of nanotechnology includes thin films capable of being applied to a wide variety of surfaces. Indispensable functions of films include controlled surface energy, stability, and biocompatibility in physiological systems. In this study, we explored the ancient Asian coating material "lacquer" to enhance the physiological and mechanical stability of nanofilms. Lacquer is extracted from the lacquer tree and its main component called urushiol, which is a small molecule that can produce an extremely strong coating. Taking full advantage of layer-by-layer assembly techniques, we successfully fabricated urushiol-based thin films composed of small molecule/polymer multilayers by controlling their molecular interaction. Unique cairnlike nanostructures in this film, produced by urushiol particles, have advantages of intrinsic hydrophobicity and durability against mechanical stimuli at physiological environment. We demonstrated the stability tests as well as the antimicrobial effects of this film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejoong Jeong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Chung-Ang University , 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoong Heo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Chung-Ang University , 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Boram Son
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Daheui Choi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Chung-Ang University , 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai Hyun Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology , 145 Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Minwook Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital , 27 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkee Hong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Chung-Ang University , 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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14
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Ren W, Wu R, Guo P, Zhu J, Li H, Xu S, Wang J. Preparation and characterization of covalently bonded PVA/Laponite/HAPI nanocomposite multilayer freestanding films by layer-by-layer assembly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenchen Ren
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals; Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University; 666th Shengli Road Urumqi Xinjiang 830046 China
| | - Ronglan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals; Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University; 666th Shengli Road Urumqi Xinjiang 830046 China
| | - Pingping Guo
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals; Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University; 666th Shengli Road Urumqi Xinjiang 830046 China
| | - Jinlong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals; Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University; 666th Shengli Road Urumqi Xinjiang 830046 China
| | - Huili Li
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals; Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University; 666th Shengli Road Urumqi Xinjiang 830046 China
| | - Shimei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals; Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University; 666th Shengli Road Urumqi Xinjiang 830046 China
| | - Jide Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals; Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University; 666th Shengli Road Urumqi Xinjiang 830046 China
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15
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Qiu Z, Wang R, Wu J, Zhang Y, Qu Y, Wu X. Graphene oxide as a corrosion-inhibitive coating on magnesium alloys. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05974g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A graphene oxide film was formed on the PEO coatings of magnesium alloys via an electrostatic self-assembly method, which functioned as a physical separation with inhibiting effects between the protected metal and reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhong Qiu
- Department of Chemistry
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- PR China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- PR China
| | - Jinzhu Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- PR China
| | - Yushen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- PR China
| | - Yunfei Qu
- Department of Chemistry
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- PR China
| | - Xiaohong Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- PR China
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16
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Development of a Layer-by-Layer Assembled Film on Hydrogel for Ocular Drug Delivery. INT J POLYM SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/535092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogel is a kind of attractive drug carriers because of its good biocompatibility and transparency. But traditional hydrogel showed some restrictions in its application in ocular drug delivery. A simple surface modification technique based on layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembled multilayer for ocular drug delivery was developed in this work. Polycarboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin (poly(CM-β-CD))/poly-l-lysine (PLL) multilayer film was designed and constructed for ocular drug delivery, sinceβ-CD showed good drug delivery property. The properties such as the contact angle and transparency varied a little with the deposition of poly(CM-β-CD)/PLL multilayer. Orfloxacin and puerarin were loaded into multilayer during the self-assembly procedure by two methods, which were tracked by the largest drug absorbance of UV spectrum. The loaded drug amount by incorporating drugs into poly(CM-β-CD) solution was larger than that by incorporating drugs into PLL solution. The loaded drug in the multilayer could gradually be released from multilayer in some period either for orfloxacin or for puerarin. The drug release behavior was influenced by drug loading method and pH value of released medium. Moreover, the balanced released drug amount by incorporating drugs into poly(CM-β-CD) solution is much smaller than that by incorporating drugs into PLL solution.
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17
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Borges J, Mano JF. Molecular Interactions Driving the Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Multilayers. Chem Rev 2014; 114:8883-942. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400531v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 609] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- João Borges
- 3B’s
Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra,
S. Cláudio do Barco 4806-909 Caldas das Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s
− PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João F. Mano
- 3B’s
Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra,
S. Cláudio do Barco 4806-909 Caldas das Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s
− PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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18
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Vyhnalkova R, Xiao L, Yang G, Eisenberg A. Spherical blackberry-type capsules containing block copolymer aggregates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:2188-2195. [PMID: 24527735 DOI: 10.1021/la403840h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The design, preparation, and properties of nanosized blackberry-like structures are described. These capsules are composed of two layers of individual block copolymer aggregates, relatively large core vesicles onto which is deposited a layer of smaller vesicles or micelles. The composition of the adjacent layers is such as to ensure strong electrostatic interactions between them. The core vesicles are typically composed of either PS-b-P4VP with a positively charged corona or of PS-b-PAA with a negatively charged corona, and are surrounded by a layer of smaller, oppositely charged block copolymer vesicles or micelles. These composite structures bear a strong resemblance to blackberries, hence the proposed name. The blackberry structures can be prepared in solution or on a flat surface, for example, a silicon wafer. Four compositional possibilities for the blackberries structures were studied, in which the positively or negatively charged core vesicles are covered either by a layer of oppositely charged micelles or by vesicles. These structures represent the earliest stage of a layer-by-layer approach of small spherical aggregates onto a larger spherical hollow core. The strong interaction between the contacting layers is achieved by electrostatic interactions or by complementary acid-base properties, for example, H-bonding. These multicompartmented capsules could be used potentially as delivery vehicles for multiple components; each layer of the capsules could be loaded with hydrophobic (in the core of the micelles or vesicle wall) or hydrophilic molecules (in the vesicle cavity). The overall size of such structures can vary, but in any case can be kept below 1 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Vyhnalkova
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Centre for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, McGill University , Otto Maass Building, 801 Sherbrooke Street W, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada
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19
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Xiao L, Vyhnalkova R, Sailer M, Yang G, Barrett CJ, Eisenberg A. Planar multilayer assemblies containing block copolymer aggregates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:891-9. [PMID: 24417699 DOI: 10.1021/la403839y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The design, preparation, and properties of planar multilayer structures composed of various combinations of sequentially deposited polyelectrolyte (PE) chains and self-assembled layers of individual block copolymer aggregates (vesicles, micelles, or large compound micelles (LCMs)) are described. The aggregates contain negatively or positively charged corona chains while the PE multilayers contain alternating polyanionic or polycationic chains deposited on silicon wafers. The final structures consist of combinations of layers of various charged species: multilayers of alternating PEs of poly(allyl hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) as well as vesicles, micelles, or large compound micelles of ionized poly(styrene)-b-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P4VP) or of poly(styrene)-b-poly(acrylic acid) (PS-b-PAA). Two types of layer-by-layer (LbL) multilayer structures were studied: individual aggregate layers sandwiched between PE multilayers and layers of individual aggregates of various morphologies and of different corona chain charges, deposited on top of each other without intermediate multilayers or individual layers of PEs. The strong interactions between the successive layers are achieved mainly by electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged layers. The planar LbL multilayers containing block copolymer aggregates could, potentially, be used as carriers for multiple functional components; each aggregate layer could be loaded with hydrophobic (in the core of the micelles, LCMs, or vesicle walls) or hydrophilic functional molecules (in the vesicular cavities). The overall thickness of such planar LbL multilayers can be controlled precisely and can vary from tens of nanometers to several micrometers depending on the number of layers, the sizes of the aggregates, and the complexity of the structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , Otto Maass Building, 801 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada
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20
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SPSJ International Award: G. Decher / Preis der Hellmut-Bredereck-Stiftung: C. Höbartner / Wiley-KCS Young Chemist Award: Y. Jung und S. Park. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201308604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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SPSJ International Award: G. Decher / Hellmut Bredereck Foundation Prize: C. Höbartner / Wiley-KCS Young Chemist Award: Y. Jung and S. Park. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201308604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Synthesis, characterization and morphological studies of some novel siloxane-based block copolymeric materials containing organometallic as well as organic polyesteramides. J Organomet Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Qureshi SS, Zheng Z, Sarwar MI, Félix O, Decher G. Nanoprotective Layer-by-Layer coatings with epoxy components for enhancing abrasion resistance: toward robust multimaterial nanoscale films. ACS NANO 2013; 7:9336-9344. [PMID: 24041154 DOI: 10.1021/nn4040298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Layer-by-Layer (LbL) assembled films offer many interesting applications (e.g., in the field of nanoplasmonics), but are often mechanically feeble. The preparation of nanoprotective films of an oligomeric novolac epoxy resin with poly(ethyleneimine) using covalent LbL-assembly is described. The film growth is linear, and the thickness increment per layer pair is easily controlled by varying the polymer concentration and/or the adsorption times. The abrasion resistance of such cross-linked films was tested using a conventional rubbing machine and found to be greatly enhanced in comparison to that of classic LbL-films that are mostly assembled through electrostatic interactions. These robust LbL-films are then used to mechanically protect LbL-films that would completely be removed by a few rubbing cycles in the absence of a protective coating. A 45 nm thick LbL-film composed of gold nanoparticles and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) was chosen as an especially weak example for a functional multilayer system. The critical thickness for the protective LbL-coatings on top of the weak multilayer was determined to be about 6 layer pairs corresponding to about only 10 nm. At this thickness, the whole film withstands at least 25 abrasion cycles with a reduction of the total thickness of only about 2%.
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24
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Hamedi M, Karabulut E, Marais A, Herland A, Nyström G, Wågberg L. Nanocellulose Aerogels Functionalized by Rapid Layer-by-Layer Assembly for High Charge Storage and Beyond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12038-42. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201305137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Hamedi M, Karabulut E, Marais A, Herland A, Nyström G, Wågberg L. Nanocellulose Aerogels Functionalized by Rapid Layer-by-Layer Assembly for High Charge Storage and Beyond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201305137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Khan MSU, Akhter Z, Naz T, Bhatti AS, Siddiqi HM, Siddiq M, Khan A. Study on the preparation and properties of novel block copolymeric materials based on structurally modified organometallic as well as organic polyamides and polydimethylsiloxane. POLYM INT 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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27
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Li M, Ishihara S, Akada M, Liao M, Sang L, Hill JP, Krishnan V, Ma Y, Ariga K. Electrochemical-Coupling Layer-by-Layer (ECC–LbL) Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:7348-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ja202768k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mao Li
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ishihara
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Misaho Akada
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Meiyong Liao
- Sensor Materials Center, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Liwen Sang
- Sensor Materials Center, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jonathan P. Hill
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Venkata Krishnan
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yuguang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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