1
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Peng ER, Burke AM, Dibble DJ, Kc CB, Kurakake R, Liu P, Lopez R, Dennison PR, Gorodetsky AA. An aza-Diels-Alder approach to nitrogen-containing tetrabenzoacene derivatives. RSC Adv 2024; 14:28475-28486. [PMID: 39247507 PMCID: PMC11378750 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07136g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Acenes and N-heteroacenes have been synthesized and studied for over a century because of their fundamentally interesting materials properties and promise for device applications. Within this context, our laboratory has previously synthesized nitrogen-containing tetrabenzo[de,hi,op,st]pentacenes via an aza-Diels-Alder reaction-based approach, and herein, we expand our methodology to obtain substituted, expanded, functionalized, and dimeric tetrabenzoacenes. Overall, our study adds to the limited number of tetrabenzoacene derivatives reported to date and may open further opportunities for these materials in organic optoelectronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan R Peng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Anthony M Burke
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - David J Dibble
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Chandra B Kc
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Reina Kurakake
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Panyiming Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Robert Lopez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Philip R Dennison
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Alon A Gorodetsky
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697 USA
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2
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Banjare SK, Lezius L, Horst ES, Leifert D, Daniliuc CG, Alasmary FA, Studer A. Thermal and Photoinduced Radical Cascade Annulation using Aryl Isonitriles: An Approach to Quinoline-Derived Benzophosphole Oxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404275. [PMID: 38687058 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we present a radical cascade addition cyclization sequence to access quinoline-based benzophosphole oxides from ortho-alkynylated aromatic phosphine oxides using various aryl isonitriles as radical acceptors and inexpensive tert-butyl-hydroperoxide (TBHP) as a terminal oxidant in the presence of a catalytic amount of silver acetate. Alternatively, the same cascade can be realized through a sustainable photochemical approach utilizing 1,2,3,5-tetrakis(carbazol-9-yl)-4,6-dicyanobenzene (4CzIPN) as an organic photocatalyst at room temperature. The introduced modular approach shows broad functional group tolerance and offers straightforward access to complex P,N-containing polyheterocyclic arenes. These novel π-extended benzophosphole oxides exhibit interesting photophysical and electrochemical properties such as absorption in the visible region, emission and reversible reduction at low potentials, which makes them promising for potential materials science applications. The photophysical properties can further be tuned by the addition of external Lewis and Brønsted acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Kumar Banjare
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Chemistry Department, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Lezius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Chemistry Department, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Elena S Horst
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Chemistry Department, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Leifert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Chemistry Department, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Chemistry Department, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Fatmah A Alasmary
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Chemistry Department, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
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3
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Barrera Y, Anderson JSM. Does the radical GPRI strongly depend on the population scheme? A comparative study to predict radical attack on unsaturated molecules with the radical general-purpose reactivity indicator. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:1152-1159. [PMID: 38299704 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The reactivity of 22 unsaturated molecules undergoing attack by a methyl radical (⋅CH3) have been elucidated using the condensed radical general-purpose reactivity indicator (condensed radical GPRI) appropriate for relatively nucleophilic or electrophilic molecules. Using the appropriate radical GPRI equation for electrophilic attack or nucleophilic radical attack, seven different population schemes were used to assign the most reactive atoms in each of the 22 molecules. The results show that the condensed radical GPRI is sensitive to the population scheme chosen, but less sensitive than the radical Fukui function. Therefore, the reliability of these methods depends on the population scheme. Our investigation indicates that the condensed radical GPRI is most accurate in predicting the dominant products of the methyl radical addition reactions on a variety of unsaturated molecules when the Hirshfeld, Merz-Singh-Kollman, or Voronoi deformation density population schemes are used. Furthermore, for all populations schemes in the majority of instances where the radical Fukui function failed the radical GPRI was able to identify the most reactive atom under certain reactivity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Barrera
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - James S M Anderson
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
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4
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Babaguchi K, Bedi D, Chacon-Teran MA, Findlater M. α-Diimine-mediated C-H functionalization of arenes for aryl-aryl cross-coupling reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2389-2394. [PMID: 38329231 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01992f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Easily accessible methods for direct C-H arylation of arenes have been explored in the presence of transition metal catalysts to facilitate C-C bond formation; however, the absence of transition-metal impurities is a significant concern in the preparation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Herein, we examine the use of bis(imino)acenaphthene (BIAN) as a potential single-electron transfer initiator in transition metal-free C-C bond-forming reactions. Using this approach, arenes are coupled to several aryl and heteroaryl halides. Based upon preliminary mechanistic evidence and crystallographic probation of an active initiator species, we tentatively propose a potassium-stabilized 'metal-free' radical pathway is in operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotono Babaguchi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
| | - Deepika Bedi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Amity University Punjab, Mohali, Panjab 140306, India
| | - Miguel A Chacon-Teran
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
| | - Michael Findlater
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
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5
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Banerjee S, Vanka K. The Role of Aromatic Alcohol Additives on Asymmetric Organocatalysis Reactions: Insights from Theory. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300997. [PMID: 38270228 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The presence of an aromatic additive has been seen to enhance, often significantly, the enantioselectivity and yield in asymmetric organocatalysis. Considering their success across a dizzying range of organocatalysts and organic transformations, it would seem unlikely that a common principle exists for their functioning. However, the current investigations with DFT suggest a general principle: the phenolic additive sandwiches itself, through hydrogen bonding and π⋅⋅⋅π stacking, between the organocatalyst coordinated electrophile and nucleophile. This is seen for a wide range of experimentally reported systems. That such complex formation leads to enhanced stereoselectivity is then demonstrated for two cases: the cinchona alkaloid complex (BzCPD), catalysing thiocyanation (2-naphthol additive employed), as well as for L-pipecolicacid catalysing the asymmetric nitroaldol reaction with a range of nitro-substituted phenol additives. These findings, indicating that dual catalysis takes place when phenolic additives are employed, are likely to have a significant impact on the field of asymmetric organocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhrashis Banerjee
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr.Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Kumar Vanka
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr.Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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6
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Tyerman S, Robertson CM, Murphy JA. Radical coupling of aryl halides to arenes facilitated by Ni(COD)(DQ) and other nickel sources. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1023-1026. [PMID: 38189557 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01745a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The air-stable complex Ni(COD)(DQ) (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene, DQ = duroquinone) promotes the coupling of aryl halides to arenes in the presence of KOtBu. This complex has recently been shown to perform coupling reactions based on organonickel intermediates, but in this case the coupling reactions proceed via aryl radicals as shown by our newly developed assay for aryl radicals. Coupling with this nickel source is more efficient than with Ni(COD)2, Ni(PPh3)4 and Ni(acac)2, all of which we also show to operate through aryl radical pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seb Tyerman
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK.
| | - Craig M Robertson
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2NY, UK
| | - John A Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK.
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7
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Clark KF, Tyerman S, Evans L, Robertson CM, Murphy JA. An assay for aryl radicals using BHAS coupling. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1018-1022. [PMID: 38197449 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01743e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Aryl radicals are intermediates in many reactions, but determining their presence unambiguously is often challenging. As we recently reported, reaction of 2-iodo-1,3-dimethylbenzene (7) in benzene with KOtBu and a suitable organic additive, leads to a base-induced homolytic aromatic substitution (BHAS) coupling reaction giving 2,6-dimethylbiphenyl (12) and biphenyl (3) as coupled products, together with xylene (13). In this case, biphenyl arises from a radical translocation and is the major coupling product. This paper now quantitatively investigates that reaction, which shows a very similar ratio for 3 : 12 [ca. 4 : 1] when using different sources of radical initiation. Deuterium isotope studies provide detailed mechanistic support for the proposed mechanism; when carried out in C6D6vs. C6H6, the reaction is characterised by a strong isotope effect for formation of 3-d10vs. 3, but not for formation of 12-d5vs. 12. These distinctive properties mean that the transformation can act as an assay for aryl radicals. An advantage of such a BHAS process is its sensitivity, since it involves a chain reaction that can amplify radical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth F Clark
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
| | - Seb Tyerman
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
| | - Laura Evans
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Craig M Robertson
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2NY, UK
| | - John A Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
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8
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Zhu Y, Wu Z, Sun H, Ding J. Photo-Induced, Phenylhydrazine-Promoted Transition-Metal-Free Dehalogenation of Aryl Fluorides, Chlorides, Bromides, and Iodides. Molecules 2023; 28:6915. [PMID: 37836758 PMCID: PMC10574415 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we present a straightforward and highly effective photo-triggered hydrogenation method for aryl halides, devoid of transition-metal catalysts. Through the synergistic utilization of light, PhNHNH2, and a base, we have successfully initiated the desired radical-mediated hydrogenation process. Remarkably, utilizing mild reaction conditions, a wide range of aryl halides, including fluorides, chlorides, bromides, and iodides, can be selectively transformed into their corresponding (hetero)arene counterparts, with exceptional yields. Additionally, this approach demonstrates a remarkable compatibility with diverse functional groups and heterocyclic compounds, highlighting its versatility and potential for use in various chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China (J.D.)
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9
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Clark K, Tyerman S, Evans L, Robertson CM, Nelson DJ, Kennedy AR, Murphy JA. A Hierarchy of Ligands Controls Formation and Reaction of Aryl Radicals in Pd-Catalyzed Ground-State Base-Promoted Coupling Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20849-20858. [PMID: 37713365 PMCID: PMC10540214 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Palladium salts and complexes were tested separately and in the presence of added ligands as potential sources of aryl radicals in ground-state coupling reactions of aryl halide with arenes under basic conditions (KOtBu). Our recently developed assay for aryl radicals was employed to test for aryl radicals. In this assay, aryl radicals derived from the test substrate, 1-iodo-2,6-dimethylbenzene 7, undergo base-promoted homolytic aromatic substitution (BHAS) with benzene to produce 2,6-dimethylbiphenyl 8 and biphenyl 9 in an approximately 1:4 ratio as well as m-xylene 10. The biphenyl arises from a diagnostic radical transfer reaction with the solvent benzene. Using substrate 7 with a range of Pd sources as potential initiators led to formation of 8, 9, and 10 in varying amounts. However, when any one of a range of diphosphinoferrocenes (e.g., dppf or dippf) or BINAP or the monophosphine, diphenylphosphinoferrocene, was added as a ligand to Pd(OAc)2, the ratio of [2,6-dimethylbiphenyl 8: biphenyl 9] moved decisively to that expected from the BHAS (radical) pathway. Further studies were conducted with dppf. When dppf was added to each of the other Pd sources, the ratio of coupled products was also diverted to that expected for radical BHAS chemistry. Deuterium isotope studies and radical trap experiments provide strong additional support for the involvement of aryl radicals. Accordingly, under these ground-state conditions, palladium sources, in the presence of defined ligands, convert aryl iodides to aryl radicals. A rationale is proposed for these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth
F. Clark
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | - Seb Tyerman
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | - Laura Evans
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB10 1XL, U.K.
| | - Craig M. Robertson
- GSK
Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Herts, U.K.
| | - David J. Nelson
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | - John A. Murphy
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
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10
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Banjare SK, Leifert D, Weidlich F, Daniliuc CG, Alasmary FA, Studer A. Access to Polyheterocyclic Compounds through Iron(II)-Mediated Radical Cascade Cyclization Utilizing 2-Ethynylbenzaldehydes and Aryl Isonitriles. Org Lett 2023; 25:6424-6428. [PMID: 37610878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
An oxidative radical cascade addition cyclization approach for the synthesis of quinoline-based π-extended polyheterocyclic compounds is reported. Eco-friendly iron catalysis and inexpensive tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP) as the oxidant have been utilized in the transformation of various readily available ortho-alkynylated aromatic aldehydes as radical precursors with aryl isonitriles as radical acceptors. Indole and thiophene-based carbaldehydes allow the preparation of quinolines that are π-conjugated with an additional heteroarene moiety in a single sequence by applying the introduced method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Kumar Banjare
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Leifert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frauke Weidlich
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Fatmah A Alasmary
- Chemistry Department College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Chemistry Department College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Ni P, Yang L, Yang J, Cheng R, Zhu W, Ma Y, Ye J. para-Selective, Direct C(sp 2)-H Alkylation of Electron-Deficient Arenes by the Electroreduction Process. J Org Chem 2023; 88:5248-5253. [PMID: 37023248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Direct para-selective C(sp2)-H alkylation of electron-deficient arenes based on the electroreduction-enabled radical addition of alkyl bromides has been developed under mild conditions. In the absence of any metals and redox agents, the simple electrolysis system tolerates a variety of primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl bromides and behaves as an important complement to the directed alkylation of the C(sp2)-H bond and the classic Friedel-Crafts alkylation. This electroreduction process provides a more straightforward, environmentally benign, and effective alkylation method for electron-deficient arenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pufan Ni
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiasheng Yang
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ruihua Cheng
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weiping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yueyue Ma
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jinxing Ye
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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12
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Zhang Q, Yue P, Lei H, Zhou CY, Wang C. Metal- and light-free approach to polyheterocycles via a quinone-Cs2CO3 couple promoted regioselective cascade radical cyclization. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
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13
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Biswas A, Bhunia A, Mandal SK. Mechanochemical solid state single electron transfer from reduced organic hydrocarbon for catalytic aryl-halide bond activation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2606-2615. [PMID: 36908958 PMCID: PMC9993847 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06119h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid-state radical generation is an attractive but underutilized methodology in the catalytic strong bond activation process, such as the aryl-halide bond. Traditionally, such a process of strong bond activation relied upon the use of transition metal complexes or strongly reducing photocatalysts in organic solvents. The generation of the aryl radical from aryl halides in the absence of transition-metal or external stimuli, such as light or cathodic current, remains an elusive process. In this study, we describe a reduced organic hydrocarbon, which can act as a super reductant in the solid state to activate strong bonds by solid-state single electron transfer (SSSET) under the influence of mechanical energy leading to a catalytic strategy based on the mechano-SSSET or mechanoredox process. Here, we investigate the solid-state synthesis of the super electron donor phenalenyl anion in a ball mill and its application as an active catalyst in strong bond (aryl halide) activation. Aryl radicals generated from aryl halides by employing this strategy are competent for various carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions under solvent-free and transition metal-free conditions. We illustrate this approach for partially soluble or insoluble polyaromatic arenes in accomplishing solid-solid C-C cross-coupling catalysis, which is otherwise difficult to achieve by traditional methods using solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Biswas
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata Mohanpur-741246 India
| | - Anup Bhunia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata Mohanpur-741246 India
| | - Swadhin K Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata Mohanpur-741246 India
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14
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Reidelbach M, Bai M, Schneeberger M, Zöllner MS, Kubicek K, Kirchberg H, Bressler C, Thorwart M, Herrmann C. Solvent Dynamics of Aqueous Halides before and after Photoionization. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:1399-1413. [PMID: 36728132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c07992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Electron transfer reactions can be strongly influenced by solvent dynamics. We study the photoionization of halides in water as a model system for such reactions. There are no internal nuclear degrees of freedom in the solute, allowing the dynamics of the solvent to be uniquely identified. We simulate the equilibrium solvent dynamics for Cl-, Br-, I-, and their respective neutral atoms in water, comparing quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) and classical molecular dynamics (MD) methods. On the basis of the obtained configurations, we calculate the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra rigorously based on the MD snapshots and compare them in detail with other theoretical and experimental results available in the literature. We find our EXAFS spectra based on QM/MM MD simulations in good agreement with their experimental counterparts for the ions. Classical MD simulations for the ions lead to EXAFS spectra that agree equally well with the experiment when it comes to the oscillatory period of the signal, even though they differ from the QM/MM radial distribution functions extracted from the MD. The amplitude is, however, considerably overestimated. This suggests that to judge the reliability of theoretical simulation methods or to elucidate fine details of the atomistic dynamics of the solvent based on EXAFS spectra, the amplitude as well as the oscillatory period need to be considered. If simulations fail qualitatively, as does the classical MD for the aqueous neutral halogen atoms, the resulting EXAFS will also be strongly affected in both oscillatory period and amplitude. The good reliability of QM/MM-based EXAFS simulations, together with clear qualitative differences in the EXAFS spectra found between halides and their atomic counterparts, suggests that a combined theory and experimental EXAFS approach is suitable for elucidating the nonequilibrium solvent dynamics in the photoionization of halides and possibly also for electron transfer reactions in more complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Reidelbach
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Harbor Bldg. 610, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre of Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mei Bai
- The Hamburg Centre of Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761Hamburg, Germany.,I. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Hamburg, Notkestr. 9, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schneeberger
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Harbor Bldg. 610, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre of Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Sebastian Zöllner
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Harbor Bldg. 610, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre of Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Kubicek
- The Hamburg Centre of Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Notkestr. 85, 22607Hamburg, Germany.,European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Henning Kirchberg
- The Hamburg Centre of Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761Hamburg, Germany.,I. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Hamburg, Notkestr. 9, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Bressler
- The Hamburg Centre of Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Notkestr. 85, 22607Hamburg, Germany.,European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Michael Thorwart
- The Hamburg Centre of Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761Hamburg, Germany.,I. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Hamburg, Notkestr. 9, 22607Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Herrmann
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Harbor Bldg. 610, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre of Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761Hamburg, Germany
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15
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Ham R, Nielsen CJ, Pullen S, Reek JNH. Supramolecular Coordination Cages for Artificial Photosynthesis and Synthetic Photocatalysis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:5225-5261. [PMID: 36662702 PMCID: PMC10176487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Because sunlight is the most abundant energy source on earth, it has huge potential for practical applications ranging from sustainable energy supply to light driven chemistry. From a chemical perspective, excited states generated by light make thermodynamically uphill reactions possible, which forms the basis for energy storage into fuels. In addition, with light, open-shell species can be generated which open up new reaction pathways in organic synthesis. Crucial are photosensitizers, which absorb light and transfer energy to substrates by various mechanisms, processes that highly depend on the distance between the molecules involved. Supramolecular coordination cages are well studied and synthetically accessible reaction vessels with single cavities for guest binding, ensuring close proximity of different components. Due to high modularity of their size, shape, and the nature of metal centers and ligands, cages are ideal platforms to exploit preorganization in photocatalysis. Herein we focus on the application of supramolecular cages for photocatalysis in artificial photosynthesis and in organic photo(redox) catalysis. Finally, a brief overview of immobilization strategies for supramolecular cages provides tools for implementing cages into devices. This review provides inspiration for future design of photocatalytic supramolecular host-guest systems and their application in producing solar fuels and complex organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rens Ham
- Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Jasslie Nielsen
- Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja Pullen
- Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost N H Reek
- Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Jiao Y, Stoddart J. Electron / hole catalysis: A versatile strategy for promoting chemical transformations. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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17
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Constantin T, Górski B, Tilby MJ, Chelli S, Juliá F, Llaveria J, Gillen KJ, Zipse H, Lakhdar S, Leonori D. Halogen-atom and group transfer reactivity enabled by hydrogen tunneling. Science 2022; 377:1323-1328. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abq8663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The generation of carbon radicals by halogen-atom and group transfer reactions is generally achieved using tin and silicon reagents that maximize the interplay of enthalpic (thermodynamic) and polar (kinetic) effects. In this work, we demonstrate a distinct reactivity mode enabled by quantum mechanical tunneling that uses the cyclohexadiene derivative γ-terpinene as the abstractor under mild photochemical conditions. This protocol activates alkyl and aryl halides as well as several alcohol and thiol derivatives. Experimental and computational studies unveiled a noncanonical pathway whereby a cyclohexadienyl radical undergoes concerted aromatization and halogen-atom or group abstraction through the reactivity of an effective H atom. This activation mechanism is seemingly thermodynamically and kinetically unfavorable but is rendered feasible through quantum tunneling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bartosz Górski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Michael J. Tilby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Saloua Chelli
- CNRS/Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, LHFA UMR 5069, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Fabio Juliá
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Josep Llaveria
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Kevin J. Gillen
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage SG1 2FX, UK
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department Chemie, LMU München, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Sami Lakhdar
- CNRS/Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, LHFA UMR 5069, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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18
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Tang Z, Mo K, Ma X, Huang J, Zhao D. para
‐Selective Radical Trifluoromethylation of Benzamide Derivatives via Iminium Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208089. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanyong Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Ke Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Xiaoqiang Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Jialin Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Depeng Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou China
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19
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Fu X, Wang Y, Liu L, Li C, Huang L, Huang J. KO
t
Bu/O
2
Mediated Dehydrogenation of
N
‐Heterocycles, Alcohols. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuegang Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District Tianjin 300072 P. R. of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. of China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District Tianjin 300072 P. R. of China
- Weifang Inspection and Testing Center Weifang Administration for Market Regulation Building K, China Food Valley Headquarter, Beihai Road, Hanting District, Weifang 261000 Shandong P. R. of China
| | - Liu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District Tianjin 300072 P. R. of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. of China
| | - Caifeng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District Tianjin 300072 P. R. of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. of China
| | - Lin Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District Tianjin 300072 P. R. of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. of China
| | - Jianhui Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District Tianjin 300072 P. R. of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. of China
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20
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Shi Z, Li Y, Li N, Wang WZ, Lu HK, Yan H, Yuan Y, Zhu J, Ye KY. Electrochemical Migratory Cyclization of N-Acylsulfonamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206058. [PMID: 35606293 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Benzoxathiazine dioxide, as a bioisostere of the clinically widely used diazoxide, exhibits interesting biological activity. However, limited success has been achieved in terms of its concise and direct synthesis. We report herein a facile electrochemical migratory cyclization of N-acylsulfonamides to access a diverse array of benzoxathiazine dioxides. The inclusion of electrochemistry is crucial for realizing such a novel transformation, which is substantiated both by the experiments and density-functional-theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojiang Shi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Nan Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Wei-Zhen Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Hao-Kuan Lu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Yaofeng Yuan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
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21
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Raut RK, Waghamare AB, Patel N, Majumdar M. Role of N, N′‐diboryl‐4, 4′‐bipyridinylidene in the Transition metal‐free Borylation of Aryl Halides and Direct C‐H arylation of Unactivated Benzene. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra K. Raut
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune Chemistry INDIA
| | | | - Niranjan Patel
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune Chemistry INDIA
| | - Moumita Majumdar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune Chemistry Dr. Homi Bhabha RoadPashan 411008 Pune INDIA
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22
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Chao M, Wang H, Zhang H, Zhong F, Luo Z, Wu F, Sun F, Jiang J, He X, Zhang S, Gong P, Wang B, Shen D. Cobalt (II)‐Catalyzed Oxidation of 2‐Aryl Benzoic Acids to Access Biaryl Lactones. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mianran Chao
- Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu P. R. China
| | - Haixing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu P. R. China
| | - Fubi Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu P. R. China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu P. R. China
| | - Fengyun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu P. R. China
| | - Feiyang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu P. R. China
| | - Jiaojiao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu P. R. China
| | - Xuexue He
- Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu P. R. China
| | - Shumiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu P. R. China
| | - Peiwei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu P. R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering University of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Duyi Shen
- Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu P. R. China
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23
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Ogbu IM, Kurtay G, Robert F, Landais Y. Oxamic acids: useful precursors of carbamoyl radicals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7593-7607. [PMID: 35735051 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01953a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review article describes the recent development in the chemistry of carbamoyl radicals generated from oxamic acids. This mild and efficient method compares well with previous methods of generation of these nucleophilic radicals. The oxidative decarboxylation of oxamic acids can be mediated through thermal, photochemical, electrochemical or photoelectrochemical means, generating carbamoyl radicals, which may further add to unsaturated systems to provide a broad range of important amides. Oxidative decarboxylation of oxamic acids also offers a straightforward entry for the preparation of urethanes, ureas, and thioureas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikechukwu Martin Ogbu
- University of Bordeaux, Institute of Molecular Sciences (ISM), UMR-CNRS 5255, 351, Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, Cedex, France. .,Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Gülbin Kurtay
- University of Bordeaux, Institute of Molecular Sciences (ISM), UMR-CNRS 5255, 351, Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, Cedex, France. .,University of Ankara, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Frédéric Robert
- University of Bordeaux, Institute of Molecular Sciences (ISM), UMR-CNRS 5255, 351, Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, Cedex, France.
| | - Yannick Landais
- University of Bordeaux, Institute of Molecular Sciences (ISM), UMR-CNRS 5255, 351, Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, Cedex, France.
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24
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Zhao D, Tang Z, Mo K, Ma X, Huang J. para‐Selective Radical Trifluoromethylation of Benzamide Derivatives via Iminium Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Depeng Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Waihuan East Road 510006 Guangzhou CHINA
| | - Zhanyong Tang
- Sun Yat-Sen University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wai-Huan east roadNo. 132 Guangzhou CHINA
| | - Ke Mo
- Sun Yat-Sen University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences WaiHuan east roadNo 132 Guangzhou CHINA
| | - Xiaoqiang Ma
- Sun Yat-Sen University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Waihuan east roadNo. 132 Guangzhou CHINA
| | - Jialin Huang
- Sun Yat-Sen University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Waihuan east roadNo. 132 Guangzhou CHINA
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25
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Shi Z, Li Y, Li N, Wang W, Lu H, Yan H, Yuan Y, Zhu J, Ye K. Electrochemical Migratory Cyclization of
N
‐Acylsulfonamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojiang Shi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Nan Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Wei‐Zhen Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Hao‐Kuan Lu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Hong Yan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Yaofeng Yuan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Ke‐Yin Ye
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
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26
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Intramolecular Arylation of 2‐Bromobenzenesulfonamides Using DMSO/HCOONa ⋅ 2H
2
O System: An Access To Dibenzosultams. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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27
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Owatari Y, Iseki S, Ogata D, Yuasa J. Catalytic electron drives host-guest recognition. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5261-5267. [PMID: 35655551 PMCID: PMC9093170 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01342h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Electron injection is demonstrated to trigger electrocatalytic chain reactions capable of releasing a solvent molecule and forming a redox active guest molecule. One-electron reduction of a hydroxy anthrone derivative (AQH-CH2CN) results in the formation of an anthraquinone radical anion (AQ˙-) and acetonitrile (CH3CN). The resulting fragment of AQ˙- exhibits high stability under mild reducing conditions, and it has enough reducing power to reduce the reactant of AQH-CH2CN. Hence, subsequent electron transfer from AQ˙- to AQH-CH2CN yields the secondary AQ˙- and CH3CN, while the initial AQ˙- is subsequently oxidized to AQ. Overall, the reactants of AQH-CH2CN are completely converted into AQ and CH3CN in sustainable electrocatalytic chain reactions. These electrocatalytic chain reactions are mild and sustainable, successfully achieving catalytic electron-triggered charge-transfer (CT) complex formation. Reactant AQH-CH2CN is non-planar, making it unsuitable for CT interaction with an electron donor host compound (UHAnt2) bearing parallel anthracene tweezers. However, conversion of AQH-CH2CN to planar electron acceptor AQ by the electrocatalytic chain reactions turns on CT interaction, generating a host CT complex with UHAnt2 (AQ ⊂ UHAnt2). Therefore, sustainable electrocatalytic chain reactions can control CT interactions using only a catalytic amount of electrons, ultimately affording a one-electron switch associated with catalytic electron-triggered turn-on molecular recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Owatari
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku Tokyo 162-8601 Japan +81-3-72-6179
| | - Shuta Iseki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku Tokyo 162-8601 Japan +81-3-72-6179
| | - Daiji Ogata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku Tokyo 162-8601 Japan +81-3-72-6179
| | - Junpei Yuasa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku Tokyo 162-8601 Japan +81-3-72-6179
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28
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Barth AT, Morales M, Winkler JR, Gray HB. Photoredox Catalysis Mediated by Tungsten(0) Arylisocyanides in 1,2-Difluorobenzene. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:7251-7255. [PMID: 35486113 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the photochemical cyclization of 1-(2-iodobenzyl)-pyrrole (IBP) and 1-(2-bromobenzyl)-pyrrole (BBP) to 5H-pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoindol catalyzed by W(CNDipp)6 (CNDipp = 2,6-diisopropylphenylisocyanide) in 1,2-difluorobenzene (DFB). Irradiation (445 nm) of W(CNDipp)6 (5 mol %) in DFB solution converted 78% of IBP (50 mM) to product after 1 h (16 turnovers). Addition of tetra-n-butyl ammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF6) (0.2 M) to the DFB solution led to rapid photoinduced disappearance of W(CNDipp)6 but, remarkably, did not inhibit photochemical cyclization of IBP, indicating that IBP cyclization could be driven by a nonluminescent photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra T Barth
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maryann Morales
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jay R Winkler
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Harry B Gray
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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29
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30
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Pratley C, Fenner S, Murphy JA. Nitrogen-Centered Radicals in Functionalization of sp 2 Systems: Generation, Reactivity, and Applications in Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8181-8260. [PMID: 35285636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of nitrogen-centered radicals (NCRs) has plentiful applications in organic synthesis, and they continue to expand as our understanding of these reactive species increases. The utility of these reactive intermediates is demonstrated in the recent advances in C-H amination and the (di)amination of alkenes. Synthesis of previously challenging structures can be achieved by efficient functionalization of sp2 moieties without prefunctionalization, allowing for faster and more streamlined synthesis. This Review addresses the generation, reactivity, and application of NCRs, including, but not limited to, iminyl, aminyl, amidyl, and aminium species. Contributions from early discovery up to the most recent examples have been highlighted, covering radical initiation, thermolysis, photolysis, and, more recently, photoredox catalysis. Radical-mediated intermolecular amination of (hetero)arenes can occur with a variety of complex amine precursors, generating aniline derivatives, an important class of structures for drug discovery and development. Functionalization of olefins is achievable in high anti-Markovnikov regioselectivity and allows access to difunctionalized structures when the intermediate carbon radicals are trapped. Additionally, the reactivity of NCRs can be harnessed for the rapid construction of N-heterocycles such as pyrrolidines, phenanthridines, quinoxalines, and quinazolinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie Pratley
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom.,GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Fenner
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - John A Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
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31
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Laha JK, Gupta P. Sulfoxylate Anion Radical-Induced Aryl Radical Generation and Intramolecular Arylation for the Synthesis of Biarylsultams. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4204-4214. [PMID: 35245054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c03031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aryl radical generation from the corresponding aryl halides using an electron donor and subsequent intramolecular cyclization with arenes could be an important advancement in contemporary biaryl synthesis. A green and practically useful synthetic protocol to access diverse six- and seven-membered biarylsultams especially with a free NH group including demonstration of a gram-scale synthesis is reported herein. The sulfoxylate anion radical (SO2-•), generated in situ from the reagents rongalite or sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4), was found to be the key single electron transfer agent forming aryl radicals from aryl halides, which upon intramolecular arylation gives biarylsultams with good to excellent yields. The approach features generation of aryl radicals that remained underexplored, use of a cheap and readily available industrial reagents, and transition metal-free, mild, and green reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydev K Laha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S. A. S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S. A. S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
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32
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Wang X, Lei J, Guo S, Zhang Y, Ye Y, Tang S, Sun K. Radical selenation of C(sp 3)-H bonds to asymmetric selenides and mechanistic study. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1526-1529. [PMID: 35050276 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06323e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Selenides are important structural motifs with a broad range of biological activities and versatile transformational abilities. In this study, a novel and mild method was developed for the facile synthesis of asymmetric selenides under metal-free conditions. The key features of this reaction include good functional-group tolerance, the use of readily available reagents and cheap, low-toxicity solvent, and amenability to gram-scale synthesis. The results of preliminary radical-trapping experiments and a kinetic isotope effect study support a radical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, Shandong, P. R. China.
| | - Jia Lei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, Shandong, P. R. China.
| | - Sa Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, Shandong, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, Shandong, P. R. China.
| | - Yong Ye
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Shi Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, China
| | - Kai Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, Shandong, P. R. China.
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33
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Leis W, Argüello Cordero MA, Lochbrunner S, Schubert H, Berkefeld A. A Photoreactive Iron(II) Complex Luminophore. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1169-1173. [PMID: 35025493 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the order and lifetimes of electronically excited states is essential to effective light-to-potential energy conversion by molecular chromophores. This work reports a luminescent and photoreactive iron(II) complex, the first performant group homologue of prototypical sensitizers of ruthenium. Double cyclometalation of a phenylphenanthroline framework at iron(II) favors the population of a triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) state as the lowest energy excited state. Near-infrared (NIR) luminescence exhibits a monoexponential decay with τ = 2.4 ns in the solid state and 1 ns in liquid phase. Lifetimes of 14 ns at 77 K are in line with a narrowing of the NIR emission band at λem,max = 1170-1230 nm. Featuring a 3MLCT excited-state redox potential of -2 V vs the ferrocene/ferrocenium couple, the use of the Fe(II) chromophore as a sensitizer for light-driven synthesis is exemplified by the radical cross-coupling of 4-chlorobromobenzene and benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Leis
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Miguel A Argüello Cordero
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefan Lochbrunner
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schubert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Berkefeld
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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34
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Dey D, Kundu A, Roy M, Pal S, Adhikari D. Aromatization as the driving force for single electron transfer towards C–C cross-coupling reactions. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy02229f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There is a strong current interest in C–H functionalization reactions under metal-free conditions. We report herein that the deprotonated form of dihydrophenazine (DPh) as a potent initiator under photochemical conditions...
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35
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Bugaenko DI, Karchava AV, Yurovskaya MA. Transition metal-free cross-coupling reactions with the formation of carbon-heteroatom bonds. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Yuan J, Wei Z, Shen K, Yang Y, Liu M, Jing X, Duan C. Encapsulating electron-deficient dyes into Metal-Organic Capsules To Achieve High Reduction Potentials. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:10860-10865. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01166b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The design of artificial supramolecular systems that mimic the structure and functionality of natural enzymes to achieve efficient chemical conversions is a promising subject. In this work, we assembled a...
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37
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Hong ZS, Kao SC, Cheng YT, Chen CJ, Wu YK. Photoinduced arylation of chloroarenes in flow: synthesis of unsymmetrical biaryls. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:8212-8216. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01710e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A photoflow cross-coupling reaction of unactivated arenes and aryl chlorides is developed for the synthesis of unsymmetrical biaryl products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zih-Siang Hong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Kao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tsen Cheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jen Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ku Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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38
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Wu S, Zhao Q, Wu C, Wang C, Lei H. Transition-metal-free oxindole synthesis: quinone-K 2CO 3 catalyzed intramolecular radical cyclization. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00205a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel and highly efficient transition-metal-free approach for the conversion of α-bromoanilides to 3,3-disubstituted oxindoles is described. This transformation is promoted by catalytic amount of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (PQ) together with K2CO3,...
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39
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Das TK, Kundu M, Mondal B, Ghosh P, Das S. Organocatalytic synthesis of (Het)biaryl scaffolds via photoinduced intra/intermolecular C(sp 2)-H arylation by 2-pyridone derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 20:208-218. [PMID: 34878476 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01798e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A unique N,O-bidentate ligand 6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridone-2-carboxylic acid dimethylamide (L1) catalyzed direct C(sp2)-H (intra/intermolecular) arylation of unactivated arenes has been developed to expedite access to (Het)biaryl scaffolds under UV-irradiation at room temperature. The protocol tolerated diverse functional groups and substitution patterns, affording the target products in moderate to excellent yields. Mechanistic investigations were also carried out to better understand the reaction pathway. Furthermore, the synthetic applicability of this unified approach has been showcased via the construction of biologically relevant 4-quinolone, tricyclic lactam and sultam derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Kumar Das
- TCG Lifesciences Pvt. Ltd., BN-7, Sector V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata-700091, India. .,Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, 734013, India.
| | - Mrinalkanti Kundu
- TCG Lifesciences Pvt. Ltd., BN-7, Sector V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata-700091, India.
| | - Biswajit Mondal
- TCG Lifesciences Pvt. Ltd., BN-7, Sector V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata-700091, India. .,Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, 734013, India.
| | - Prasanjit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, 734013, India.
| | - Sajal Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, 734013, India.
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40
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Gujjarappa R, Vodnala N, Musib D, Malakar CC. Organocatalytic Decarboxylation and Dual C(sp
3
)−H Bond Functionalization Toward Facile Access to Divergent 2,6‐Diarylpyridines. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raghuram Gujjarappa
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Manipur Langol Imphal 795004 Manipur India
| | - Nagaraju Vodnala
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Manipur Langol Imphal 795004 Manipur India
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Multi-storey building, HauzKhas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Dulal Musib
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Manipur Langol Imphal 795004 Manipur India
| | - Chandi C. Malakar
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Manipur Langol Imphal 795004 Manipur India
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41
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Radical and Ionic Mechanisms in Rearrangements of o-Tolyl Aryl Ethers and Amines Initiated by the Grubbs-Stoltz Reagent, Et 3SiH/KO tBu. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226879. [PMID: 34833971 PMCID: PMC8619283 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rearrangements of o-tolyl aryl ethers, amines, and sulfides with the Grubbs–Stoltz reagent (Et3SiH + KOtBu) were recently announced, in which the ethers were converted to o-hydroxydiarylmethanes, while the (o-tol)(Ar)NH amines were transformed into dihydroacridines. Radical mechanisms were proposed, based on prior evidence for triethylsilyl radicals in this reagent system. A detailed computational investigation of the rearrangements of the aryl tolyl ethers now instead supports an anionic Truce–Smiles rearrangement, where the initial benzyl anion can be formed by either of two pathways: (i) direct deprotonation of the tolyl methyl group under basic conditions or (ii) electron transfer to an initially formed benzyl radical. By contrast, the rearrangements of o-tolyl aryl amines depend on the nature of the amine. Secondary amines undergo deprotonation of the N-H followed by a radical rearrangement, to form dihydroacridines, while tertiary amines form both dihydroacridines and diarylmethanes through radical and/or anionic pathways. Overall, this study highlights the competition between the reactive intermediates formed by the Et3SiH/KOtBu system.
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42
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Yadav N, Sangwan S, Kumar R, Chauhan S, Duhan A, Singh A, Arya RK. Comprehensive Overview of Progress in Functionalization of 2‐Pyridone and 2, 4 ‐Dihydroxy Pyridine: Key Constituents of Vital Natural Products. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Yadav
- Department of Chemistry Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar Haryana India 125004
| | - Sarita Sangwan
- Department of Chemistry Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar Haryana India 125004
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar Haryana India 125004
- MAP Section Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar Haryana India 125004
| | - Sonu Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar Haryana India 125004
| | - Anil Duhan
- Department of Chemistry Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar Haryana India 125004
| | - Ajay Singh
- Department of Chemistry Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar Haryana India 125004
| | - Rajesh K. Arya
- MAP Section Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar Haryana India 125004
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43
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Kundu A, Dey D, Pal S, Adhikari D. Pyrazole-Mediated C-H Functionalization of Arene and Heteroarenes for Aryl-(Hetero)aryl Cross-Coupling Reactions. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15665-15673. [PMID: 34699216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein we introduce a transition-metal-free protocol that involves a commercially available, inexpensive pyrazole molecule to conduct C-C cross-coupling reactions at room temperature via a radical pathway. Using this method, an aryldiazonium salt has been coupled to a wide range of arenes and heteroarenes including benzene, mesitylene, thiophene, furan, benzoxazole to result the corresponding biaryl products. The full reaction mechanism is elucidated along with the crystallographic probation of an active initiator species. A potassium-stabilized deprotonated pyrazole steers single-electron transfer to the substrate and behaves as an initiator for the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kundu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, SAS Nagar 140306, India
| | - Dhananjay Dey
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, SAS Nagar 140306, India
| | - Subhankar Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, SAS Nagar 140306, India
| | - Debashis Adhikari
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, SAS Nagar 140306, India
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44
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Sahharova LT, Gordeev EG, Eremin DB, Ananikov VP. Computational Design of Radical Recognition Assay with the Possible Application of Cyclopropyl Vinyl Sulfides as Tunable Sensors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7637. [PMID: 34299255 PMCID: PMC8306039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The processes involving the capture of free radicals were explored by performing DFT molecular dynamics simulations and modeling of reaction energy profiles. We describe the idea of a radical recognition assay, where not only the presence of a radical but also the nature/reactivity of a radical may be assessed. The idea is to utilize a set of radical-sensitive molecules as tunable sensors, followed by insight into the studied radical species based on the observed reactivity/selectivity. We utilize this approach for selective recognition of common radicals-alkyl, phenyl, and iodine. By matching quantum chemical calculations with experimental data, we show that components of a system react differently with the studied radicals. Possible radical generation processes were studied involving model reactions under UV light and metal-catalyzed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.T.S.); (E.G.G.); (D.B.E.)
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45
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Frenette BL, Arsenault N, Walker SL, Decken A, Dyker CA. Bis(Iminophosphorano)-Substituted Pyridinium Ions and their Corresponding Bispyridinylidene Organic Electron Donors. Chemistry 2021; 27:8528-8536. [PMID: 33834560 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Optimized synthetic procedures for pyridinium ions featuring iminophosphorano (-N=PR3 ; R=Ph, Cy) π-donor substituents in the 2- and 4- positions are described. Crystallographic and theoretical studies reveal that the strongly donating substituents severely polarize the π-electrons of the pyridyl ring at the expense of aromaticity. Moreover, the pyridinium ions are readily deprotonated to generate powerful bispyridinylidene (BPY) organic electron donors. Electrochemical studies show exceptionally low redox potentials for the two-electron BPY/BPY2+ couples, ranging from -1.71 V vs the saturated calomel electrode for 3PhPh (with four Ph3 P=N- groups) to -1.85 V for 3CyCy (with four Cy3 P=N- groups). These new compounds represent the most reducing neutral organic electron donors (OEDs) currently known. Some preliminary reductions involving 3CyCy showed enhanced capability owing to its low redox potential, such as the thermally activated reduction of an aryl chloride, but purification challenges were often encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Frenette
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Nadine Arsenault
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Sarah L Walker
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Andreas Decken
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - C Adam Dyker
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
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46
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Guin S, Majee D, Samanta S. Recent Advances in Visible‐Light‐Driven Photocatalyzed γ‐Cyanoalkylation Reactions. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Guin
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of TechnologyIndore 453552 Indore India
| | - Debashis Majee
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of TechnologyIndore 453552 Indore India
| | - Sampak Samanta
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of TechnologyIndore 453552 Indore India
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47
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Dong J, Liu J, Song H, Liu Y, Wang Q. Metal-, Photocatalyst-, and Light-Free Minisci C-H Acetylation of N-Heteroarenes with Vinyl Ethers. Org Lett 2021; 23:4374-4378. [PMID: 34024106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a mild, operationally simple method for Minisci C-H acetylation of N-heteroarenes using vinyl ethers as robust, inexpensive acetyl sources. The reactions do not require a conventional photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, metal catalysis, light activation, or high temperature. This method is thus significantly more sustainable than previously reported methods in terms of cost, reagent toxicity, and waste generation. This protocol can be expected to obtain medically relevant molecules from abundant feedstock materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
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48
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49
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Sun X, Dong X, Yang Y, Fu J, Wang Y, Li Z, Liu Y, Liu H. Palladium-catalyzed cascade 5-exo-trig radical cyclization/aromatic C-H alkylation with unactivated alkyl iodides. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2676-2680. [PMID: 33710245 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00346a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel and convenient palladium-catalyzed cascade 5-exo-trig radical cyclization/aromatic C-H alkylation with unactivated alkyl iodides has been described. This strategy provides an efficient access to a variety of 3a-methyl-1,2,3,3a,4,8b-hexahydroindeno[1,2-b]pyrrole derivatives, which facilitate access to a series of medically important heterocyclic bioactive molecules. This protocol involves mild catalytic reaction conditions and shows high functional group tolerance with high stereoselectivity. Mechanistic investigations reveal that an alkyl radical pathway is involved in this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo, 255049, P. R. China.
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50
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Kumar Y, Ila H. Synthesis of Substituted Benzo[b]thiophenes via Base-Promoted Domino Condensation–Intramolecular C–S Bond Formation. Org Lett 2021; 23:1698-1702. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogendra Kumar
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Hiriyakkanavar Ila
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
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