1
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Huang S, Li X, Cai Y, Feng W, Yuan L. Construction of Oligorotaxanes with Hydrogen-Bonded Aramide Macrocycles through Threaded Host-Guest Complexation. Chemistry 2023:e202303394. [PMID: 38116992 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The development of efficient and selective organic synthetic approaches for complex molecules has garnered significant attention due to the need for precise control over molecular structures and functions. Rotaxanes, a type of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs), have shown promising applications in various fields including sensing, catalysis, and material science. However, the highly selective synthesis of oligo[n]rotaxanes (mostly n≥3) through controlling host-guest complexation and supramolecular threading assembly process still remains an ongoing challenge. In particular, the utilization of two-dimensional (2D) macrocycles with structural shape-persistency for the synthesis of oligo[n]rotaxanes is rare. In this concept, research on cooperatively threaded host-guest complexation with hydrogen-bonded (H-bonded) aramide macrocycles and selective synthetic protocols of oligo[n]rotaxanes has been summarized. The high efficiency and selectivity in synthesis are ascribed to the synergistic interplay of multiple non-covalent bonding interactions such as hydrogen bonding and intermolecular π-π stacking of macrocycles within the unique supramolecular structure of threaded host-guest complexes. This review focuses on the latest progress in the concepts, synthesis, and properties of H-bonded aramide macrocycle-based oligorotaxanes, and presents an in-depth outlook on challenges in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Huang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yimin Cai
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Wen Feng
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Lihua Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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2
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Chen L, Sheng X, Li G, Huang F. Mechanically interlocked polymers based on rotaxanes. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7046-7065. [PMID: 35852571 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00202g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The nature of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) has continued to encourage researchers to design and construct a variety of high-performance materials. Introducing mechanically interlocked structures into polymers has led to novel polymeric materials, called mechanically interlocked polymers (MIPs). Rotaxane-based MIPs are an important class, where the mechanically interlocked characteristic retains a high degree of structural freedom and mobility of their components, such as the rotation and sliding motions of rotaxane units. Therefore, these MIP materials are known to possess a unique set of properties, including mechanical robustness, adaptability and responsiveness, which endow them with potential applications in many emerging fields, such as protective materials, intelligent actuators, and mechanisorption. In this review, we outline the synthetic strategies, structure-property relationships, and application explorations of various polyrotaxanes, including linear polyrotaxanes, polyrotaxane networks, and rotaxane dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Chen
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Xinru Sheng
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Guangfeng Li
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China. .,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China.
| | - Feihe Huang
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China. .,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China. .,Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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3
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Fadler RE, Flood AH. Rigidity and Flexibility in Rotaxanes and Their Relatives; On Being Stubborn and Easy-Going. Front Chem 2022; 10:856173. [PMID: 35464214 PMCID: PMC9022846 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.856173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaxanes are an emerging class of molecules composed of two building blocks: macrocycles and threads. Rotaxanes, and their pseudorotaxane and polyrotaxane relatives, serve as prototypes for molecular-level switches and machines and as components in materials like elastic polymers and 3D printing inks. The rigidity and flexibility of these molecules is a characteristic feature of their design. However, the mechanical properties of the assembled rotaxane and its components are rarely examined directly, and the translation of these properties from molecules to bulk materials is understudied. In this Review, we consider the mechanical properties of rotaxanes by making use of concepts borrowed from physical organic chemistry. Rigid molecules have fewer accessible conformations with higher energy barriers while flexible molecules have more accessible conformations and lower energy barriers. The macrocycles and threads become rigidified when threaded together as rotaxanes in which the formation of intermolecular interactions and increased steric contacts collectively reduce the conformational space and raise barriers. Conversely, rotational and translational isomerism in rotaxanes adds novel modes of flexibility. We find that rigidification in rotaxanes is almost universal, but novel degrees of flexibility can be introduced. Both have roles to play in the function of rotaxanes.
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Chan SM, Tang FK, Lam CY, Kwan CS, Hau SCK, Leung KCF. π-Stacking Stopper-Macrocycle Stabilized Dynamically Interlocked [2]Rotaxanes. Molecules 2021; 26:4704. [PMID: 34361858 PMCID: PMC8347712 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of mechanically interlocked molecules is valuable due to their unique topologies. With π-stacking intercomponent interaction, e.g., phenanthroline and anthracene, novel [2]rotaxanes have been synthesized by dynamic imine clipping reaction. Their X-ray crystal structures indicate the π-stackings between the anthracene moiety (stopper) on the thread and the (hetero)aromatic rings at the macrocycle of the rotaxanes. Moreover, the length of glycol chains affects the extra π-stacking intercomponent interactions between the phenyl groups and the dimethoxy phenyl groups on the thread. Dynamic combinatorial library has shown at best 84% distribution of anthracene-threaded phenanthroline-based rotaxane, coinciding with the crystallography in that the additional π-stacking intercomponent interactions could increase the thermodynamic stability and selectivity of the rotaxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing-Ming Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (S.-M.C.); (F.-K.T.); (C.-Y.L.); (C.-S.K.)
| | - Fung-Kit Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (S.-M.C.); (F.-K.T.); (C.-Y.L.); (C.-S.K.)
| | - Ching-Yau Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (S.-M.C.); (F.-K.T.); (C.-Y.L.); (C.-S.K.)
| | - Chak-Shing Kwan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (S.-M.C.); (F.-K.T.); (C.-Y.L.); (C.-S.K.)
| | - Sam C. K. Hau
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ken Cham-Fai Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (S.-M.C.); (F.-K.T.); (C.-Y.L.); (C.-S.K.)
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5
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Masai H. Precise Synthetic Strategies for [<i>n</i>] Rotaxanes. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2021. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.79.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Masai
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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6
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Abstract
We report a new class of building blocks for Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry (DCC) based on the pyrroloindole scaffold. The attachment of l-cysteine on the α, α′ positions of the core makes the molecule suitable for disulfide exchange in aqueous dynamic combinatorial libraries (DCLs). The synthesis of the core follows a modified version of the Knoevenagel–Hemetsberger approach. The new building block (l-PI) is fluorescent (Φ = 48%) and relatively stable towards thermal and photodegradation. The chirality of the cysteine is transferred to the electron-rich pyrroloindole core. Homo- and heterochiral DCLs of l-PI with electron-deficient l- and d-naphthalenediimide (NDI) lead to similar library distributions regardless of the enantiomer used. When no salt is present, the major component is a dimer, while dimers and tetramers are obtained at increased ionic strength.
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7
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Han X, Liu G, Liu SH, Yin J. Synthesis of rotaxanes and catenanes using an imine clipping reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:10331-10351. [PMID: 27714207 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01581f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry and self-assembly provide a valuable chance to understand the complicated topological structures on a molecular level. Two types of classical mechanically interlocked molecules, rotaxanes and catenanes, possess non-covalent mechanical bonds and have attracted more attention not only in supramolecular chemistry but also in the fields of materials science, nanotechnology and bioscience. In the past decades, the template-directed clipping reaction based on imine chemistry has become one of the most efficient methods for the construction of functionalized rotaxanes and catenanes. In this review, we outlined the main progress of rotaxanes and catenanes using the template-directed clipping approach of imine chemistry. The review contains the novel topological structures of rotaxanes and catenanes, functions and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie Han
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
| | - Guotao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
| | - Sheng Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
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8
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Li S, Gassensmith JJ. Synthesis of Metal-Organic Frameworks on Tobacco Mosaic Virus Templates. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1798:95-108. [PMID: 29868954 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7893-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) has long been exploited as a robust biological scaffold for organic/inorganic modification owing to its anisotropic structure and chemically addressable amino acid residues on both the exterior and interior. We present the fabrication of a crystalline microporous metal-organic framework (MOF) shell on the exterior of TMV, which retains its rod-like morphology, and produces uniformly formed core-shell structures with high accessible surface area and pore volume. We also describe an exfoliation method that can recover the intact viral particle from the core-shell composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Jeremiah J Gassensmith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
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9
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Masai H, Fujihara T, Tsuji Y, Terao J. Programmed Synthesis of Molecular Wires with Fixed Insulation and Defined Length Based on Oligo(phenylene ethynylene) and Permethylated α-Cyclodextrins. Chemistry 2017; 23:15073-15079. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Masai
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
- Present address: Graduate School of Frontier Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Chiba 277-8561 Japan
| | - Tetsuaki Fujihara
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Yasushi Tsuji
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Jun Terao
- Department of Basic Science; Graduate School of Art and Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo 153-8902 Japan
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10
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Han X, Li Z, Xu Z, Zhao Z, Liu SH, Yin J. Construction of Crown Ether-Stoppering [3]Rotaxanes Based on N
-Hetero Crown Ether Host. CHINESE J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201600878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xie Han
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University; Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
| | - Ziyong Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University; Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
- College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University; Luoyang Henan 471022 China
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University; Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
| | - Zhiyong Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Wuhan University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei 430081 China
| | - Sheng Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University; Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
| | - Jun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University; Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
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11
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Engelmann X, Yao S, Farquhar ER, Szilvási T, Kuhlmann U, Hildebrandt P, Driess M, Ray K. A New Domain of Reactivity for High-Valent Dinuclear [M(μ-O) 2 M'] Complexes in Oxidation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:297-301. [PMID: 27906528 PMCID: PMC5534222 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The strikingly different reactivity of a series of homo- and heterodinuclear [(MIII )(μ-O)2 (MIII )']2+ (M=Ni; M'=Fe, Co, Ni and M=M'=Co) complexes with β-diketiminate ligands in electrophilic and nucleophilic oxidation reactions is reported, and can be correlated to the spectroscopic features of the [(MIII )(μ-O)2 (MIII )']2+ core. In particular, the unprecedented nucleophilic reactivity of the symmetric [NiIII (μ-O)2 NiIII ]2+ complex and the decay of the asymmetric [NiIII (μ-O)2 CoIII ]2+ core through aromatic hydroxylation reactions represent a new domain for high-valent bis(μ-oxido)dimetal reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Engelmann
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shenglai Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erik R Farquhar
- Case Center for Synchrotron Biosciences, NSLS-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Tibor Szilvási
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, 1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Uwe Kuhlmann
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Driess
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kallol Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Catalyzing Excellence: In a Competitive High-Stakes Research Arena, Can We Be Our Own Catalysts for Success? Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Liu H, Hu WJ, Liu YA, Li JS, Jiang B, Wen K. Complexations between Oxacalixcrowns and Secondary Ammonium Salts and Construction of an Oxacalixcrown-Based [2]Rotaxane. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Wilson EA, Vermeulen NA, McGonigal PR, Avestro AJ, Sarjeant AA, Stern CL, Stoddart JF. Formation of a hetero[3]rotaxane by a dynamic component-swapping strategy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:9665-8. [PMID: 25019588 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03612c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Acid-catalysed scrambling of the mechanically interlocked components between two different homo[3]rotaxanes, constituted of dumbbells containing two secondary dialkylammonium ion recognition sites encircled by two [24]crown-8 rings, each containing a couple of imine bonds, affords a statistical mixture of a hetero[3]rotaxane along with the two homo[3]rotaxanes, indicating that neither selectivity nor cooperativity is operating during the assembly process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor A Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA.
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15
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Liu G, Wu D, Liang J, Han X, Liu SH, Yin J. Tetraphenylethene modified [n]rotaxanes: synthesis, characterization and aggregation-induced emission behavior. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4090-100. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00068h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel [n]rotaxanes based on a tetraphenylethene (TPE) backbone were constructed by a template-directed clipping approach and their structures were well-characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Jinhua Liang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Xie Han
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Sheng Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Jun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
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16
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Dasgupta S, Chowdhury A, Mukherjee PS. Binding of carboxylatopillar[5]arene with alkyl and aryl ammonium salts in aqueous medium. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra13195b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkyl ammonium salts exhibited strong binding with carboxylatopillar[5]arene in aqueous medium which resulted in the formation of pseudo[2]rotaxane and pseudo[3]rotaxane species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvankar Dasgupta
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
| | - Aniket Chowdhury
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
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17
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Matache M, Bogdan E, Hădade ND. Selective Host Molecules Obtained by Dynamic Adaptive Chemistry. Chemistry 2014; 20:2106-31. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Liu G, Li Z, Wu D, Xue W, Li T, Liu SH, Yin J. Dendritic [2]Rotaxanes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties. J Org Chem 2014; 79:643-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jo402428y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoxing Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Ziyong Li
- Key
Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Di Wu
- Key
Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Wen Xue
- Key
Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Li
- Institute
of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Hua Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yin
- Key
Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
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19
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Xue W, Li Z, Liu G, Chen X, Li T, Liu SH, Yin J. Construction of rotacatenanes using rotaxane and catenane frameworks. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:4862-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00602j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The construction of novel mechanically interlocked structures has become a topic of great current interest due to the requirements of topology and their potential application in molecular machines and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xue
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Ziyong Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Guoxing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Xiaoqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Technology
- Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Sheng Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Jun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079, PR China
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20
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Li Z, Hu F, Liu G, Xue W, Chen X, Liu SH, Yin J. Photo-responsive [2]catenanes: synthesis and properties. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:7702-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01120a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel dithienylethene-based macrocycles containing ammonium moieties has been synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyong Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Fang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Guoxing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Wen Xue
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Xiaoqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Sheng Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Jun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079, PR China
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21
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Ke C, Strutt NL, Li H, Hou X, Hartlieb KJ, McGonigal PR, Ma Z, Iehl J, Stern CL, Cheng C, Zhu Z, Vermeulen NA, Meade TJ, Botros YY, Stoddart JF. Pillar[5]arene as a Co-Factor in Templating Rotaxane Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:17019-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ja407229h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenfeng Ke
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nathan L. Strutt
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hao Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xisen Hou
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Karel J. Hartlieb
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Paul R. McGonigal
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhidong Ma
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Julien Iehl
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charlotte L. Stern
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chuyang Cheng
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhixue Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nicolaas A. Vermeulen
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Thomas J. Meade
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Youssry Y. Botros
- Intel
Laboratories, Building
RNB-6-61, 2200 Mission College Boulevard., Santa Clara, California 95054-1549, United States
- National Center for Nano Technology Research, King Abdulaziz
City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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22
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Li J, Nowak P, Otto S. Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries: From Exploring Molecular Recognition to Systems Chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:9222-39. [DOI: 10.1021/ja402586c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Li
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sijbren Otto
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Tukada H, Hiraki T, Nakamura H. Synthesis and Molecular Shuttling of [2]Rotaxanes under Mild Conditions. CHEM LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.130108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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24
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Sun R, Zhang Q, Wang Q, Ma X. Novel supramolecular CT polymer employing disparate pseudorotaxanes as relevant monomers. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Zhu Z, Bruns CJ, Li H, Lei J, Ke C, Liu Z, Shafaie S, Colquhoun HM, Stoddart JF. Synthesis and solution-state dynamics of donor–acceptor oligorotaxane foldamers. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc00015j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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26
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Sun R, Ma X. Photo-responsive pseudo[n]rotaxanes based on disparate hetero-macrocycle host combination. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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27
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Mechanically Interlaced and Interlocked Donor–Acceptor Foldamers. HIERARCHICAL MACROMOLECULAR STRUCTURES: 60 YEARS AFTER THE STAUDINGER NOBEL PRIZE I 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2013_245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Barin G, Forgan RS, Stoddart JF. Mechanostereochemistry and the mechanical bond. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2012; 468:2849-2880. [PMID: 22977353 PMCID: PMC3438546 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2012.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemistry of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs), in which two or more covalently linked components are held together by mechanical bonds, has led to the coining of the term mechanostereochemistry to describe a new field of chemistry that embraces many aspects of MIMs, including their syntheses, properties, topologies where relevant and functions where operative. During the rapid development and emergence of the field, the synthesis of MIMs has witnessed the forsaking of the early and grossly inefficient statistical approaches for template-directed protocols, aided and abetted by molecular recognition processes and the tenets of self-assembly. The resounding success of these synthetic protocols, based on templation, has facilitated the design and construction of artificial molecular switches and machines, resulting more and more in the creation of integrated functional systems. This review highlights (i) the range of template-directed synthetic methods being used currently in the preparation of MIMs; (ii) the syntheses of topologically complex knots and links in the form of stable molecular compounds; and (iii) the incorporation of bistable MIMs into many different device settings associated with surfaces, nanoparticles and solid-state materials in response to the needs of particular applications that are perceived to be fair game for mechanostereochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Barin
- Department of Chemistry, Center for the Chemistry of Integrated Systems, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3133, USA
- NanoCentury KAIST Institute and Graduate School of EEWS (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 373-1, Guseong Dong, Yuseong Gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ross S. Forgan
- Department of Chemistry, Center for the Chemistry of Integrated Systems, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3133, USA
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Center for the Chemistry of Integrated Systems, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3133, USA
- NanoCentury KAIST Institute and Graduate School of EEWS (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 373-1, Guseong Dong, Yuseong Gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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29
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Jin Y, Jin A, McCaffrey R, Long H, Zhang W. Design Strategies for Shape-Persistent Covalent Organic Polyhedrons (COPs) through Imine Condensation/Metathesis. J Org Chem 2012; 77:7392-400. [DOI: 10.1021/jo3011683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Jin
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder,
Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Athena Jin
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder,
Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Ryan McCaffrey
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder,
Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Hai Long
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder,
Colorado 80309, United States
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30
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Li Z, Liu W, Wu J, Liu SH, Yin J. Synthesis of [2]Catenanes by Template-Directed Clipping Approach. J Org Chem 2012; 77:7129-35. [DOI: 10.1021/jo3012804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyong Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology,
Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Wenju Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology,
Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3,
Singapore, 117543
| | - Sheng Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology,
Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Jun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology,
Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
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31
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Avestro AJ, Belowich ME, Stoddart JF. Cooperative self-assembly: producing synthetic polymers with precise and concise primary structures. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5881-95. [PMID: 22773163 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35167f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The quest to construct mechanically interlocked polymers, which present precise monodisperse primary structures that are produced both consistently and with high efficiencies, has been a daunting goal for synthetic chemists for many years. Our ability to realise this goal has been limited, until recently, by the need to develop synthetic strategies that can direct the formation of the desired covalent bonds in a precise and concise fashion while avoiding the formation of unwanted kinetic by-products. The challenge, however, is a timely and welcome one, as a consequence of, primarily, the potential for mechanically interlocked polymers to act as dynamic (noncovalent) yet robust (covalent) new materials for a wide array of applications. One such strategy which has been employed widely in recent years to address this issue, known as Dynamic Covalent Chemistry (DCC), is a strategy in which reactions operate under equilibrium and so offer elements of "proof-reading" and "error-checking" to the bond forming and breaking processes such that the final product distribution always reflects the thermodynamically most favourable compound. By coupling DCC with template-directed protocols, which utilise multiple weak noncovalent interactions to pre-organise and self-assemble simpler small molecular precursors into their desired geometries prior to covalent bond formation, we are able to produce compounds with highly symmetric, robust and complex topologies that are otherwise simply unobtainable by more traditional methods. Harnessing these strategies in an iterative, step-wise fashion brings us ever so much closer towards perfecting the controlled synthesis of high order main-chain mechanically interlocked polymers. This tutorial review focuses (i) on the development of DCC-namely, the formation of dynamic imine bonds-used in conjunction with template-directed protocols to afford a variety of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) and ultimately (ii) on the synthesis of highly ordered poly[n]rotaxanes with high conversion efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa-Jennifer Avestro
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
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32
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Belowich ME, Valente C, Smaldone RA, Friedman DC, Thiel J, Cronin L, Stoddart JF. Positive cooperativity in the template-directed synthesis of monodisperse macromolecules. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:5243-61. [PMID: 22303894 DOI: 10.1021/ja2107564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two series of oligorotaxanes R and R' that contain -CH(2)NH(2)(+)CH(2)- recognition sites in their dumbbell components have been synthesized employing template-directed protocols. [24]Crown-8 rings self-assemble by a clipping strategy around each and every recognition site using equimolar amounts of 2,6-pyridinedicarboxaldehyde and tetraethyleneglycol bis(2-aminophenyl) ether to efficiently provide up to a [20]rotaxane. In the R series, the -NH(2)(+)- recognition sites are separated by trismethylene bridges, whereas in the R' series the spacers are p-phenylene linkers. The underpinning idea here is that in the former series, the recognition sites are strategically positioned 3.5 Å apart from one another so as to facilitate efficient [π···π] stacking between the aromatic residues in contiguous rings in the rotaxanes and consequently, a discrete rigid and rod-like conformation is realized; these noncovalent interactions are absent in the latter series rendering them conformationally flexible/nondiscrete. Although in the R' series, the [3]-, [4]-, [8]-, and [12]rotaxanes were isolated after reaction times of <5-30 min in yields of 72-85%, in the R series, the [3]-, [4]-, [5]-, [8]-, [12]-, [16]-, and [20]rotaxanes were isolated in <5 min to 14 h in 88-98% yields. It follows that while in the R' series the higher order oligorotaxanes are formed in lower yields more rapidly, in the R series, the higher order oligorotaxanes are formed in higher yields more slowly. In the R series, the high percentage yields are sustained throughout, despite the fact that up to 39 components are participating in the template-directed self-assembly process. Simple arithmetic reveals that the conversion efficiency for each imine bond formation peaks at 99.9% in the R series and 99.3% in the R' series. This maintenance of reaction efficiency in the R series can be ascribed to positive cooperativity, that is, when one ring is formed it aids and abets the formation of subsequent rings presumably because of stabilizing extended [π···π] stacking interactions between the arene units. Experiments have been performed wherein the dumbbell is starved of the macrocyclic components, and up to five times more of the fully saturated rotaxane is formed than is predicted based on a purely statistical outcome, providing a clear indication that positive cooperativity is operative. Moreover, it would appear that as the R series is traversed from the [3]- to the [4]- to the [5]rotaxane, the cooperativity becomes increasingly positive. This kind of cooperative behavior is not observed for the analogous oligorotaxanes in the R' series. The conventional bevy of analytical techniques (e.g., HR-MS (ESI) and both (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy) help establish the fact that all the oligorotaxanes are pure and monodisperse. Evidence of efficient [π···π] stacking between contiguous arene units in the rings in the R series is revealed by (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Ion-mobility mass spectrometry performed on the R and R' series yielded the collisional cross sections (CCSs), confirming the rigidity of the R oligorotaxanes and the flexibility of the R' ones. The extended [π···π] stacking interactions are found to be present in the solid-state structures of the [3]- and [4]rotaxanes in the R series and also on the basis of molecular mechanics calculations performed on the entire series of oligomers. The collective data presented herein supports our original design in that the extended [π···π] stacking between contiguous arene units in the rings of the R series of oligorotaxanes facilitate an essentially rigid rod-like conformation with evidence that positive cooperativity improves the efficiency of their formation. This situation stands in sharp contrast to the conformationally flexible R' series where the oligorotaxanes form with no cooperativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Belowich
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3133, United States
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33
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Wang C, Cao D, Fahrenbach AC, Fang L, Olson MA, Friedman DC, Basu S, Dey SK, Botros YY, Stoddart JF. Solvent-dependent ground-state distributions in a donor-acceptor redox-active bistable [2]catenane. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Dennis Cao
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- NanoCentury KAIST Institute and Graduate School of EEWS (WCU); Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)373-1; Guseong Dong Yuseong Gu Daejeon 305-701 Korea
| | - Albert C. Fahrenbach
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- NanoCentury KAIST Institute and Graduate School of EEWS (WCU); Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)373-1; Guseong Dong Yuseong Gu Daejeon 305-701 Korea
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Mark A. Olson
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Douglas C. Friedman
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Subhadeep Basu
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Sanjeev K. Dey
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Youssry Y. Botros
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Intel Labs; Building RNB-6-61, 2200 Mission College Blvd. Santa Clara CA 95054 USA
- National Center for Nano Technology Research; King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST); Riyadh 11442 Saudi Arabia
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- NanoCentury KAIST Institute and Graduate School of EEWS (WCU); Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)373-1; Guseong Dong Yuseong Gu Daejeon 305-701 Korea
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Bozdemir OA, Barin G, Belowich ME, Basuray AN, Beuerle F, Stoddart JF. Dynamic covalent templated-synthesis of [c2]daisy chains. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:10401-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35522a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Dasgupta S, Huang KW, Wu J. Trifluoromethyl acting as stopper in [2]rotaxane. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:4821-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc31009k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Dasgupta S, Wu J. Formation of [2]rotaxanes by encircling [20], [21] and [22]crown ethers onto the dibenzylammonium dumbbell. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00613d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Zhang ZJ, Zhang HY, Wang H, Liu Y. A Twin-Axial Hetero[7]rotaxane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:10834-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201105375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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Cheng HM, Leigh DA, Maffei F, McGonigal PR, Slawin AMZ, Wu J. En route to a molecular sheaf: active metal template synthesis of a [3]rotaxane with two axles threaded through one ring. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:12298-303. [PMID: 21721508 DOI: 10.1021/ja205167e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report that a 2,2':6',2″-terpyridylmacrocycle-Ni complex can efficiently mediate the threading of two alkyl chains with bulky end groups in an active metal template sp(3)-carbon-to-sp(3)-carbon homocoupling reaction, resulting in a rare example of a doubly threaded [3]rotaxane in up to 51% yield. The unusual architecture is confirmed by X-ray crystallography (the first time that a one-ring-two-thread [3]rotaxane has been characterized in the solid state) and is found to be stable with respect to dethreading despite the large ring size of the macrocycle. Through such active template reactions, in principle, a macrocycle should be able to assemble as many axles in its cavity as the size of the ring and the stoppers will allow. A general method for threading multiple axles through a macrocycle adds significantly to the tools available for the synthesis of different types of rotaxane architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hei Man Cheng
- The School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
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Stoll RS, Friedman DC, Stoddart JF. Mechanically Interlocked Mechanophores by Living-Radical Polymerization from Rotaxane Initiators. Org Lett 2011; 13:2706-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol200801b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ragnar S. Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Douglas C. Friedman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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43
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Qu DH, Tian H. Novel and efficient templates for assembly of rotaxanes and catenanes. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00653j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Collin JP, Durot S, Sauvage JP, Trolez Y. Synthesis of [2]-, [3]-, and [4]rotaxanes whose axis contains two bidentate and two tridentate chelates. NEW J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1nj20213h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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