1
|
Abbasi-Pérez D, Sang H, Pérez-García L, Floris A, Amabilino DB, Raval R, Recio JM, Kantorovich L. Controlling the preferential motion of chiral molecular walkers on a surface. Chem Sci 2019; 10:5864-5874. [PMID: 31360390 PMCID: PMC6582760 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01135h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular walkers standing on two or more "feet" on an anisotropic periodic potential of a crystal surface may perform a one-dimensional Brownian motion at the surface-vacuum interface along a particular direction in which their mobility is the largest. In thermal equilibrium the molecules move with equal probabilities both ways along this direction, as expected from the detailed balance principle, well-known in chemical reactivity and in the theory of molecular motors. For molecules that possess an asymmetric potential energy surface (PES), we propose a generic method based on the application of a time-periodic external stimulus that would enable the molecules to move preferentially in a single direction thereby acting as Brownian ratchets. To illustrate this method, we consider a prototypical synthetic chiral molecular walker, 1,3-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-5(1-phenylethyl)benzene, diffusing on the anisotropic Cu(110) surface along the Cu rows. As unveiled by our kinetic Monte Carlo simulations based on the rates calculated using ab initio density functional theory, this molecule moves to the nearest equivalent lattice site via the so-called inchworm mechanism in which it steps first with the rear foot and then with the front foot. As a result, the molecule diffuses via a two-step mechanism, and due to its inherent asymmetry, the corresponding PES is also spatially asymmetric. Taking advantage of this fact, we show how the external stimulus can be tuned to separate molecules of different chirality, orientation and conformation. The consequences of these findings for molecular machines and the separation of enantiomers are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Abbasi-Pérez
- Department of Physics , King's College London , London , WC2R 2LS , UK . ;
| | - Hongqian Sang
- Department of Physics , King's College London , London , WC2R 2LS , UK . ;
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research , Jianghan University , Wuhan 430056 , China
| | - Lluïsa Pérez-García
- School of Pharmacy , University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham , NG7 2RD , UK
| | - Andrea Floris
- School of Chemistry , University of Lincoln , Brayford Pool , Lincoln LN6 7TS , UK
| | - David B Amabilino
- School of Chemistry , GSK Carbon Neutral Lab. for Sustainable Chemistry , University of Nottingham , Triumph Road , NG7 2TU , UK
| | - Rasmita Raval
- Surface Science Research Centre , Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3BX , UK
| | - J Manuel Recio
- MALTA-Consolider Team and Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry , Universidad de Oviedo , Oviedo , 33006 , Spain
| | - Lev Kantorovich
- Department of Physics , King's College London , London , WC2R 2LS , UK . ;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Martin CJ, Lee ATL, Adams RW, Leigh DA. Enzyme-Mediated Directional Transport of a Small-Molecule Walker With Chemically Identical Feet. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11998-12002. [PMID: 28762738 PMCID: PMC5618142 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We describe a small-molecule "walker" that uses enzyme catalysis to discriminate between the relative positions of its "feet" on a track and thereby move with net directionality. The bipedal walker has identical carboxylic acid feet, and "steps" along an isotactic hydroxyl-group-derivatized polyether track by the formation/breakage of ester linkages. Lipase AS catalyzes the selective hydrolysis of the rear foot of macrocyclized walkers (an information ratchet mechanism), the rear foot producing an (R)-stereocenter at its point of attachment to the track. If the hydrolyzed foot reattaches to the track in front of the bound foot it forms an (S)-stereocenter, which is resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis. Only macrocyclic walker-track conjugates are efficiently hydrolyzed by the enzyme, leading to high processivity of the walker movement along the track. Conventional chemical reagents promote formation of the ester bonds between the walker and the track. Iterative macrocyclization and hydrolysis reactions lead to 68% of walkers taking two steps directionally along a three-foothold track.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Martin
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Alan T L Lee
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Ralph W Adams
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu D, Wang HF, Abrahams BF, Lang JP. Single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation of a two-dimensional coordination polymer through highly selective [2+2] photodimerization of a conjugated dialkene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:3173-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc49749f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
4
|
de Juan A, Pérez EM. Getting tubed: mechanical bond in endohedral derivatives of carbon nanotubes? NANOSCALE 2013; 5:7141-8. [PMID: 23759875 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr01683h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We present a brief overview of some of the most prominent examples of encapsulation of molecules inside carbon nanotubes. We then relate them to mechanically interlocked molecules, and in particular rotaxanes, by examining the most prominent features of the mechanical bond (topology, dynamic properties, and stability) and comparing them to those of endohedral derivatives of nanotubes. Our analysis shows that there is a surprisingly clear link between these two apparently disparate species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto de Juan
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
He M, Bode JW. E pluribus unum: isolation, structure determination, network analysis and DFT studies of a single metastable structure from a shapeshifting mixture of 852 bullvalene structural isomers. Org Biomol Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26954f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
7
|
Wheeler KA, Malehorn SH, Egan AE. Valine sulfonamidecinnamic acid asymmetric crystal reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:519-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc15068e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
8
|
Stadler AM, Ramírez J. Synthetic molecular machines and polymer/monomer size switches that operate through dynamic and non-dynamic covalent changes. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2012; 322:261-289. [PMID: 22169959 DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The present chapter is focused on how synthetic molecular machines (e.g. shuttles, switches and molecular motors) and size switches (conversions between polymers and their units, i.e., conversions between relatively large and small molecules) can function through covalent changes. Amongst the interesting examples of devices herein presented are molecular motors and size switches based on dynamic covalent chemistry which is an area of constitutional dynamic chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian-Mihail Stadler
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|