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Sandik G, Feist J, García-Vidal FJ, Schwartz T. Cavity-enhanced energy transport in molecular systems. NATURE MATERIALS 2024:10.1038/s41563-024-01962-5. [PMID: 39122930 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01962-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Molecules are the building blocks of all of nature's functional components, serving as the machinery that captures, stores and releases energy or converts it into useful work. However, molecules interact with each other over extremely short distances, which hinders the spread of energy across molecular systems. Conversely, photons are inert, but they are fast and can traverse large distances very efficiently. Using optical resonators, these distinct entities can be mixed with each other, opening a path to new architectures that benefit from both the active nature of molecules and the long-range transport obtained by the coupling with light. In this Review, we present the physics underlying the enhancement of energy transfer and energy transport in molecular systems, and highlight the experimental and theoretical advances in this field over the past decade. Finally, we identify several key questions and theoretical challenges that remain to be resolved via future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Sandik
- School of Chemistry, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Johannes Feist
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francisco J García-Vidal
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Tal Schwartz
- School of Chemistry, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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2
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Fang J, Li P, Zhang L, Li X, Zhang J, Qin C, Debnath T, Huang W, Chen R. Stimulating Phonon Bottleneck Effect in Organic Semiconductors by Charge-Transfer-Mediated J-Aggregation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:961-969. [PMID: 38157246 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Hot carriers rapidly lose kinetic energies on a subpicosecond time scale, posing significant limitations on semiconductors' photon-conversion efficiencies. To slow the hot carrier cooling, the phonon bottleneck effect is constructed prevalently in quantum-confined structures with discrete energy levels. However, the maximum energy separation (ΔEES) between the energy levels is in a range of several hundred meV, leading to unsatisfactory cooling time. To address this, we design a novel organic semiconductor capable of forming intermolecular charge transfer (CT) in J-aggregates, where the lowest singlet excited state (S1) splits into two states due to the significant interplay between the Coulomb interaction and intermolecular CT coupling. The ΔEES between the two states can be adjusted up to 1.02 eV, and an extremely slow carrier cooling process of ∼72.3 ps was observed by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Moreover, the phonon bottleneck effect was identified in organic materials for the first time, and CT-mediated J-aggregation with short-range interactions was found to be the key to achieving large ΔEES. The significantly prolonged carrier cooling time, compared to <100 fs in the isolated molecule (10-6 M), highlights the potential of organic molecules with diversified aggregation structures in achieving long-lived hot carriers. These findings provide valuable insights into the intrinsic photophysics of electron-phonon scattering in organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Longyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiuzhi Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Spectrum Measures and Applications, School of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chaochao Qin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Spectrum Measures and Applications, School of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Tushar Debnath
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, Shaanxi, China
| | - Runfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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3
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A Theoretical Investigation about Photoswitching of Azobenzene Adsorbed on Ag Nanoparticles. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The optical properties of hybrid systems composed of silver nanoparticles (NPs) and azobenzene molecules were systematically investigated by combining the real-time time-dependent density functional theory (RT-TDDFT) approach with the classical electrodynamics finite difference time domain (FDTD) technique for the solution of Maxwell’s equations. In order to reflect the chemical interaction between azobenzene and metal more exactly, except for adsorbed molecules, a Ag cluster separated from NP was also dealt, using RT-TDDFT. We studied the different factors affecting the surface-enhanced absorption spectra. It was found that the electric field amplified by plasmon resonance of Ag NPs can have an overall enhancement to the molecular light absorption throughout the whole energy range. The resonance between the electron and the plasmon excitation results in a larger percentage of enhancement in the absorption spectrum the closer the resonance peak is. The enhancement ratio of the resonance peak is the largest. The plasmon–exciton coupling and the optical properties of different isolate isomers influence the line shape of the absorption spectra. The dipole interaction and electronic transfer between azobenzene molecules and Ag NPs also change the shape of spectroscopy from the absorption enhancement ratio and the location of the peak. Physical and chemical factors lead to photoswitching in these hybrid systems together.
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Sun J, Ding Z, Yu Y, Liang W. Nonlinear features of Fano resonance: a QM/EM study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:15994-16004. [PMID: 34318831 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02459k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The nonlinear Fano effects on the absorption of hybrid systems composed of a silver nanosphere and an indoline dye molecule have been systematically investigated by the hybrid approach, which combines the quantum mechanics method (QM) with the computational electromagnetic method (EM). The absorption spectra of the dye molecule in the proximity of an Ag nanoparticle have been calculated by changing the incident field intensity, the phenomenological dephasing of molecular excitation, and the enhancement ratio of the near field. The contribution of molecular nonlinear response properties and the quantum interferences of the incident and scattered fields and of resonant plasmon-molecular excitations to the spectra has been identified. It is in no doubt that Fano resonance due to the plasmon-molecular interaction can appear in both the weak and strong field regimes; however, the Fano effect is more pronounced in the strong field regime where quantum interference leads to a nonlinear Fano effect controlled by a complex field-dependent Fano factor. When the incident field is strong enough, the resonance antisymmetry structure is spectrally resolved, and it changes with the change of the field intensity. As the field intensity varies from weak to strong, the Fano lineshape's asymmetry increases with increasing intensity in the beginning, and then decreases with a further increase of the field intensity attributed to the increase of the detuning energy induced by the integrated energy shift upon field dressing during the excitation. Decreasing the enhancement ratio of the near field or the dephasing of molecular excitation can also control the spectral lineshape transformation from an asymmetric profile to a symmetric Lorentzian lineshape. These findings are consistent with previous experimental and theoretical observations arisen by quantum interferences and are expected to stimulate further work toward exploring the plasmon-molecular interplay and the applications of Fano resonance in optical switching and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sun
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Energy Materials and Devices Key Lab of Anhui Province for Photoelectric Conversion, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China
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5
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Kitajima Y, Sakamoto H, Ueno K. Coupled plasmonic systems: controlling the plasmon dynamics and spectral modulations for molecular detection. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:5187-5201. [PMID: 33687413 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06681h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This review describes recent studies on coupled plasmonic systems for controlling plasmon dynamics and molecular detection using spectral modulations. The plasmon dephasing time can be controlled by weak and strong coupling regimes between the plasmonic nanostructures or localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) and the other optical modes such as microcavities. The modal coupling induces near-field enhancement by extending the plasmon dephasing time to increase the near-field enhancement at certain wavelengths resulting in the enhancement of molecular detection. On the other hand, the interaction between LSPR and molecular excited or vibrational states also modulates the resonance spectrum, which can also be used for detecting a small number of molecules with a subtle change in the spectrum. The spectral modulation is induced by weak and strong couplings between LSPRs and the electronic or vibrational states of molecules, and this method is sensitive enough to measure a single molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Kitajima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Hiyori Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Kosei Ueno
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
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Kumar PPP, Rahman A, Goswami T, Ghosh HN, Neelakandan PP. Fine-Tuning Plasmon-Molecule Interactions in Gold-BODIPY Nanocomposites: The Role of Chemical Structure and Noncovalent Interactions. Chempluschem 2020; 86:87-94. [PMID: 33058562 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Strong coupling between localized surface plasmons and molecular absorptions leads to remarkable changes in the photophysical properties of dye-loaded metal nanoparticles. Here, we report supramolecular nanocomposites consisting of BODIPY, tryptophan, and gold nanoparticles, and investigate the effect of structural variations on their photophysical properties. Our results indicate that the photostability and photosensitization properties of the nanocomposites depend on the chemical composition of the BODIPY molecules. The singlet oxygen quantum yield of the nanocomposites NC1 (BODIPY, B1 bearing a single methyl group) and NC3 (BODIPY, B3 with 5 methyl and 2 iodo groups) were 0.46 and 0.42, respectively, which were significantly higher compared to their individual components. Ultrafast spectroscopy studies revealed that the migration of photoexcited BODIPY electrons to the plasmonic photoexcitation allowed electron transfer into the singlet oxygen states, thereby leading to efficient generation of singlet oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Praveen Kumar
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, 160062, India
| | - Atikur Rahman
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, 160062, India
| | - Tanmay Goswami
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, 160062, India
| | - Hirendra N Ghosh
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, 160062, India.,Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Prakash P Neelakandan
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, 160062, India
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7
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Spitaleri L, Gangemi CMA, Purrello R, Nicotra G, Trusso Sfrazzetto G, Casella G, Casarin M, Gulino A. Covalently Conjugated Gold-Porphyrin Nanostructures. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10091644. [PMID: 32825720 PMCID: PMC7558707 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles show important electronic and optical properties, owing to their size, shape, and electronic structures. Indeed, gold nanoparticles containing no more than 30–40 atoms are only luminescent, while nanometer-sized gold nanoparticles only show surface plasmon resonance. Therefore, it appears that gold nanoparticles can alternatively be luminescent or plasmonic and this represents a severe restriction for their use as optical material. The aim of our study was the fabrication of nanoscale assembly of Au nanoparticles with bi-functional porphyrin molecules that work as bridges between different gold nanoparticles. This functional architecture not only exhibits a strong surface plasmon, due to the Au nanoparticles, but also a strong luminescence signal due to porphyrin molecules, thus, behaving as an artificial organized plasmonic and fluorescent network. Mutual Au nanoparticles–porphyrin interactions tune the Au network size whose dimension can easily be read out, being the position of the surface plasmon resonance strongly indicative of this size. The present system can be used for all the applications requiring plasmonic and luminescent emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Spitaleri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.S.); (C.M.A.G.); (R.P.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (I.N.S.T.M., Research Unit (UdR) of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Chiara M. A. Gangemi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.S.); (C.M.A.G.); (R.P.)
| | - Roberto Purrello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.S.); (C.M.A.G.); (R.P.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (I.N.S.T.M., Research Unit (UdR) of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nicotra
- National Research Council—Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (CNR-IMM), Strada VIII, 5, 95121 Catania, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Trusso Sfrazzetto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.S.); (C.M.A.G.); (R.P.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (I.N.S.T.M., Research Unit (UdR) of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.T.S.); (A.G.); Tel.: +39-095-7385067 (A.G.); Fax: +39-095-580138 (A.G.)
| | - Girolamo Casella
- Department of Earth and Sea Sciences, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 22, 90123 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Maurizio Casarin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Antonino Gulino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.S.); (C.M.A.G.); (R.P.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (I.N.S.T.M., Research Unit (UdR) of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.T.S.); (A.G.); Tel.: +39-095-7385067 (A.G.); Fax: +39-095-580138 (A.G.)
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8
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Zhang B, Liang W. The vibronic absorption spectra and exciton dynamics of plasmon-exciton hybrid systems in the regimes ranged from Fano antiresonance to Rabi-like splitting. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:014102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5128848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - WanZhen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Eguchi M, Li J, Ueno K, Misawa H. Formation of Nanostructure-controlled Strong Coupling of Porphyrin Molecules and Silver Nanoparticles Using Layered Silicates. CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.180925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miharu Eguchi
- Electronic Functional Materials Group, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jie Li
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, N21, W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Kosei Ueno
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, N21, W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Misawa
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, N21, W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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10
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Transient Optical Characteristics of Broad Absorption Band Excitons Modulated by Micro-cavity. Chem Res Chin Univ 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-018-8133-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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11
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Thomas R, Thomas A, Pullanchery S, Joseph L, Somasundaran SM, Swathi RS, Gray SK, Thomas KG. Plexcitons: The Role of Oscillator Strengths and Spectral Widths in Determining Strong Coupling. ACS NANO 2018; 12:402-415. [PMID: 29261287 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b06589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Strong coupling interactions between plasmon and exciton-based excitations have been proposed to be useful in the design of optoelectronic systems. However, the role of various optical parameters dictating the plasmon-exciton (plexciton) interactions is less understood. Herein, we propose an inequality for achieving strong coupling between plasmons and excitons through appropriate variation of their oscillator strengths and spectral widths. These aspects are found to be consistent with experiments on two sets of free-standing plexcitonic systems obtained by (i) linking fluorescein isothiocyanate on Ag nanoparticles of varying sizes through silane coupling and (ii) electrostatic binding of cyanine dyes on polystyrenesulfonate-coated Au nanorods of varying aspect ratios. Being covalently linked on Ag nanoparticles, fluorescein isothiocyanate remains in monomeric state, and its high oscillator strength and narrow spectral width enable us to approach the strong coupling limit. In contrast, in the presence of polystyrenesulfonate, monomeric forms of cyanine dyes exist in equilibrium with their aggregates: Coupling is not observed for monomers and H-aggregates whose optical parameters are unfavorable. The large aggregation number, narrow spectral width, and extremely high oscillator strength of J-aggregates of cyanines permit effective delocalization of excitons along the linear assembly of chromophores, which in turn leads to efficient coupling with the plasmons. Further, the results obtained from experiments and theoretical models are jointly employed to describe the plexcitonic states, estimate the coupling strengths, and rationalize the dispersion curves. The experimental results and the theoretical analysis presented here portray a way forward to the rational design of plexcitonic systems attaining the strong coupling limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshmi Thomas
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM) , Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Anoop Thomas
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM) , Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Saranya Pullanchery
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM) , Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Linta Joseph
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM) , Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Sanoop Mambully Somasundaran
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM) , Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Rotti Srinivasamurthy Swathi
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM) , Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Stephen K Gray
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - K George Thomas
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM) , Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
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12
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Zhong X, Chervy T, Zhang L, Thomas A, George J, Genet C, Hutchison JA, Ebbesen TW. Energy Transfer between Spatially Separated Entangled Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:9034-9038. [PMID: 28598527 PMCID: PMC5575472 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Light-matter strong coupling allows for the possibility of entangling the wave functions of different molecules through the light field. We hereby present direct evidence of non-radiative energy transfer well beyond the Förster limit for spatially separated donor and acceptor cyanine dyes strongly coupled to a cavity. The transient dynamics and the static spectra show an energy transfer efficiency approaching 37 % for donor-acceptor distances ≥100 nm. In such systems, the energy transfer process becomes independent of distance as long as the coupling strength is maintained. This is consistent with the entangled and delocalized nature of the polaritonic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Zhong
- ISIS & icFRCUniversity of Strasbourg and CNRS8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg67000France
| | - Thibault Chervy
- ISIS & icFRCUniversity of Strasbourg and CNRS8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg67000France
| | - Lei Zhang
- ISIS & icFRCUniversity of Strasbourg and CNRS8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg67000France
| | - Anoop Thomas
- ISIS & icFRCUniversity of Strasbourg and CNRS8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg67000France
| | - Jino George
- ISIS & icFRCUniversity of Strasbourg and CNRS8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg67000France
| | - Cyriaque Genet
- ISIS & icFRCUniversity of Strasbourg and CNRS8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg67000France
| | - James A. Hutchison
- ISIS & icFRCUniversity of Strasbourg and CNRS8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg67000France
| | - Thomas W. Ebbesen
- ISIS & icFRCUniversity of Strasbourg and CNRS8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg67000France
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13
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Zhong X, Chervy T, Zhang L, Thomas A, George J, Genet C, Hutchison JA, Ebbesen TW. Energy Transfer between Spatially Separated Entangled Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Zhong
- ISIS & icFRC; University of Strasbourg and CNRS; 8 allée Gaspard Monge, S trasbourg 67000 France
| | - Thibault Chervy
- ISIS & icFRC; University of Strasbourg and CNRS; 8 allée Gaspard Monge, S trasbourg 67000 France
| | - Lei Zhang
- ISIS & icFRC; University of Strasbourg and CNRS; 8 allée Gaspard Monge, S trasbourg 67000 France
| | - Anoop Thomas
- ISIS & icFRC; University of Strasbourg and CNRS; 8 allée Gaspard Monge, S trasbourg 67000 France
| | - Jino George
- ISIS & icFRC; University of Strasbourg and CNRS; 8 allée Gaspard Monge, S trasbourg 67000 France
| | - Cyriaque Genet
- ISIS & icFRC; University of Strasbourg and CNRS; 8 allée Gaspard Monge, S trasbourg 67000 France
| | - James A. Hutchison
- ISIS & icFRC; University of Strasbourg and CNRS; 8 allée Gaspard Monge, S trasbourg 67000 France
| | - Thomas W. Ebbesen
- ISIS & icFRC; University of Strasbourg and CNRS; 8 allée Gaspard Monge, S trasbourg 67000 France
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14
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Vergauwe RMA, George J, Chervy T, Hutchison JA, Shalabney A, Torbeev VY, Ebbesen TW. Quantum Strong Coupling with Protein Vibrational Modes. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4159-4164. [PMID: 27689759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In quantum electrodynamics, matter can be hybridized to confined optical fields by a process known as light-matter strong coupling. This gives rise to new hybrid light-matter states and energy levels in the coupled material, leading to modified physical and chemical properties. Here, we report for the first time the strong coupling of vibrational modes of proteins with the vacuum field of a Fabry-Perot mid-infrared cavity. For two model systems, poly(l-glutamic acid) and bovine serum albumin, strong coupling is confirmed by the anticrossing in the dispersion curve, the square root dependence on the concentration, and a vacuum Rabi splitting that is larger than the cavity and vibration line widths. These results demonstrate that strong coupling can be applied to the study of proteins with many possible applications including the elucidation of the role of vibrational dynamics in enzyme catalysis and in H/D exchange experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robrecht M A Vergauwe
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS , 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jino George
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS , 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thibault Chervy
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS , 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - James A Hutchison
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS , 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Atef Shalabney
- Department of Physics and Optical Engineering, Ort Braude College , Karmiel 21982, Israel
| | - Vladimir Y Torbeev
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS , 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas W Ebbesen
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS , 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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15
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Thomas A, George J, Shalabney A, Dryzhakov M, Varma SJ, Moran J, Chervy T, Zhong X, Devaux E, Genet C, Hutchison JA, Ebbesen TW. Ground-State Chemical Reactivity under Vibrational Coupling to the Vacuum Electromagnetic Field. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11462-6. [PMID: 27529831 PMCID: PMC5113700 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The ground-state deprotection of a simple alkynylsilane is studied under vibrational strong coupling to the zero-point fluctuations, or vacuum electromagnetic field, of a resonant IR microfluidic cavity. The reaction rate decreased by a factor of up to 5.5 when the Si-C vibrational stretching modes of the reactant were strongly coupled. The relative change in the reaction rate under strong coupling depends on the Rabi splitting energy. Product analysis by GC-MS confirmed the kinetic results. Temperature dependence shows that the activation enthalpy and entropy change significantly, suggesting that the transition state is modified from an associative to a dissociative type. These findings show that vibrational strong coupling provides a powerful approach for modifying and controlling chemical landscapes and for understanding reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Thomas
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée G. Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jino George
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée G. Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Marian Dryzhakov
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée G. Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sreejith J Varma
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée G. Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Joseph Moran
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée G. Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thibault Chervy
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée G. Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Xiaolan Zhong
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée G. Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eloïse Devaux
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée G. Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cyriaque Genet
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée G. Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - James A Hutchison
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée G. Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas W Ebbesen
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée G. Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
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16
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Thomas A, George J, Shalabney A, Dryzhakov M, Varma SJ, Moran J, Chervy T, Zhong X, Devaux E, Genet C, Hutchison JA, Ebbesen TW. Ground-State Chemical Reactivity under Vibrational Coupling to the Vacuum Electromagnetic Field. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Thomas
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC; 8 allée G. Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Jino George
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC; 8 allée G. Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | | | - Marian Dryzhakov
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC; 8 allée G. Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Sreejith J. Varma
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC; 8 allée G. Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Joseph Moran
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC; 8 allée G. Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Thibault Chervy
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC; 8 allée G. Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Xiaolan Zhong
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC; 8 allée G. Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Eloïse Devaux
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC; 8 allée G. Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Cyriaque Genet
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC; 8 allée G. Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - James A. Hutchison
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC; 8 allée G. Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Thomas W. Ebbesen
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC; 8 allée G. Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
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17
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Li J, Ueno K, Uehara H, Guo J, Oshikiri T, Misawa H. Dual Strong Couplings Between TPPS J-Aggregates and Aluminum Plasmonic States. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:2786-91. [PMID: 27383561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We report on the spectral properties of strong coupling between the localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) of aluminum (Al) nanostructures and tetraphenylporphyrin tetrasulfonic acid hydrate (TPPS) J-aggregates. Because of their wide spectral range of LSPR bands from ultraviolet to near-infrared wavelengths by controlling structural size, Al nanodisks can realize strong coupling with different excitons of TPPS J-aggregates. The Rabi splitting energies of the excitons based on Soret and Q bands are 300 and 180 meV, respectively. In addition to extinction spectrum, we have also measured an excitation spectrum to determine the essential absorption of the hybrid states and successfully confirmed a shoulder peak corresponding to a lower branch of hybrid states. In Al nanorod systems, strong coupling with two excitons can also be selectively induced by merely rotating the polarization of the incident light, which constituted a simple platform for the dynamic control of exciton/plasmon coupling states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University , Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Kosei Ueno
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University , Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Hiyori Uehara
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University , Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Jingchun Guo
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University , Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Tomoya Oshikiri
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University , Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Misawa
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University , Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry & Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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18
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Li Z, Mukhopadhyay S, Jang SH, Brédas JL, Jen AKY. Supramolecular Assembly of Complementary Cyanine Salt J-Aggregates. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:11920-3. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b08072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong’an Li
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Sukrit Mukhopadhyay
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Sei-Hum Jang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Division
of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Alex K.-Y. Jen
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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19
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Shalabney A, George J, Hiura H, Hutchison JA, Genet C, Hellwig P, Ebbesen TW. Enhanced Raman Scattering from Vibro-Polariton Hybrid States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7971-5. [PMID: 26037542 PMCID: PMC4515085 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ground-state molecular vibrations can be hybridized through strong coupling with the vacuum field of a cavity optical mode in the infrared region, leading to the formation of two new coherent vibro-polariton states. The spontaneous Raman scattering from such hybridized light-matter states was studied, showing that the collective Rabi splitting occurs at the level of a single selected bond. Moreover, the coherent nature of the vibro-polariton states boosts the Raman scattering cross-section by two to three orders of magnitude, revealing a new enhancement mechanism as a result of vibrational strong coupling. This observation has fundamental consequences for the understanding of light-molecule strong coupling and for molecular science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atef Shalabney
- ISIS & icFRC, University of Strasbourg and CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg (France)
| | - Jino George
- ISIS & icFRC, University of Strasbourg and CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg (France)
| | - Hidefumi Hiura
- Smart Energy Research Laboratories, NEC Corporation, Tsukuba (Japan)
| | - James A Hutchison
- ISIS & icFRC, University of Strasbourg and CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg (France)
| | - Cyriaque Genet
- ISIS & icFRC, University of Strasbourg and CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg (France)
| | - Petra Hellwig
- CMC, University of Strasbourg and CNRS, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg (France)
| | - Thomas W Ebbesen
- ISIS & icFRC, University of Strasbourg and CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg (France).
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20
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Shalabney A, George J, Hiura H, Hutchison JA, Genet C, Hellwig P, Ebbesen TW. Enhanced Raman Scattering from Vibro-Polariton Hybrid States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Zhang R, Tian Y, Lü C, Liu L, Liu X. Highly ordered superlattices from self-assembly of Fe3O4 nanocrystals. Chem Res Chin Univ 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-014-4095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Wang L, Wang HY, Wang Y, Zhu SJ, Zhang YL, Zhang JH, Chen QD, Han W, Xu HL, Yang B, Sun HB. Direct observation of quantum-confined graphene-like states and novel hybrid states in graphene oxide by transient spectroscopy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:6539-6545. [PMID: 24030902 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201302927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Quantum-confined graphene-like electronic states are directly observed in graphene oxide and photothermally reduced graphene oxide via transient spectroscopy. An unexpected novel hybrid state arising from amorphous carbon-like peripheral structure with high sp(3) /sp(2) carbon ratio in close vicinity of confined graphene-like states is found commonly existent in various carbon nanomaterials, including graphene oxide, graphene quantum dots, and carbon dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
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23
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Abstract
Gold nanorods have been receiving extensive attention owing to their extremely attractive applications in biomedical technologies, plasmon-enhanced spectroscopies, and optical and optoelectronic devices. The growth methods and plasmonic properties of Au nanorods have therefore been intensively studied. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the flourishing field of Au nanorods in the past five years. We will focus mainly on the approaches for the growth, shape and size tuning, functionalization, and assembly of Au nanorods, as well as the methods for the preparation of their hybrid structures. The plasmonic properties and the associated applications of Au nanorods will also be discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjun Chen
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
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24
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Canaguier-Durand A, Devaux E, George J, Pang Y, Hutchison JA, Schwartz T, Genet C, Wilhelms N, Lehn JM, Ebbesen TW. Thermodynamics of molecules strongly coupled to the vacuum field. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10533-6. [PMID: 23946186 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201301861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The thermodynamics of strong coupling between molecules and the vacuum field is analyzed and the Gibbs free energy, the enthalpy, and entropy of the coupling process are determined for the first time. The thermodynamic parameters are a function of the Rabi splitting and the microscopic solvation. The results provide a new framework for understanding light-molecule strong coupling.
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25
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Canaguier-Durand A, Devaux E, George J, Pang Y, Hutchison JA, Schwartz T, Genet C, Wilhelms N, Lehn JM, Ebbesen TW. Thermodynamics of Molecules Strongly Coupled to the Vacuum Field. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201301861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Salomon A, Wang S, Hutchison JA, Genet C, Ebbesen TW. Strong light-molecule coupling on plasmonic arrays of different symmetry. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:1882-6. [PMID: 23576442 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The strong coupling of porphyrin J-aggregates to plasmonic nanostructures of different symmetry is investigated. The nanostructures of higher symmetry show the strongest interaction with the molecular layer, suggesting that surface plasmon mode degeneracy plays an important role in the coupling efficiency. At high coupling strengths a new, weakly dispersive mode appears which has recently been predicted theoretically to be due to long-range energy transfer between molecules mediated by surface plasmons. These findings point to new ways for optimizing strong coupling and thereby realize its full potential for molecular and material science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Salomon
- ISIS, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS (UMR 7006), Strasbourg, France
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27
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McLintock A, Lee HJ, Wark AW. Stabilized gold nanorod–dye conjugates with controlled resonance coupling create bright surface-enhanced resonance Raman nanotags. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:18835-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52946k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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28
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Schwartz T, Hutchison JA, Léonard J, Genet C, Haacke S, Ebbesen TW. Polariton dynamics under strong light-molecule coupling. Chemphyschem 2012; 14:125-31. [PMID: 23233286 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive experimental study of the photophysical properties of a molecule-cavity system under strong coupling conditions, using steady-state and femtosecond time-resolved emission and absorption techniques to selectively excite the lower and upper polaritons as well as the reservoir of uncoupled molecules. Our results demonstrate the complex decay routes in such hybrid systems and that, contrary to expectations, the lower polariton is intrinsically long-lived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Schwartz
- ISIS & icFRC, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS (UMR 7006), 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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29
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Gómez DE, Lo SS, Davis TJ, Hartland GV. Picosecond Kinetics of Strongly Coupled Excitons and Surface Plasmon Polaritons. J Phys Chem B 2012; 117:4340-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jp306830s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Gómez
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010,
Australia
- Materials Science
and Engineering, CSIRO, Clayton, Victoria
3169, Australia
| | - Shun Shang Lo
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5670,
United States
| | - Timothy J. Davis
- Materials Science
and Engineering, CSIRO, Clayton, Victoria
3169, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria
3168, Australia
| | - Gregory V. Hartland
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5670,
United States
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