1
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Budny-Godlewski K, Piekarski DG, Justyniak I, Leszczyński MK, Nawrocki J, Kubas A, Lewiński J. Uncovering Factors Controlling Reactivity of Metal-TEMPO Reaction Systems in the Solid State and Solution. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401968. [PMID: 38801170 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Nitroxides find application in various areas of chemistry, and a more in-depth understanding of factors controlling their reactivity with metal complexes is warranted to promote further developments. Here, we report on the effect of the metal centre Lewis acidity on both the distribution of the O- and N-centered spin density in 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO) and turning TEMPO from the O- to N-radical mode scavenger in metal-TEMPO systems. We use Et(Cl)Zn/TEMPO model reaction system with tuneable reactivity in the solid state and solution. Among various products, a unique Lewis acid-base adduct of Cl2Zn with the N-ethylated TEMPO was isolated and structurally characterised, and the so-called solid-state 'slow chemistry' reaction led to a higher yield of the N-alkylated product. The revealed structure-activity/selectivity correlations are exceptional yet are entirely rationalised by the mechanistic underpinning supported by theoretical calculations of studied model systems. This work lays a foundation and mechanistic blueprint for future metal/nitroxide systems exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Budny-Godlewski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz G Piekarski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Justyniak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał K Leszczyński
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Nawrocki
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Kubas
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Lewiński
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Kubota K, Endo T, Ito H. Solid-state mechanochemistry for the rapid and efficient synthesis of tris-cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3365-3371. [PMID: 38425515 PMCID: PMC10901499 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05796h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Tris-cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes have received widespread attention as attractive prospective materials for e.g., organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), photoredox catalysts, and bioimaging probes. However, their preparation usually requires prolonged reaction times, significant amounts of high-boiling solvents, multistep synthesis, and inert-gas-line techniques. Unfortunately, these requirements represent major drawbacks from both a production-cost and an environmental perspective. Herein, we show that a two-step mechanochemical protocol using ball milling enables the rapid and efficient synthesis of various tris-cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes from relatively cheap iridium(iii) chloride hydrate without the use of significant amounts of organic solvent in air. Notably, a direct one-pot procedure is also demonstrated. The present solid-state approach can be expected to inspire the development of cost-effective and timely production methods for these valuable iridium-based complexes, as well as the discovery of new phosphorescent materials, sensors, and catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Tsubura Endo
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
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3
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Wenger LE, Hanusa TP. Synthesis without solvent: consequences for mechanochemical reactivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14210-14222. [PMID: 37953718 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04929a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Solvents are so nearly omnipresent in synthetic chemistry that a classic question for their use has been: "What is the best solvent for this reaction?" The increasing use of mechanochemical approaches to synthesis-by grinding, milling, extrusion, or other means-and usually with no, or only limited, amounts of solvent, has raised an alternative question for the synthetic chemist: "What happens if there is no solvent?" This review focuses on a three-part answer to that question: when there is little change ("solvent-optional" reactions); when solvent needs to be present in some form, even if only in the amounts provided by liquid-assisted (LAG) or solvate-assisted grinding; and those cases in which mechanochemistry allows access to compounds that cannot be obtained from solution-based routes. The emphasis here is on inorganic and organometallic systems, including selected examples of mechanosynthesis and mechanocatalysis. Issues of mechanochemical depictions and the adequacy of LAG descriptions are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235, USA.
| | - Timothy P Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235, USA.
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4
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Wada Y, Tsuchihashi K, Kanzaki M, Hamura T. Solid-State Generation of Diarylisonaphthofuran and Its Mechanochemical Diels-Alder Reaction with Epoxynaphthalene. Chemistry 2023:e202302660. [PMID: 37779416 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
A solid-state method was developed for generating diarylisonaphthofurans from 1,3-diaryl-1,3-dihydronaphthofuranols. The generated reactive molecules were stable in the solid state and could be stored without any extra precautions. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a typical quinoidal structure. Furthermore, the mechanochemical Diels-Alder reaction of 1,3-diarylisonaphthofurans with epoxynaphthalenes afforded synthetically attractive diepoxypentacenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Wada
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuenuegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Keidai Tsuchihashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuenuegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kanzaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuenuegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Hamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuenuegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
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5
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Romero M, Mombrú D, Pignanelli F, Faccio R, Mombrú ÁW. From Chain- to Graphene-like Hydroxyl-terminated (ZnO) n Clusters with n≤6 Obtained via Zinc Dimethoxide Hydrolysis and Condensation: Ab initio Structural, Electronic, Vibrational and Optical Properties Calculations. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:849-863. [PMID: 33646619 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports are focusing on the structural evolution from the atomic-scale and also at the expenses of alkyl zinc alkoxide precursors towards (ZnO)n clusters and nanostructures with different interesting motifs, but still not much is known about their electronic properties. In this manuscript, we present a theoretical study using DFT and TD-DFT methodologies on the hydrolysis and condensation of zinc dimethoxide precursor in its monomeric, dimeric and trimeric forms towards thermodynamically stable hydroxyl-terminated (ZnO)n clusters with novel chain- and graphene-like fashions. For all cases, distinct vibrational and optical spectra features were assigned evidencing a global monotonic decrease in the opto-electronic gap with increasing oligomerization and cyclization stages. In addition, the electron-affinity of all clusters was also observed to be enhanced with increasing oligomerization and cyclization stages and the electronic charge localization in -e charged clusters was observed to be strongly related to the presence of zinc-oxo subunits and other particular structural features. Our calculations also indicate that the stabilization through hydroxyl termination of both chain- and graphene-like ZnO clusters not only could be a promising driving force to obtain larger atomic-scale 1D and 2D nanostructures but also envisage interesting properties, particularly as electronic acceptor materials for energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Romero
- Centro NanoMat & Área Física, Departamento de Experimentación y Teoría de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones (DETEMA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Dominique Mombrú
- Centro NanoMat & Área Física, Departamento de Experimentación y Teoría de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones (DETEMA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fernando Pignanelli
- Centro NanoMat & Área Física, Departamento de Experimentación y Teoría de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones (DETEMA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ricardo Faccio
- Centro NanoMat & Área Física, Departamento de Experimentación y Teoría de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones (DETEMA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Álvaro W Mombrú
- Centro NanoMat & Área Física, Departamento de Experimentación y Teoría de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones (DETEMA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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6
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Mąkolski Ł, Szejko V, Zelga K, Tulewicz A, Bernatowicz P, Justyniak I, Lewiński J. Unravelling Structural Mysteries of Simple Organozinc Alkoxides. Chemistry 2021; 27:5666-5674. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Mąkolski
- Faculty of Chemistry Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Vadim Szejko
- Faculty of Chemistry Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Karolina Zelga
- Faculty of Chemistry Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Adam Tulewicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Science Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Piotr Bernatowicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Science Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Iwona Justyniak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Science Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Janusz Lewiński
- Faculty of Chemistry Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Science Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
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7
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Prochowicz D, Saski M, Yadav P, Grätzel M, Lewiński J. Mechanoperovskites for Photovoltaic Applications: Preparation, Characterization, and Device Fabrication. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:3233-3243. [PMID: 31702124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid organic-inorganic metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have emerged as excellent absorber materials for next generation solar cells owing to their simple solution-processed synthesis and high efficiency. This breakthrough in photovoltaics along with an accompanying impact in light-emitting applications prompted a renaissance of interest in the broad family of MHPs. Notably, the optoelectronic properties and the photovoltaic parameters of MHPs are highly sensitive to the adopted synthetic strategy. The preparation of MHPs has commonly relied on solution-based methods requiring elevated temperatures for homogeneity of reaction mixtures. While the solution-based approach is relatively versatile, it faces challenges such as limitations in compositional engineering of MHPs or their long-term storage among others. Therefore, there is a continuous great challenge to develop efficient synthetic strategies affording various high-quality MHP materials for numerous technological optoelectronic applications. In the past decade, mechanochemistry has appeared as a green alternative to traditional synthesis. This solid-state, re-emerging efficient synthetic methodology mediated by direct absorption of mechanical energy is growing explosively across organic and inorganic chemistry and materials science. In this Account, we describe our shared interest in the productive use of mechanical force in chemistry of MHPs, as well as assembly of the respective solar cell devices. We highlight the milestones achieved by our groups along with the seminal contributions by other groups. In particular, we demonstrate that mechanochemistry efficiently allows the formation of various phase pure hybrid lead and lead-free halide perovskite compositions (called hereafter "mechanoperovskites"). The progress in solvent-free solid-state synthesis is greatly enhanced by the integration of advanced methods of solid-state analysis like powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD), solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ss-NMR) and UV-vis spectroscopies, and we aim to illustrate this ongoing integration through appropriate examples. Furthermore, we show that thin films based on mechanoperovskites have the advantage of providing a higher degree of control of the stoichiometry and higher reproducibility, stability, and material phase purity. The impact of using powdered mechanoperovskite as a precursor for thin film formation on the electrochemical and photovoltaic properties of the solar cells is also discussed. Finally, our view of current challenges and future directions in this emerging interdisciplinary area of research is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Prochowicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Saski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pankaj Yadav
- Department of Solar Energy, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar, 382 007 Gujarat, India
| | - Michael Grätzel
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Janusz Lewiński
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Shaw
- Department of Chemistry and the Renewable Energy and Chemical Transformations Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Logesh Mathivathanan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Titel Jurca
- Department of Chemistry and the Renewable Energy and Chemical Transformations Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
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9
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Budny-Godlewski K, Justyniak I, Leszczyński MK, Lewiński J. Mechanochemical and slow-chemistry radical transformations: a case of diorganozinc compounds and TEMPO. Chem Sci 2019; 10:7149-7155. [PMID: 31588281 PMCID: PMC6686643 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01396b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
From the green chemistry perspective, molecular solid-state transformations conducted under mild conditions are of great interest and desirability. However, research in this area lacked popularity in the previous century, and thus progressed slowly. In particular, the application of radical reactions in solid-state chemistry has been hampered by several long-standing challenges that are intrinsically associated with the apparent unpredictable nature of radical chemistry. We present a comparative study of model mechanochemical, slow-chemistry and solution radical reactions between TEMPO and homoleptic organozinc compounds (i.e., di-tert-butylzinc and diphenylzinc). In the case of the tBu2Zn/TEMPO reaction system only a dimeric diamagnetic complex [tBuZn(μ-TEMPO*)]2 is obtained in yields slightly varying with the method chosen. In contrast, when TEMPO is mixed with diphenylzinc in a 2 : 1 molar ratio a novel paramagnetic Lewis acid-base adduct [[Ph2Zn(η1-TEMPO)]·TEMPO] is isolated in high yields regardless of the applied methodology. This adduct is also formed in the slow-chemistry process when TEMPO is gently mixed with Ph2Zn in a 1 : 1 molar ratio and left for two weeks at ambient temperature. Within the next week the reaction mixture gives in high yield a diamagnetic dinuclear compound [PhZn(μ-TEMPO*)][PhZn(μ2-η1:η1-TEMPO*)] and biphenyl. The analogous reaction conducted in toluene results in a much lower conversion rate. The reported results open up a new horizon in molecular solid-state radical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Budny-Godlewski
- Faculty of Chemistry , Warsaw University of Technology , Noakowskiego 3 , 00-664 Warsaw , Poland . ; ; Tel: +48 22 2347315
| | - Iwona Justyniak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52 , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Michał K Leszczyński
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52 , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Janusz Lewiński
- Faculty of Chemistry , Warsaw University of Technology , Noakowskiego 3 , 00-664 Warsaw , Poland . ; ; Tel: +48 22 2347315
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52 , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
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10
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Kubota K, Takahashi R, Ito H. Mechanochemistry allows carrying out sensitive organometallic reactions in air: glove-box-and-Schlenk-line-free synthesis of oxidative addition complexes from aryl halides and palladium(0). Chem Sci 2019; 10:5837-5842. [PMID: 31293773 PMCID: PMC6566379 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01711a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic reactions that employ moisture- and/or oxygen-sensitive reagents or intermediates usually involve the use of glove-box or Schlenk-line techniques as well as dry and degassed solvents. Unfortunately, these requirements may greatly reduce the utility of the targeted organic molecules. Herein, we demonstrate that solvent-free mechanochemical synthetic techniques allow using highly oxygen-sensitive palladium(0) species in air for the stoichiometric oxidative addition of aryl halides. The low diffusion efficiency of gaseous oxygen in crystalline or amorphous solid-state reaction mixtures should be the main reason for the low impact of the presence of atmospheric oxygen on the sensitive oxidative addition reactions under the applied conditions. This study thus illustrates the outstanding potential of mechanochemistry to serve as an operationally simple, glove-box-and-Schlenk-line-free synthetic route to organometallic compounds and other valuable synthetic targets, even when sensitive reagents or intermediates are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center , Faculty of Engineering , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan . ;
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan
| | - Rina Takahashi
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center , Faculty of Engineering , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan . ;
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center , Faculty of Engineering , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan . ;
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan
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11
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Saski M, Prochowicz D, Marynowski W, Lewiński J. Mechanosynthesis, Optical, and Morphological Properties of MA, FA, Cs-SnX3
(X = I, Br) and Phase-Pure Mixed-Halide MASnI
x
Br3
-x
Perovskites. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Saski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Daniel Prochowicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Wojciech Marynowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Janusz Lewiński
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry; Warsaw University of Technology; Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
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12
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Shaw TE, Shultz LR, Garayeva LR, Blair RG, Noll BC, Jurca T. Mechanochemical routes for the synthesis of acetyl- and bis-(imino)pyridine ligands and organometallics. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:16876-16884. [PMID: 30351333 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt03608j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Organometallic precatalysts play a pivotal role in organic synthesis. However, their preparation often relies on multiple time, energy, and solvent intensive steps, including the synthesis of supporting organic ligand structures, and finally installation on the desired metal centres. We report the sustainable mechanochemical synthesis of acetyl- and bis-(imino)pyridine pincer complexes, a ubiquitous ligand class for organometallic precatalysts. The approach is extended to the one-pot synthesis of acetyl(imino)pyridine-CoCl2, where the ligand is formed in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Shaw
- Department of Chemistry and the Energy Conversion and Propulsion Cluster, University of Central Florida, 4353 Scorpius Street, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
| | - Lorianne R Shultz
- Department of Chemistry and the Energy Conversion and Propulsion Cluster, University of Central Florida, 4353 Scorpius Street, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
| | - Louiza R Garayeva
- Department of Chemistry and the Energy Conversion and Propulsion Cluster, University of Central Florida, 4353 Scorpius Street, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
| | - Richard G Blair
- Florida Space Institute, University of Central Florida, 12354 Research Parkway, Suite 214, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Bruce C Noll
- Bruker AXS Inc., 5465 East Cheryl Parkway, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Titel Jurca
- Department of Chemistry and the Energy Conversion and Propulsion Cluster, University of Central Florida, 4353 Scorpius Street, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
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13
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Wróbel Z, Pietrzak T, Justyniak I, Lewiński J. Oxygenation of RZn(N,O)-type complexes as an efficient route to zinc alkoxides not accessible via the classical alcoholysis path. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:10808-10811. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc05818g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The oxygenation of alkylzincs incorporating a 2-ester substituted pyrrolate ligand (L) leads to zinc alkoxides with an uncommon structural motif in the solid state: a trimer [(L)Zn(μ-OtBu)]3 with the central [Zn3(μ-OR)3] ring or a heterocubane [(L)Zn(μ3-OEt)]4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Wróbel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Kasprzaka 44/52
- Warsaw 01-224
- Poland
| | - Tomasz Pietrzak
- Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3
- Warsaw 00-664
- Poland
| | - Iwona Justyniak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Kasprzaka 44/52
- Warsaw 01-224
- Poland
| | - Janusz Lewiński
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Kasprzaka 44/52
- Warsaw 01-224
- Poland
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14
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Manzi JA, Knapp CE, Parkin IP, Carmalt CJ. Synthesis of Trimeric Organozinc Compounds and their Subsequent Reaction with Oxygen. ChemistryOpen 2016; 5:301-5. [PMID: 27547637 PMCID: PMC4981048 DOI: 10.1002/open.201600040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A conventional solution‐based route to a cyclic trimeric organozinc compound [{Zn(Et)(β‐diketonate)}3] (β‐diketonate=OC(OMe)CHC(Me)O, 1) is described, with 1 structurally characterized for the first time. The ligand selection of bidentate β‐diketonates is shown to be key to isolating a cyclic trimer. Additional reaction of β‐diketonates with diethyl zinc were spectroscopically characterized as compounds of the type [{Zn(Et)(β‐diketonate)}n] (β‐diketonate=OC(Me)CHC(Me)O, 2, OC(OtBu)CHC(Me)O, 3). Further studies have shown that selective oxidation of these species produces cubanes of the general formula [{Zn(OC(R)CHC(Me)O)2Zn(Et)OEt}2] (R=OMe, 4; Me, 5; OtBu, 6), allowing a high oxygen content whilst remaining structurally suitable for use as precursors. The successful deposition of thin films of zinc oxide through aerosol‐assisted chemical vapor deposition (AACVD), using a novel precursor, is described and fully characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe A Manzi
- Department of Chemistry University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Caroline E Knapp
- Department of Chemistry University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Ivan P Parkin
- Department of Chemistry University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Claire J Carmalt
- Department of Chemistry University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
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15
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Rightmire NR, Hanusa TP. Advances in organometallic synthesis with mechanochemical methods. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:2352-62. [PMID: 26763151 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03866a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Solvent-based syntheses have long been normative in all areas of chemistry, although mechanochemical methods (specifically grinding and milling) have been used to good effect for decades in organic, and to a lesser but growing extent, inorganic coordination chemistry. Organometallic synthesis, in contrast, represents a relatively underdeveloped area for mechanochemical research, and the potential benefits are considerable. From access to new classes of unsolvated complexes, to control over stoichiometries that have not been observed in solution routes, mechanochemical (or 'M-chem') approaches have much to offer the synthetic chemist. It has already become clear that removing the solvent from an organometallic reaction can change reaction pathways considerably, so that prediction of the outcome is not always straightforward. This Perspective reviews recent developments in the field, and describes equipment that can be used in organometallic synthesis. Synthetic chemists are encouraged to add mechanochemical methods to their repertoire in the search for new and highly reactive metal complexes and novel types of organometallic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Rightmire
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA.
| | - Timothy P Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA.
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Krupiński P, Kornowicz A, Sokołowski K, Cieślak AM, Lewiński J. Applying Mechanochemistry for Bottom-Up Synthesis and Host-Guest Surface Modification of Semiconducting Nanocrystals: A Case of Water-Soluble β-Cyclodextrin-Coated Zinc Oxide. Chemistry 2016; 22:7817-23. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Krupiński
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Kornowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry; Warsaw University of Technology; ul. Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Kamil Sokołowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Anna M. Cieślak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Janusz Lewiński
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry; Warsaw University of Technology; ul. Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
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Leibeling M, Shurrush KA, Werner V, Perrin L, Marek I. Preparation and Reactivity of Acyclic Chiral Allylzinc Species by a Zinc‐Brook Rearrangement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:6057-61. [PMID: 27061357 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Leibeling
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Technion City Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Khriesto A. Shurrush
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Technion City Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Veronika Werner
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Technion City Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Lionel Perrin
- ICBMS UMR 5246 Université de Lyon Bât. Curien 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex 5 France
| | - Ilan Marek
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Technion City Haifa 32000 Israel
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Leibeling M, Shurrush KA, Werner V, Perrin L, Marek I. Preparation and Reactivity of Acyclic Chiral Allylzinc Species by a Zinc‐Brook Rearrangement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Leibeling
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Technion City Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Khriesto A. Shurrush
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Technion City Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Veronika Werner
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Technion City Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Lionel Perrin
- ICBMS UMR 5246 Université de Lyon Bât. Curien 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex 5 France
| | - Ilan Marek
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Technion City Haifa 32000 Israel
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19
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Prochowicz D, Sokołowski K, Justyniak I, Kornowicz A, Fairen-Jimenez D, Friščić T, Lewiński J. A mechanochemical strategy for IRMOF assembly based on pre-designed oxo-zinc precursors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:4032-5. [PMID: 25659832 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09917f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a mechanochemical strategy that allowed the first successful mechanosynthesis of IRMOFs based on an oxo-centred secondary building unit (SBU). The presented study indicates that controlling the acid-base relationship between reagents is key to mechanochemical synthesis of IRMOFs, revealing a pre-assembled oxo-zinc amidate cluster as an efficient precursor for IRMOF mechanosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Prochowicz
- Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
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Pike SD, Weller AS. Organometallic synthesis, reactivity and catalysis in the solid state using well-defined single-site species. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2015; 373:rsta.2014.0187. [PMID: 25666064 PMCID: PMC4342974 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Acting as a bridge between the heterogeneous and homogeneous realms, the use of discrete, well-defined, solid-state organometallic complexes for synthesis and catalysis is a remarkably undeveloped field. Here, we present a review of this topic, focusing on describing the key transformations that can be observed at a transition-metal centre, as well as the use of well-defined organometallic complexes in the solid state as catalysts. There is a particular focus upon gas-solid reactivity/catalysis and single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian D Pike
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford UK1 3TA, UK
| | - Andrew S Weller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford UK1 3TA, UK
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21
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Sokołowski K, Bury W, Tulewicz A, Cieślak AM, Justyniak I, Kubicki D, Krajewska E, Milet A, Moszyński R, Lewiński J. Experimental and Computational Insights into Carbon Dioxide Fixation by RZnOH Species. Chemistry 2015; 21:5496-503. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Sokołowski K, Justyniak I, Bury W, Grzonka J, Kaszkur Z, Mąkolski Ł, Dutkiewicz M, Lewalska A, Krajewska E, Kubicki D, Wójcik K, Kurzydłowski KJ, Lewiński J. tert-Butyl(tert-butoxy)zinc Hydroxides: Hybrid Models for Single-Source Precursors of ZnO Nanocrystals. Chemistry 2015; 21:5488-95. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Prochowicz D, Justyniak I, Kornowicz A, Komorski S, Lewiński J. A solvothermal and mechanochemical strategy for the construction of chiral N,N-ditopic metalloligands: oxygenation process of a Cu(I)X/quinine system. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Zinc hydroxides and oxides supported by organic ligands: Synthesis and structural diversity. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Hernández JG, Butler IS, Friščić T. Multi-step and multi-component organometallic synthesis in one pot using orthogonal mechanochemical reactions. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc01252f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Harrison-Marchand A, Mongin F. Mixed AggregAte (MAA): A Single Concept for All Dipolar Organometallic Aggregates. 1. Structural Data. Chem Rev 2013; 113:7470-562. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300295w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Harrison-Marchand
- Laboratoire COBRA de l′Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, IRCOF, Rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont St Aignan Cédex, France
| | - Florence Mongin
- Équipe Chimie et Photonique Moléculaires, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, Bâtiment 10A, case 1003, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cédex, France
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Prochowicz D, Justyniak I, Kornowicz A, Kaczorowski T, Kaszkur Z, Lewiński J. Construction of a Porous Homochiral Coordination Polymer with Two Types of CunInAlternating Units Linked by Quinine: A Solvothermal and a Mechanochemical Approach. Chemistry 2012; 18:7367-71. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Wheaton CA, Hayes PG. DESIGNING CATIONIC ZINC AND MAGNESIUM CATALYSTS FOR COORDINATION–INSERTION POLYMERIZATION OF LACTIDE. COMMENT INORG CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/02603594.2011.634037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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29
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Bury W, Krajewska E, Dutkiewicz M, Sokołowski K, Justyniak I, Kaszkur Z, Kurzydłowski KJ, Płociński T, Lewiński J. tert-Butylzinc hydroxide as an efficient predesigned precursor of ZnO nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:5467-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc11328c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of tBu2Zn with H2O leads to the unprecedented hexameric tert-butylzinc hydroxide which acts as an ideal predesigned precursor of ZnO nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Bury
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Warsaw University of Technology
- 00-664 Warsaw
- Poland
| | | | - Michał Dutkiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Warsaw University of Technology
- 00-664 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Kamil Sokołowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Iwona Justyniak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Zbigniew Kaszkur
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Płociński
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering
- Warsaw University of Technology
- 02-507 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Janusz Lewiński
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Warsaw University of Technology
- 00-664 Warsaw
- Poland
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
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