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Abdelhamid Y, Kasten K, Dunne J, Hartley WC, Young CM, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Ng S, Smith AD. Isothiourea-Catalyzed [2 + 2] Cycloaddition of C(1)-Ammonium Enolates and N-Alkyl Isatins. Org Lett 2022; 24:5444-5449. [PMID: 35848722 PMCID: PMC9490795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Enantioselective [2 + 2] cycloaddition of C(1)-ammonium
enolates
generated catalytically using the isothiourea HyperBTM with N-alkyl isatins gives spirocyclic β-lactones. In situ ring opening with an amine nucleophile generates
isolable highly enantioenriched products in up to 92:8 dr and in >99:1
er.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusra Abdelhamid
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, U.K., KY16 9ST
| | - Kevin Kasten
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, U.K., KY16 9ST
| | - Joanne Dunne
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, U.K., KY16 9ST
| | - Will C Hartley
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, U.K., KY16 9ST
| | - Claire M Young
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, U.K., KY16 9ST
| | - David B Cordes
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, U.K., KY16 9ST
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, U.K., KY16 9ST
| | - Sean Ng
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, U.K
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2
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Schulthoff S, Hamilton JY, Heinrich M, Kwon Y, Wirtz C, Fürstner A. The Formosalides: Structure Determination by Total Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:446-454. [PMID: 32946141 PMCID: PMC7821135 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Total synthesis allowed the constitution of the cytotoxic marine macrolides of the formosalide family to be confirmed and their previously unknown stereostructure to be assigned with confidence. The underlying blueprint was inherently modular to ensure that each conceivable isomer could be reached. This flexibility derived from the use of strictly catalyst controlled transformations to set the stereocenters, except for the anomeric position, which is under thermodynamic control; as an extra safety measure, all stereogenic centers were set prior to ring closure to preclude any interference of the conformation adopted by the macrolactone rings of the different diastereomers. Late-stage macrocyclization by ring-closing alkyne metathesis was followed by a platinum-catalyzed transannular 6-exo-dig hydroalkoxylation/ketalization to craft the polycyclic frame. The side chain featuring a very labile unsaturation pattern was finally attached to the core by Stille coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marc Heinrich
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung45470Mülheim/RuhrGermany
| | - Yonghoon Kwon
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung45470Mülheim/RuhrGermany
| | - Conny Wirtz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung45470Mülheim/RuhrGermany
| | - Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung45470Mülheim/RuhrGermany
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3
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Schulthoff S, Hamilton JY, Heinrich M, Kwon Y, Wirtz C, Fürstner A. The Formosalides: Structure Determination by Total Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marc Heinrich
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr Germany
| | - Yonghoon Kwon
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr Germany
| | - Conny Wirtz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr Germany
| | - Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr Germany
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4
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Barrios Antúnez DJ, Greenhalgh MD, Brueckner AC, Walden DM, Elías-Rodríguez P, Roberts P, Young BG, West TH, Slawin AMZ, Ha-Yeon Cheong P, Smith AD. Catalytic enantioselective synthesis of perfluoroalkyl-substituted β-lactones via a concerted asynchronous [2 + 2] cycloaddition: a synthetic and computational study. Chem Sci 2019; 10:6162-6173. [PMID: 31360423 PMCID: PMC6585878 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00390h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The enantioselective preparation of a range of perfluoroalkyl-substituted β-lactones through an isothiourea (HyperBTM) catalysed reaction using symmetric anhydrides as ammonium enolate precursors and perfluoroalkylketones (RF = CF3, C2F5, C4F9) is reported. Following optimisation, high diastereo- and enantioselectivity was observed for β-lactone formation using C2F5- and C4F9-substituted ketones at room temperature (26 examples, up to >95 : 5 dr and >99 : 1 er), whilst -78 °C was necessary for optimal dr and er with CF3-substituted ketones (11 examples, up to >95 : 5 dr and >99 : 1 er). Derivatisation of the β-lactones through ring-opening, as well as a two-step conversion to give perfluoroalkyl-substituted oxetanes, is demonstrated without loss of stereochemical integrity. Density functional theory computations, alongside 13C natural abundance KIE studies, have been used to probe the reaction mechanism with a concerted asynchronous [2 + 2]-cycloaddition pathway favoured over a stepwise aldol-lactonisation process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark D Greenhalgh
- EaStCHEM , School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Alexander C Brueckner
- Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University , 153 Gilbert Hall , Corvallis , Oregon 97333 , USA .
| | - Daniel M Walden
- Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University , 153 Gilbert Hall , Corvallis , Oregon 97333 , USA .
| | - Pilar Elías-Rodríguez
- EaStCHEM , School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Patrick Roberts
- EaStCHEM , School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Benjamin G Young
- Department of Chemistry, Physics, and Engineering , Biola University , 315 Lim Center , La Mirada , California 90639 , USA
| | - Thomas H West
- EaStCHEM , School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- EaStCHEM , School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Paul Ha-Yeon Cheong
- Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University , 153 Gilbert Hall , Corvallis , Oregon 97333 , USA .
| | - Andrew D Smith
- EaStCHEM , School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
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5
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Serrill JD, Tan M, Fotso S, Sikorska J, Kasanah N, Hau AM, McPhail KL, Santosa DA, Zabriskie TM, Mahmud T, Viollet B, Proteau PJ, Ishmael JE. Apoptolidins A and C activate AMPK in metabolically sensitive cell types and are mechanistically distinct from oligomycin A. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 93:251-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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6
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Johnston RC, Cohen DT, Eichman CC, Scheidt KA, Cheong PHY. Catalytic Kinetic Resolution of a Dynamic Racemate: Highly Stereoselective β-Lactone Formation by N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis. Chem Sci 2014; 5:1974-1982. [PMID: 25045464 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc00317a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the combined experimental and computational elucidation of the mechanism and origins of stereoselectivities in the NHC-catalyzed dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of α-substituted-β-ketoesters. Density functional theory computations reveal that the NHC-catalyzed DKR proceeds by two mechanisms, depending on the stereochemistry around the forming bond: 1) a concerted, asynchronous formal (2+2) aldol-lactonization process, or 2) a stepwise spiro-lactonization mechanism where the alkoxide is trapped by the NHC-catalyst. These mechanisms contrast significantly from mechanisms found and postulated in other related transformations. Conjugative stabilization of the electrophile and non-classical hydrogen bonds are key in controlling the stereoselectivity. This reaction constitutes an interesting class of DKRs in which the catalyst is responsible for the kinetic resolution to selectively and irreversibly capture an enantiomer of a substrate undergoing rapid racemization with the help of an exogenous base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryne C Johnston
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Daniel T Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Chad C Eichman
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Karl A Scheidt
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Paul Ha-Yeon Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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7
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Enantioselective Synthesis of Terminal 1,2-Diols from Acyl Chlorides. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201200697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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8
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Cohen DT, Eichman CC, Phillips EM, Zarefsky ER, Scheidt KA. Catalytic dynamic kinetic resolutions with N-heterocyclic carbenes: asymmetric synthesis of highly substituted β-lactones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:7309-13. [PMID: 22700327 PMCID: PMC3489928 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
New DKR type: An N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed dynamic kinetic resolution of racemic α-substituted β-keto esters has been developed. This method relies on the epimerization of an NHC-enol intermediate before subsequent aldol/acylation events. Highly substituted β-lactones are produced in good yield with good to excellent selectivities (see scheme).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T. Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Chad C. Eichman
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Eric M. Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Emily R. Zarefsky
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Karl A. Scheidt
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
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9
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Cohen DT, Eichman CC, Phillips EM, Zarefsky ER, Scheidt KA. Catalytic Dynamic Kinetic Resolutions with N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Asymmetric Synthesis of Highly Substituted β-Lactones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Stegbauer L, Sladojevich F, Dixon DJ. Bifunctional organo/metal cooperative catalysis with cinchona alkaloid scaffolds. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00416f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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11
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Srinivasarao M, Kim Y, Li XH, Robbins DW, Fuchs PL. Studies on the Synthesis of Apoptolidin: Synthesis of a C1–C27 Fragment of Apoptolidin D. J Org Chem 2011; 76:7834-41. [PMID: 21827193 DOI: 10.1021/jo200934w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madduri Srinivasarao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Youngsoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xiaojin Harry Li
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Daniel W. Robbins
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Philip L. Fuchs
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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