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de Los Santos-Ramirez JM, Boyas-Chavez PG, Cerrillos-Ordoñez A, Mata-Gomez M, Gallo-Villanueva RC, Perez-Gonzalez VH. Trends and challenges in microfluidic methods for protein manipulation-A review. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:69-100. [PMID: 37259641 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are important molecules involved in an immensely large number of biological processes. Being capable of manipulating proteins is critical for developing reliable and affordable techniques to analyze and/or detect them. Such techniques would enable the production of therapeutic agents for the treatment of diseases or other biotechnological applications (e.g., bioreactors or biocatalysis). Microfluidic technology represents a potential solution to protein manipulation challenges because of the diverse phenomena that can be exploited to achieve micro- and nanoparticle manipulation. In this review, we discuss recent contributions made in the field of protein manipulation in microfluidic systems using different physicochemical principles and techniques, some of which are miniaturized versions of already established macro-scale techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo G Boyas-Chavez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | | | - Marco Mata-Gomez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
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2
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Sun Y, Jiang R, Hu L, Song Y, Li M. Electrokinetic transport phenomena in nanofluidics and their applications. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1756-1773. [PMID: 37438973 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Much progress has been made in the electrokinetic phenomena inside nanochannels in the last decades. As the dimensions of the nanochannels are compatible to that of the electric double layer (EDL), the electrokinetics inside nanochannels indicate many unexpected behaviors, which show great potential in the fields of material science, biology, and chemistry. This review summarizes the recent development of nanofluidic electrokinetics in both fundamental and applied research. First, the techniques for constructing nanochannels are introduced to give a guideline for choosing the optimal fabrication technique based on the specific feature of the nanochannel. Then, the theories and experimental investigations of the EDL, electroosmotic flow, and electrophoresis of nanoparticles inside the nanochannels are discussed. Furthermore, the applications of nanofluidic electrokinetics in iontronics, sensing, and biomolecule separation fields are summarized. In Section 5, some critical challenges and the perspective on the future development of nanofluidic electrokinetics are briefly proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Lide Hu
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Yongxin Song
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Mengqi Li
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
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3
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Koner P, Bera S, Ohshima H. Impact of hydrodynamics and rheology of the ion partitioning effect on electrokinetic flow through a soft annulus with a retentive and absorptive wall. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:983-998. [PMID: 36637071 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01094a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The theoretical analysis for the mass transfer process of an oscillatory electroosmotic flow (EOF) in the fractional Jeffrey fluid model is studied through a polyelectrolyte layer (PEL) coated cylindrical annulus with reversible and irreversible wall reactions. The ion partitioning effect is observed due to the difference in permittivity of the PEL and the electrolyte solution, which is accounted for by the Born energy. Considering ion partitioning effects, analytical solutions for induced potential and axial velocity are presented, respectively in both the PEL and electrolyte region from the modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation and the Cauchy momentum equation with a proper constitutive equation, respectively. The Maxwell fluid and classical viscous Newtonian fluid models can be achieved separately by adjusting the relaxation and retardation time in the constitutive equation of this model. The analytical solution of the convection-diffusion equation for solute transport is established in the full domain. The separation of species is found to be dependent mainly on the Damköhler number, absorption parameter, phase partitioning coefficient, etc. It is observed that the osmotic pressure increases with the thickness and fixed charge density of the PEL. The velocity decreases with an increase in the permittivity difference of these layers. Our results suggest that the separation may be achieved through a difference in absorption kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Koner
- Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar 788010, India.
| | - Subrata Bera
- Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar 788010, India.
| | - Hiroyuki Ohshima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki Noda, Chiba, Japan
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4
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Seifollahi Z, Ashrafizadeh SN. Effect of charge density distribution of polyelectrolyte layer on electroosmotic flow and ion selectivity in a conical soft nanochannel. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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5
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Wu ZY, Zhang F, Kuang Z, Fang F, Song YY. Fast and sensitive colorimetric detection of pigments from beverages by gradient zone electrophoresis on a paper based analytical device. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Tu L, Qiu S, Li Y, Chen X, Han Y, Li J, Xiong X, Sun Y, Li H. Fabrication of Redox-Controllable Bioinspired Nanochannels for Precisely Regulating Protein Transport. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:27421-27426. [PMID: 35657807 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Redox regulation is an inherent feature of nature and plays a crucial role in the transport of ions/small molecules. However, whether redox status affects the biomolecule transport remains largely unknown. To explore the effects of redox status on biomolecule transport, herein, we constructed a glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG)-driven and pillar[5]arene (P5)-modified artificial nanochannel for protein transport. The results indicate that hemoglobin (Hb) protein is selectively and effectively transported across the GSH-driven P5-modified nanochannel, which suggests that the redox status of the nanochannel could affect the process of protein transport. Therefore, this redox-driven nanochannel could provide a potential application for biomolecule detection and redox-controllable biomolecular drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou 313099, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou 313099, P.R. China
| | - Yuntao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou 313099, P.R. China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Remin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoya Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Han
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Junrong Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou 313099, P.R. China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Remin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Yao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Haibing Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
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7
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Fabrication of molecularly imprinted nanochannel membrane for ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of triphenyl phosphate. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1192:339374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Zhang F, Ji B, Yan XH, Lv S, Fang F, Zhao S, Guo XL, Wu ZY. Paper-based sample processing for the fast and direct MS analysis of multiple analytes from serum samples. Analyst 2022; 147:4895-4902. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an01261h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The direct MS detection of amino acids obtained from serum was successfully demonstrated via a paper-based fast electrokinetic sample clean-up method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Zhang
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Bin Ji
- The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xiang-Hong Yan
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Shuang Lv
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Guo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Wu
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
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9
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Ma Y, Liu R, Shen X, Wang D. Quantification of Asymmetric Ion Transport in Glass Nanopipettes near Charged Substrates. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingfei Ma
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 10049 P. R. China
| | - Rujia Liu
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 10049 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyue Shen
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 10049 P. R. China
| | - Dengchao Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 10049 P. R. China
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10
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Bondarenko MP, Bruening ML, Yaroshchuk A. Electro-osmo-dialysis through nanoporous layers physically conjugated to micro-perforated ion-exchange membranes: Highly selective accumulation of trace coions. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.119022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Alizadeh A, Hsu WL, Wang M, Daiguji H. Electroosmotic flow: From microfluidics to nanofluidics. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:834-868. [PMID: 33382088 PMCID: PMC8247933 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Electroosmotic flow (EOF), a consequence of an imposed electric field onto an electrolyte solution in the tangential direction of a charged surface, has emerged as an important phenomenon in electrokinetic transport at the micro/nanoscale. Because of their ability to efficiently pump liquids in miniaturized systems without incorporating any mechanical parts, electroosmotic methods for fluid pumping have been adopted in versatile applications—from biotechnology to environmental science. To understand the electrokinetic pumping mechanism, it is crucial to identify the role of an ionically polarized layer, the so‐called electrical double layer (EDL), which forms in the vicinity of a charged solid–liquid interface, as well as the characteristic length scale of the conducting media. Therefore, in this tutorial review, we summarize the development of electrical double layer models from a historical point of view to elucidate the interplay and configuration of water molecules and ions in the vicinity of a solid–liquid interface. Moreover, we discuss the physicochemical phenomena owing to the interaction of electrical double layer when the characteristic length of the conducting media is decreased from the microscale to the nanoscale. Finally, we highlight the pioneering studies and the most recent works on electro osmotic flow devoted to both theoretical and experimental aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Alizadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wei-Lun Hsu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moran Wang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hirofumi Daiguji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Ngom SM, Flores-Galicia F, Delapierre FD, Pallandre A, Gamby J, Le Potier I, Haghiri-Gosnet AM. Electropreconcentration diagrams to optimize molecular enrichment with low counter pressure in a nanofluidic device. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1617-1626. [PMID: 32557702 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Concentration polarization (CP)-based focusing electrokinetics nanofluidic devices have been developed in order to simultaneously detect and enrich highly diluted analytes on-a-chip. However, stabilization of focal points over long time under the application of the electric field remains as a technical bottleneck. If pressure-assisted preconcentration methods have been proposed to stabilize propagating modes at low inverse Dukhin number ( 1 / D u ≪ 1 ) , these recent protocols remain laborious for optimizing experimental parameters. In this paper, "electric field E/counter-pressure P" diagrams have been established during pressure-assisted electro-preconcentration of fluorescein as a model molecule. Such E/P diagram allows direct observation of the region for which the optimal counter-pressure P leads to a stable focusing regime. This region of stable focusing is shown to vary depending of the nanoslit length (100 μm < Lnanoslit < 500 μm) and the nature of the background electrolyte (KCl and NaCl). Longer nanoslits (500 μm) produce stabilization at low counter-pressure P, whereas NaCl offers a narrower region of stable focusing in the E/P diagram compared to KCl. Finally, the ability of such pressure-assisted protocol to concentrate negatively charged proteins has been tested with a more applicative protein, i.e., ovalbumin. The corresponding E/P diagram confirms the existence of the stable focusing regime at both low electric field E (≤20 V) and counter-pressure P (≤0.4 bar). With an enrichment factor as high as 70 after 2 min for ovalbumin at a concentration of 10 μM, such pressure-assisted nanofluidic electro-preconcentration protocol appears very promising to concentrate and detect biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sokhna-Mery Ngom
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies C2N, UMR9001, Palaiseau, 91120, France
| | - Fatima Flores-Galicia
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies C2N, UMR9001, Palaiseau, 91120, France
| | - François-Damien Delapierre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies C2N, UMR9001, Palaiseau, 91120, France
| | - Antoine Pallandre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique, UMR8000, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Jean Gamby
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies C2N, UMR9001, Palaiseau, 91120, France
| | - Isabelle Le Potier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies C2N, UMR9001, Palaiseau, 91120, France
| | - Anne-Marie Haghiri-Gosnet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies C2N, UMR9001, Palaiseau, 91120, France
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13
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Ding D, Gao P, Ma Q, Wang D, Xia F. Biomolecule-Functionalized Solid-State Ion Nanochannels/Nanopores: Features and Techniques. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1804878. [PMID: 30756522 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201804878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state ion nanochannels/nanopores, the biomimetic products of biological ion channels, are promising materials in real-world applications due to their robust mechanical and controllable chemical properties. Functionalizations of solid-state ion nanochannels/nanopores by biomolecules pave a wide way for the introduction of varied properties from biomolecules to solid-state ion nanochannels/nanopores, making them smart in response to analytes or external stimuli and regulating the transport of ions/molecules. In this review, two features for nanochannels/nanopores functionalized by biomolecules are abstracted, i.e., specificity and signal amplification. Both of the two features are demonstrated from three kinds of nanochannels/nanopores: nucleic acid-functionalized nanochannels/nanopores, protein-functionalized nanochannels/nanopores, and small biomolecule-functionalized nanochannels/nanopores, respectively. Meanwhile, the fundamental mechanisms of these combinations between biomolecules and nanochannels/nanopores are explored, providing reasonable constructs for applications in sensing, transport, and energy conversion. And then, the techniques of functionalizations and the basic principle about biomolecules onto the solid-state ion nanochannels/nanopores are summarized. Finally, some views about the future developments of the biomolecule-functionalized nanochannels/nanopores are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defang Ding
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences (CUG), 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Pengcheng Gao
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences (CUG), 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Qun Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences (CUG), 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Dagui Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences (CUG), 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Fan Xia
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences (CUG), 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Material Sciences and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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Vanderpoorten O, Peter Q, Challa PK, Keyser UF, Baumberg J, Kaminski CF, Knowles TPJ. Scalable integration of nano-, and microfluidics with hybrid two-photon lithography. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2019; 5:40. [PMID: 31636930 PMCID: PMC6799807 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-019-0080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanofluidic devices have great potential for applications in areas ranging from renewable energy to human health. A crucial requirement for the successful operation of nanofluidic devices is the ability to interface them in a scalable manner with the outside world. Here, we demonstrate a hybrid two photon nanolithography approach interfaced with conventional mask whole-wafer UV-photolithography to generate master wafers for the fabrication of integrated micro and nanofluidic devices. Using this approach we demonstrate the fabrication of molds from SU-8 photoresist with nanofluidic features down to 230 nm lateral width and channel heights from micron to sub-100 nm. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to characterize the printing capabilities of the system and show the integration of nanofluidic channels into an existing microfluidic chip design. The functionality of the devices was demonstrated through super-resolution microscopy, allowing the observation of features below the diffraction limit of light produced using our approach. Single molecule localization of diffusing dye molecules verified the successful imprint of nanochannels and the spatial confinement of molecules to 200 nm across the nanochannel molded from the master wafer. This approach integrates readily with current microfluidic fabrication methods and allows the combination of microfluidic devices with locally two-photon-written nano-sized functionalities, enabling rapid nanofluidic device fabrication and enhancement of existing microfluidic device architectures with nanofluidic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Vanderpoorten
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB30HE UK
| | - Quentin Peter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW UK
| | - Pavan K. Challa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW UK
| | - Ulrich F. Keyser
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB30HE UK
| | - Jeremy Baumberg
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB30HE UK
| | - Clemens F. Kaminski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS UK
| | - Tuomas P. J. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB30HE UK
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15
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Nanochannel Gradient Separations. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 30488390 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8964-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Gradient-based electrophoretic separations enable simultaneous separation and concentration of molecules. Compared with conventional injection-based separations, they enable enrichment of low-concentration analytes from larger sample volumes that are not limited by an injection volume. We have demonstrated that a nanochannel, connecting two chemically different reservoirs, can maintain a stationary chemical gradient while trapping biomolecules and effectively averaging out many of the complex physicochemical hydrodynamics that would broaden the bands in a meso- or microscale capillary. Here we describe chemical and physical methods that enable this work.
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Ji Z, Huang Z, Chen B, He Y, Tsutsui M, Miao X. Impact of ionization equilibrium on electrokinetic flow of weak electrolytes in nanochannels. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:295402. [PMID: 29708099 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aac126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Weak electrolyte transport in nanochannels or nanopores has been actively explored in recent experiments. In this paper, we establish a new electrokinetic model where the ionization balance effect of weak electrolytes is outlined, and performed numerical calculations for H3PO4 concentration-biased nanochannel systems. By considering the roles of local chemical equilibrium in phosphorous acid ionization, the simulation results show quantitative agreement with experimental observations. Based on the model, we predict that enhanced energy harvesting capacity could be accomplished by utilizing weak electrolytes compared to the conventional strong electrolyte approaches in a concentration gradient-based power-generating system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Ji
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, LuoYu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
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18
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Wang R, Sun Y, Zhang F, Song M, Tian D, Li H. Temperature-Sensitive Artificial Channels through Pillar[5]arene-based Host-Guest Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:5294-5298. [PMID: 28383203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In living systems, temperature-sensitive ion channels play a vital role in numerous cellular processes and can be controlled by biological ion channels in response to specific temperature stimuli. Facile pillar[5]arene-based host-guest interactions are introduced into a nanochannel pattern for constructing a temperature-sensitive artificial channel. Ion transport was switched from cations to anions by controlling the extent of the host bound to the guest with temperature stimuli. This efect is mainly due to the changing of the inner surface charge and wettability of the nanochannel during the process. This study paves a new way for better understanding the mechanism of temperature-sensitive properties and shows great promise for biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P.R. China
| | - Yue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P.R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P.R. China
| | - Miaomiao Song
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P.R. China
| | - Demei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P.R. China
| | - Haibing Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P.R. China
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19
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Wang R, Sun Y, Zhang F, Song M, Tian D, Li H. Temperature-Sensitive Artificial Channels through Pillar[5]arene-based Host-Guest Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU); Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 P.R. China
| | - Yue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU); Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 P.R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU); Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 P.R. China
| | - Miaomiao Song
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU); Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 P.R. China
| | - Demei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU); Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 P.R. China
| | - Haibing Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU); Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 P.R. China
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20
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Wu ZY, Ma B, Xie SF, Liu K, Fang F. Simultaneous electrokinetic concentration and separation of proteins on a paper-based analytical device. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra26500f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrokinetic concentration and separation of proteins was achieved simultaneously on a paper based analytical device based on the field amplification effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yong Wu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences
- Chemistry Department
- College of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
| | - Biao Ma
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences
- Chemistry Department
- College of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
| | - Song-Fang Xie
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences
- Chemistry Department
- College of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
| | - Kun Liu
- Research Institute of Vacuum and Fluid
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- P. R. China
| | - Fang Fang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences
- Chemistry Department
- College of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
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21
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Boussouar I, Chen Q, Chen X, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Tian D, White HS, Li H. Single Nanochannel Platform for Detecting Chiral Drugs. Anal Chem 2016; 89:1110-1116. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Imene Boussouar
- Key
Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Qianjin Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S, 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Xue Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Yulun Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S, 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Demei Tian
- Key
Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Henry S. White
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S, 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Haibing Li
- Key
Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
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22
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Biomimetic nanochannels based biosensor for ultrasensitive and label-free detection of nucleic acids. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 86:194-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Ha D, Hong J, Shin H, Kim T. Unconventional micro-/nanofabrication technologies for hybrid-scale lab-on-a-chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:4296-4312. [PMID: 27761529 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01058j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Micro-/nanofabrication-based lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technologies have recently been substantially advanced and have become widely used in various inter-/multidisciplinary research fields, including biological, (bio-)chemical, and biomedical fields. However, such hybrid-scale LOC devices are typically fabricated using microfabrication and nanofabrication processes in series, resulting in increased cost and time and low throughput issues. In this review, after briefly introducing the conventional micro-/nanofabrication technologies, we focus on unconventional micro-/nanofabrication technologies that allow us to produce either in situ micro-/nanoscale structures or master molds for additional replication processes to easily and conveniently create novel LOC devices with micro- or nanofluidic channel networks. In particular, microfabrication methods based on crack-assisted photolithography and carbon-microelectromechanical systems (C-MEMS) are described in detail because of their superior features from the viewpoint of the throughput, batch fabrication process, and mixed-scale channels/structures. In parallel with previously reported articles on conventional micro-/nanofabrication technologies, our review of unconventional micro-/nanofabrication technologies will provide a useful and practical fabrication guideline for future hybrid-scale LOC devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dogyeong Ha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jisoo Hong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Heungjoo Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taesung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Startsev MA, Ostrowski M, Goldys EM, Inglis DW. A mobility shift assay for DNA detection using nanochannel gradient electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:335-341. [PMID: 27515373 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Conventional detection of pathogenic or other biological contamination relies on amplification of DNA using sequence-specific primers. Recent work in nanofluidics has shown very high concentration enhancement of biomolecules with some degree of simultaneous separation. This work demonstrates the combination of these two approaches by selectively concentrating a mobility-shifted hybridization product, potentially enabling rapid detection of rare DNA fragments such as highly specific 16S ribosomal DNA. We have performed conductivity gradient electrofocusing within nanofluidic channels and have shown concentration of hybridized peptide nucleic acids and DNA oligomers. We also show selectivity to single base-pair mismatch on 18-mer oligos. This approach may enable sensitive optical detection of small amounts of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Startsev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Martin Ostrowski
- Department of Chemistry and Bimolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ewa M Goldys
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - David W Inglis
- Department of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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25
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Rohani A, Varhue W, Liao KT, Chou CF, Swami NS. Nanoslit design for ion conductivity gradient enhanced dielectrophoresis for ultrafast biomarker enrichment in physiological media. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:033109. [PMID: 27462378 PMCID: PMC4930445 DOI: 10.1063/1.4954933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Selective and rapid enrichment of biomolecules is of great interest for biomarker discovery, protein crystallization, and in biosensing for speeding assay kinetics and reducing signal interferences. The current state of the art is based on DC electrokinetics, wherein localized ion depletion at the microchannel to nanochannel interface is used to enhance electric fields, and the resulting biomarker electromigration is balanced against electro-osmosis in the microchannel to cause high degrees of biomarker enrichment. However, biomarker enrichment is not selective, and the levels fall off within physiological media of high conductivity, due to a reduction in ion concentration polarization and electro-osmosis effects. Herein, we present a methodology for coupling AC electrokinetics with ion concentration polarization effects in nanoslits under DC fields, for enabling ultrafast biomarker enrichment in physiological media. Using AC fields at the critical frequency necessary for negative dielectrophoresis of the biomarker of interest, along with a critical offset DC field to create proximal ion accumulation and depletion regions along the perm-selective region inside a nanoslit, we enhance the localized field and field gradient to enable biomarker enrichment over a wide spatial extent along the nanoslit length. While enrichment under DC electrokinetics relies solely on ion depletion to enhance fields, this AC electrokinetic mechanism utilizes ion depletion as well as ion accumulation regions to enhance the field and its gradient. Hence, biomarker enrichment continues to be substantial in spite of the steady drop in nanostructure perm-selectivity within physiological media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rohani
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Walter Varhue
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Kuo-Tang Liao
- Institute of Physics , Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fu Chou
- Institute of Physics , Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Nathan S Swami
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
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26
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Exploring Gradients in Electrophoretic Separation and Preconcentration on Miniaturized Devices. SEPARATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/separations3020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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27
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Chingin K, Cai Y, Liang J, Chen H. Simultaneous Preconcentration and Desalting of Organic Solutes in Aqueous Solutions by Bubble Bursting. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5033-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Chingin
- Jiangxi
Key Laboratory for
Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Cai
- Jiangxi
Key Laboratory for
Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, P.R. China
| | - Juchao Liang
- Jiangxi
Key Laboratory for
Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, P.R. China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Jiangxi
Key Laboratory for
Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, P.R. China
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28
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Tao Y, Ren Y, Liu W, Wu Y, Jia Y, Lang Q, Jiang H. Enhanced particle trapping performance of induced charge electroosmosis. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1326-36. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power Transmission and Control; Zhe Jiang University; Hang Zhou P.R. China
| | - Weiyu Liu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
| | - Yupan Wu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
| | - Yankai Jia
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
| | - Qi Lang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
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29
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Wood JA, Benneker AM, Lammertink RGH. Temperature effects on the electrohydrodynamic and electrokinetic behaviour of ion-selective nanochannels. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:114002. [PMID: 26902841 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/11/114002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A non-isothermal formulation of the Poisson-Nernst-Planck with Navier-Stokes equations is used to study the influence of heating effects in the form of Joule heating and viscous dissipation and imposed temperature gradients on a microchannel/nanochannel system. The system is solved numerically under various cases in order to determine the influence of temperature-related effects on ion-selectivity, flux and fluid flow profiles, as well as coupling between these phenomena. It is demonstrated that for a larger reservoir system, the effects of Joule heating and viscous dissipation only become relevant for higher salt concentrations and electric field strengths than are compatible with ion-selectivity due to Debye layer overlap. More interestingly, it is shown that using different temperature reservoirs can have a strong influence on ion-selectivity, as well as the induced electrohydrodynamic flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery A Wood
- Soft Matter, Fluidics and Interfaces, Mesa+Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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30
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Zhang H, Tian Y, Hou J, Hou X, Hou G, Ou R, Wang H, Jiang L. Bioinspired Smart Gate-Location-Controllable Single Nanochannels: Experiment and Theoretical Simulation. ACS NANO 2015; 9:12264-73. [PMID: 26474219 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
pH-activated gates intelligently govern the ion transport behaviors of a wide range of bioinspired ion channels, but the mechanisms between the gate locations and the functionalities of the ion channels remain poorly understood. Here, we construct an artificial gate-location-tunable single-nanochannel system to systematically investigate the impact of the gate location on the ion transport property of the biomimetic ion channel. The gate-location-controllable single nanochannels are prepared by asymmetrically grafting pH-responsive polymer gates on one side of single nanochannels with gradual shape transformation. Experimental ion current measurements show that the gating abilities and rectification effects of the pH-gated nanochannels can be gradually altered by precisely locating the artificial pH gates on the different sites of the channels. The experimental gate-location-dependent gating and rectification of ion current in the bioinspired ion channel system is further well confirmed by theoretical simulation. This work, as an example, provides a new avenue to optimize the smart ion transport features of diverse artificial nanogate devices via precisely locating the gates on the appropriate sites of the artificial nanochannels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huacheng Zhang
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Tian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Jue Hou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Hou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanglei Hou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Ranwen Ou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Huanting Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Lei Jiang
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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31
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Xia L, Choi C, Kothekar SC, Dutta D. On-Chip Pressure Generation for Driving Liquid Phase Separations in Nanochannels. Anal Chem 2015; 88:781-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University
Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Chiwoong Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University
Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Shrinivas C. Kothekar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University
Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Debashis Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University
Avenue, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
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32
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Nie G, Sun Y, Zhang F, Song M, Tian D, Jiang L, Li H. Fluoride responsive single nanochannel: click fabrication and highly selective sensing in aqueous solution. Chem Sci 2015; 6:5859-5865. [PMID: 29861911 PMCID: PMC5950555 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02191j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A F– responsive nanochannel based on hydrogen-bonding interactions was designed to accomplish highly selective sensing in aqueous solution.
Fluoride is important to explore because it plays important roles in nature and biological processes. To accomplish selective F– sensing in aqueous solution, a nanochannel modified with 1,3-dipropargylaza-p-tert-butyl calix[4]crown (C4CE) was designed on the basis of hydrogen-bonding interactions. The nanodevice not only exhibits high selectivity for F–, even in serum, but also shows the useful property of recyclability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanrong Nie
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU) , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079 , P. R. China .
| | - Yue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU) , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079 , P. R. China .
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU) , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079 , P. R. China .
| | - Miaomiao Song
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU) , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079 , P. R. China .
| | - Demei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU) , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079 , P. R. China .
| | - Lei Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) , Key Laboratory of Organic Solids , Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Haibing Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU) , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079 , P. R. China .
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33
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Wang H, Hou S, Wang Q, Wang Z, Fan X, Zhai J. Dual-response for Hg 2+ and Ag + ions based on biomimetic funnel-shaped alumina nanochannels. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:1699-1705. [PMID: 32262442 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01804d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biomimetic dual-ion-responsive nanochannels were developed by the principles of metal-ion-mediated base pairs of the responsive T-/C-rich single strand DNA (ssDNA). The responsive ssDNA was immobilized into the funnel-shaped alumina nanochannels, which were fabricated using the anodization technology and pore-widening process. In neutral solution, the conformation of the ssDNA changed from a loosely packed structure into a duplex structure by interacting with Hg2+ or Ag+ ions (T-Hg2+-T or C-Ag+-C complexes). The decreasing ionic currents through the nanochannels were utilized to detect concentrations of Hg2+ or Ag+ ions. The conversion of duplex-quadruplex of Ag+ ions and DNA could be triggered by changing the pH value of aqueous solutions to 4.5, whereas it did not happen in Hg2+ ions solution. Thus, the ssDNA-modified alumina nanochannels selectively responded to Hg2+ and Ag+ ions at pH 4.5 with different ionic transportation properties. The biomimetic dual-ion-responsive nanochannels promised great potential in multiplexed ion sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China.
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34
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Haywood DG, Saha-Shah A, Baker LA, Jacobson SC. Fundamental studies of nanofluidics: nanopores, nanochannels, and nanopipets. Anal Chem 2014; 87:172-87. [PMID: 25405581 PMCID: PMC4287834 DOI: 10.1021/ac504180h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Haywood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
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35
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Hsu WL, Harvie DJE, Davidson MR, Jeong H, Goldys EM, Inglis DW. Concentration gradient focusing and separation in a silica nanofluidic channel with a non-uniform electroosmotic flow. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:3539-49. [PMID: 25027204 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00504j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous concentration gradient focusing and separation of proteins in a silica nanofluidic channel of various geometries is investigated experimentally and theoretically. Previous modelling of a similar device [Inglis et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2011, 50, 7546] assumed a uniform velocity profile along the length of the nanochannel. Using detailed numerical analysis incorporating charge regulation and viscoelectric effects, we show that in reality the varying axial electric field and varying electric double layer thickness caused by the concentration gradient, induce a highly non-uniform velocity profile, fundamentally altering the protein trapping mechanism: the direction of the local electroosmotic flow reverses and two local vortices are formed near the centreline of the nanochannel at the low salt concentration end, enhancing trapping efficiency. Simulation results for yellow/red fluorescent protein R-PE concentration enhancement, peak focusing position and peak focusing width are in good agreement with experimental measurements, validating the model. The predicted separation of yellow/red (R-PE) from green (Dyl-Strep) fluorescent proteins mimics that from a previous experiment [Inglis et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2011, 50, 7546] conducted in a slightly different geometry. The results will inform the design of new class of matrix-free particle focusing and separation devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lun Hsu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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36
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Ouyang W, Wang W. Fabrication and characterization of sub-100/10 nm planar nanofluidic channels by triple thermal oxidation and silicon-glass anodic bonding. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:052106. [PMID: 25538802 PMCID: PMC4189541 DOI: 10.1063/1.4894160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We reported the fabrication and characterization of nanofluidic channels by Triple Thermal Oxidation and Silicon-Glass Anodic Bonding. Planar nanochannels with depths from sub-100 nm down to sub-10 nm were realized by this method. A theoretical model was developed to precisely predict the depth of nanochannels. The depth and uniformity of nanochannels showed good stability during anodic bonding. This method is promising for various nanofluidic studies, such as nanofluidic electrokinetics, biomolecule manipulation, and energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ouyang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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37
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Hsu WL, Inglis DW, Startsev MA, Goldys EM, Davidson MR, Harvie DJE. Isoelectric focusing in a silica nanofluidic channel: effects of electromigration and electroosmosis. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8711-8. [PMID: 25098739 DOI: 10.1021/ac501875u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Isoelectric focusing of proteins in a silica nanofluidic channel filled with citric acid and disodium phosphate buffers is investigated via numerical simulation. Ions in the channel migrate in response to (i) the electric field acting on their charge and (ii) the bulk electroosmotic flow (which is directed toward the cathode). Proteins are focused near the low pH (anode) end when the electromigration effect is more significant and closer to the high pH (cathode) end when the electroosmotic effect dominates. We simulate the focusing behavior of Dylight labeled streptavidin (Dyl-Strep) proteins in the channel, using a relationship between the protein's charge and pH measured in a previous experiment. Protein focusing results compare well to previous experimental measurements. The effect of some key parameters, such as applied voltage, isoelectric point (pI), bulk pH, and bulk conductivity, on the protein trapping behavior in a nanofluidic channel is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lun Hsu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Electrokinetics for sample preparation of biological molecules in biological samples using microfluidic systems. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:1961-74. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sample preparation is the first part of every analytical method, but is often considered only after the optimization of the method. It is traditionally performed using a range of techniques requiring extensive manual handling, with solid-phase extraction, liquid–liquid extraction, protein precipitation and ultracentrfiguation, among others, being used depending on the targets and the application. In this article, we will focus on alternatives based on electrokinetics for applications including sample clean-up, concentration and derivatization of large biological molecules (DNA, peptides and proteins) of diagnostic importance, as well as small molecules as a tool for therapeutic drug monitoring. This article describes these approaches in terms of mechanisms, applicability and potential to be integrated into a lab-on-a-chip device for directly processing biological samples. Examples dealing with treated or clean samples have been excluded except where they show exceptionally high value.
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Jacroux T, Bottenus D, Rieck B, Ivory CF, Dong WJ. Cationic isotachophoresis separation of the biomarker cardiac troponin I from a high-abundance contaminant, serum albumin. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2029-38. [PMID: 24723384 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cationic ITP was used to separate and concentrate fluorescently tagged cardiac troponin I (cTnI) from two proteins with similar isoelectric properties in a PMMA straight-channel microfluidic chip. In an initial set of experiments, cTnI was effectively separated from R-Phycoerythrin using cationic ITP in a pH 8 buffer system. Then, a second set of experiments was conducted in which cTnI was separated from a serum contaminant, albumin. Each experiment took ∼10 min or less at low electric field strengths (34 V/cm) and demonstrated that cationic ITP could be used as an on-chip removal technique to isolate cTnI from albumin. In addition to the experimental work, a 1D numerical simulation of our cationic ITP experiments has been included to qualitatively validate experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jacroux
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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40
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Hsu WL, Inglis DW, Jeong H, Dunstan DE, Davidson MR, Goldys EM, Harvie DJE. Stationary chemical gradients for concentration gradient-based separation and focusing in nanofluidic channels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:5337-5348. [PMID: 24725102 DOI: 10.1021/la500206b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has demonstrated the simultaneous concentration and separation of proteins via a stable ion concentration gradient established within a nanochannel (Inglis Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 50, 7546-7550). To gain a better understanding of how this novel technique works, we here examine experimentally and numerically how the underlying electric potential controlled ion concentration gradients can be formed and controlled. Four nanochannel geometries are considered. Measured fluorescence profiles, a direct indicator of ion concentrations within the Tris-fluorescein buffer solution, closely match depth-averaged fluorescence profiles calculated from the simulations. The simulations include multiple reacting species within the fluid bulk and surface wall charge regulation whereby the deprotonation of silica-bound silanol groups is governed by the local pH. The three-dimensional system is simulated in two dimensions by averaging the governing equations across the (varying) nanochannel width, allowing accurate numerical results to be generated for the computationally challenging high aspect ratio nanochannel geometries. An electrokinetic circuit analysis is incorporated to directly relate the potential drop across the (simulated) nanochannel to that applied across the experimental chip device (which includes serially connected microchannels). The merit of the thick double layer, potential-controlled concentration gradient as a particle focusing and separation tool is discussed, linking this work to the previously presented protein trapping experiments. We explain why stable traps are formed when the flow is in the opposite direction to the concentration gradient, allowing particle separation near the low concentration end of the nanochannel. We predict that tapered, rather than straight nanochannels are better at separating particles of different electrophoretic mobilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lun Hsu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne , Victoria 3010, Australia
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41
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Aptamer-Modified Gold Nanochannels Membrane for Separation of β-Estradiol and Estrone. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(13)60728-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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42
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Quist J, Vulto P, Hankemeier T. Isotachophoretic Phenomena in Electric Field Gradient Focusing: Perspectives for Sample Preparation and Bioassays. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4078-87. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403764e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jos Quist
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333CC, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics
Centre (NMC), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, South Holland 2333CC, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Vulto
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333CC, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics
Centre (NMC), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, South Holland 2333CC, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333CC, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics
Centre (NMC), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, South Holland 2333CC, The Netherlands
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43
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Sun Z, Han C, Song M, Wen L, Tian D, Li H, Jiang L. Fabrication of cysteine-responsive biomimetic single nanochannels by a thiol-yne reaction strategy and their application for sensing in urine samples. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:455-460. [PMID: 24151224 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201303158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A photoinitiated thiol-yne click reaction strategy is used to fabricate a novel responsive biomimetic nanochannel platform. It displays a selective response for Cys by way of covalent bond formation on the channel surface. This system can be applied for Cys sensing with high specificity and non-interference performance in complex matrices and human urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
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Abstract
Abstract
In this review, we focus on the confined water that exists in one-dimensional micro/nano composite structures, particularly inside biological nanochannels. Using these nanochannels as inspiration, we discuss a strategy for the design and construction of biomimetic smart nanochannels. Unique features of the inner surfaces of a nanochannel's wall have similar properties to living systems. Importantly, the abiotic analogs have potential applications in, for example, sensing, energy conversion and filtering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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45
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Ji J, Nie L, Li Y, Yang P, Liu B. Simultaneous Online Enrichment and Identification of Trace Species Based on Microfluidic Droplets. Anal Chem 2013; 85:9617-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4018082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ji
- Department
of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 220
HanDan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lei Nie
- Department
of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 220
HanDan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Institute of Quality Inspection and Technical Research, Shanghai 201114, China
| | - Yixin Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 220
HanDan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Pengyuan Yang
- Department
of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 220
HanDan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Baohong Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 220
HanDan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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Shallan AI, Gaudry AJ, Guijt RM, Breadmore MC. Tuneable nanochannel formation for sample-in/answer-out devices. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:2816-8. [PMID: 23443891 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc38330j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Control of the dielectric breakdown of PDMS was achieved by limiting the current during the breakdown process. This enabled tuning of the nanochannel pore size and hence their permeability for molecules of different molecular weights. This method enabled the analysis of the drug quinine from whole blood in 3 min using a simple, disposable microfluidic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliaa I Shallan
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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47
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Startsev MA, Inglis DW, Baker MS, Goldys EM. Nanochannel pH gradient electrofocusing of proteins. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7133-8. [PMID: 23819922 DOI: 10.1021/ac4014447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate matrix-free pH gradient electrofocusing of proteins within an 85 nm deep nanochannel. In contrast to conventional isoelectric focusing where the fluid does not move, this pH gradient method traps protein molecules flowing through a channel by balancing electric forces due to pH-dependent protein charge and viscous drag forces caused by electro-osmosis. The nanoscale depth of the device and the low voltage used limit convection relative to diffusion, thus producing a stable focused band of protein. R-Phycoerythrin (RPE) and Dylight labeled streptavidin (Dyl-Strep) were focused within a nanochannel using applied voltages between 0.4 and 1.6 V. Concentration enhancement factors of over 380 have been achieved within 5 min. Varying the buffer pH (between 2.7 and 7.2) at the boundaries of the nanochannel affected the shape of the focused bands. For RPE, a pH span of 4.5 (pH 2.7 to 7.2) yielded the narrowest peak while a span of 2.4 (pH 2.7 to 5.1) produced a significantly wider peak. Such matrix-free nanofluidic devices with pH gradient electrofocusing may enable on-chip integration of orthogonal separation techniques with mass spectrometry offering labor savings and enhanced performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Startsev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
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48
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Scaling down constriction-based (electrodeless) dielectrophoresis devices for trapping nanoscale bioparticles in physiological media of high-conductivity. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1097-104. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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49
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Knust KN, Sheridan E, Anand RK, Crooks RM. Dual-channel bipolar electrode focusing: simultaneous separation and enrichment of both anions and cations. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:4107-4114. [PMID: 22952054 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40660h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we show that a microelectrochemical cell comprising two parallel microchannels spanned by a single bipolar electrode can be used to simultaneously enrich and separate both anions and cations within a single microchannel. This is possible because reduction and oxidation of water at the cathodic and anodic poles of the bipolar electrode, respectively, lead to ion depletion zones. Specifically, TrisH(+) is neutralized by OH(-) at the cathodic pole, while acetate buffer is neutralized by H(+) at the anodic pole. This action creates a local electric field gradient having both positive and negative components, and hence positive and negative ions follow their respective field gradients leading to separation. In the presence of an opposing counter-flow (pressure driven flow in this case), enrichment also occurs. In addition to separation and enrichment in a single channel, it is also possible to simultaneously enrich cations in one microchannel and anions in the other. Enrichment is achieved by controlling experimental parameters, including the type of buffer and the direction and magnitude of the opposing counter-flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle N Knust
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Electrochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, USA
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50
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Liao KT, Tsegaye M, Chaurey V, Chou CF, Swami NS. Nano-constriction device for rapid protein preconcentration in physiological media through a balance of electrokinetic forces. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1958-66. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikiyas Tsegaye
- Electrical & Computer Engineering; University of Virginia; Charlottesville; VA; USA
| | - Vasudha Chaurey
- Electrical & Computer Engineering; University of Virginia; Charlottesville; VA; USA
| | - Chia-Fu Chou
- Institute of Physics; Academia Sinica; Taipei; Taiwan
| | - Nathan S. Swami
- Electrical & Computer Engineering; University of Virginia; Charlottesville; VA; USA
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