1
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Ham JS, Son M, Na CG, Park B, Baik MH, Sarpong R. Construction of Seven-Membered Oxacycles Using a Rh(I)-Catalyzed Cascade C-C Formation/Cleavage of Cyclobutenol Derivatives. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4647-4656. [PMID: 38497619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the synthesis of substituted oxepane derivatives through the skeletal remodeling of 4-hydroxy-2-cyclobutenones, which are readily prepared from commercially available dialkyl squarates upon their reaction with acrylonitrile. Mechanistically, a Rh(I)-catalyzed C-C bond formation and cleavage cascade is proposed. Specifically, a fused [3.2.0] bicycle is proposed to form from dialkyl squarate-derived cyclobutenols via an unusual Rh(I)-catalyzed intermolecular oxa-Michael addition of a tertiary alcohol with acrylonitrile, followed by an intramolecular conjugate addition/migratory insertion. Subsequent C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond cleavage through a Rh-catalyzed β-carbon elimination is then theorized to furnish the oxepane scaffold. Computational studies support the formation of an intermediate [3.2.0] bicycle but also point to an alternative pathway for the formation of the oxepane products involving a Rh(III) intermediate. Additional studies have shown the overall process to be stereoretentive. The functional groups that are introduced in this process can be leveraged to form fused or bridged ring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Su Ham
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mina Son
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Christina G Na
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bohyun Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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2
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Sun W, Wilding-Steele L, Brown RCD, Harrowven DC. Aryl-aryl cross-coupling reactions without reagents or catalysts: photocyclization of ortho-iodoaryl ethers and related compounds via triplet aryl cation intermediates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10797-10800. [PMID: 37594190 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03271j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Cyclisations of benzyl ortho-iodoaryl ethers to benzo[c]chromenes can be effected without reagents or catalysts by irradiation with UVC under flow. Reactions proceed via triplet aryl cation generation, 5-exo and 3-exo-cyclisations, and rearomatisation. They have wide scope, are easy to effect and extend to a myriad of related ring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Luke Wilding-Steele
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Richard C D Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - David C Harrowven
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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3
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Morales K, Rodríguez-Calado S, Hernando J, Lorenzo J, Rodríguez-Diéguez A, Jaime C, Nolis P, Capdevila M, Palacios Ò, Figueredo M, Bayón P. Synthesis and In Vitro Studies of Photoactivatable Semisquaraine-type Pt(II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:7729-7745. [PMID: 35522899 PMCID: PMC9131461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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The synthesis, full
characterization, photochemical properties,
and cytotoxic activity toward cisplatin-resistant cancer cell lines
of new semisquaraine-type Pt(II) complexes are presented. The synthesis
of eight semisquaraine-type ligands has been carried out by means
of an innovative, straightforward methodology. A thorough structural
NMR and X-ray diffraction analysis of the new ligands and complexes
has been done. Density functional theory calculations have allowed
to assign the trans configuration of the platinum
center. Through the structural modification of the ligands, it has
been possible to synthesize some complexes, which have turned out
to be photoactive at wavelengths that allow their activation in cell
cultures and, importantly, two of them show remarkable solubility
in biological media. Photodegradation processes have been studied
in depth, including the structural identification of photoproducts,
thus justifying the changes observed after irradiation. From biological
assessment, complexes C7 and C8 have been
demonstrated to behave as promising photoactivatable compounds in
the assayed cancer cell lines. Upon photoactivation, both complexes
are capable of inducing a higher cytotoxic effect on the tested cells
compared with nonphotoactivated compounds. Among the observed results,
it is remarkable to note that C7 showed a PI > 50
in
HeLa cells, and C8 showed a PI > 40 in A2780 cells,
being
also effective over cisplatin-resistant A2780cis cells (PI = 7 and
PI = 4, respectively). The mechanism of action of these complexes
has been studied, revealing that these photoactivated platinum complexes
would actually present a combined mode of action, a therapeutically
potential advantage. The
synthesis, full characterization, photochemical properties,
and cytotoxic activity toward cisplatin-resistant cancer cell lines
of new semisquaraine-type Pt(II) complexes are presented. Eight semisquaraine-type
ligands and their corresponding Pt(II) complexes have been studied.
These complexes have turned out to be photoactive at wavelengths that
allow their activation in cell cultures. Two of them display remarkable
solubility in biological media showing a promising behavior as photoactivatable
compounds against several cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Morales
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Sergi Rodríguez-Calado
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (IBB) and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Jordi Hernando
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Julia Lorenzo
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (IBB) and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Diéguez
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Av/Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Jaime
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Pau Nolis
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Mercè Capdevila
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Òscar Palacios
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Marta Figueredo
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Pau Bayón
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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4
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Sun W, Kayal S, Raimbach WAT, Sun XZ, Light ME, Hanson-Heine MWD, George MW, Harrowven DC. Wavelength dependent photoextrusion and tandem photo-extrusion reactions of ninhydrin bis-acetals for the synthesis of 8-ring lactones, benzocyclobutenes and orthoanhydrides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1546-1549. [PMID: 35014645 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06800h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ninhydrin bis-acetals give access to 8-ring lactones, benzocyclo-butenes and spirocyclic orthoanhydrides through photoextrusion and tandem photoextrusion reactions. Syntheses of fimbricalyxlactone B, isoshihunine and numerous biologically-relevant heterocycles show the value of the methods, while TA-spectroscopy and TD-DFT studies provide mechanistic insights on their wavelength dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Surajit Kayal
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | - Xue-Zhong Sun
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Mark E Light
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | | | - Michael W George
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.,Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - David C Harrowven
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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5
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Sun W, Raimbach WAT, Elliott LD, Booker-Milburn KI, Harrowven DC. New approaches to ondansetron and alosetron inspire a versatile, flow photochemical method for indole synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:383-386. [PMID: 34860228 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05700f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
An oxidative photocyclisation of N-arylenaminones to indoles is described, that mirrors the Fischer indole synthesis but uses anilines in place of arylhydrazines. Its value is exemplified with new approaches to the WHO-listed APIs ondansetron and alosetron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | | | - Luke D Elliott
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | | | - David C Harrowven
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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6
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Smallman HR, Leitch JA, McBride T, Ley SV, Browne DL. Formation and utility of reactive ketene intermediates under continuous flow conditions. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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7
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Collin DE, Kovacic K, Light ME, Linclau B. Synthesis of Ortho-Functionalized 1,4-Cubanedicarboxylate Derivatives through Photochemical Chlorocarbonylation. Org Lett 2021; 23:5164-5169. [PMID: 34133174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The cubane ring has received intense attention as a 3D benzene isostere and scaffold. Mono- and 1,4-disubstituted cubanes are well-described. Here we report a practical procedure for a direct radical-mediated chlorocarbonylation process initially reported by Bashir-Hashemi, to access a range of 2-substituted 1,4-cubanedicarboxylic ester derivatives. A subsequent regioselective ester hydrolysis to give fully differentiated 1,2,4-trisubstituted cubanes is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego E Collin
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kristina Kovacic
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark E Light
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Linclau
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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8
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Bennett RM, Sun W, Wilson DC, Light ME, Harrowven DC. A new mode of cyclobutenedione ring opening for the synthesis of 2-oxobut-3-enamides and tetrasubstituted furans. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5694-5697. [PMID: 33982046 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02097h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A dichotomy between the additions of organolithiums and lithium amides to cyclobutenediones is described wherein the former give carbonyl addition products while the latter induce ring opening by enone cleavage via O- to C-lithium transfer. This distinct mode of ring scission gives access to 2-oxobut-3-enamides and tetrasubstituted furans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Bennett
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Wei Sun
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Dharyl C Wilson
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Mark E Light
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - David C Harrowven
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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9
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Manning MA, Sun W, Light ME, Harrowven DC. A photochemical ring expansion of 6- to 8-membered nitrogen heterocycles by [1,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4556-4559. [PMID: 33956001 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00393c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A new route to azocines and benzoazocines from furopyridinones is described through a photochemically induced [1,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement. The method gives access to these 8-membered nitrogen heterocycles from dimethyl squarate in four stages and with excellent atom economy by sequencing thermal and photochemical ring expansion steps under continuous flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan A Manning
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Wei Sun
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Mark E Light
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - David C Harrowven
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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10
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Linclau B, Collin DE, Jackman EH, Jouandon N, Sun W, Light ME, Harrowven DC. Decagram Synthesis of Dimethyl 1,4-Cubanedicarboxylate Using Continuous-Flow Photochemistry. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1705964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe highly strained cubane system is of great interest as a scaffold and rigid linker in both pharmaceutical and materials chemistry. A straightforward approach is reported for the scale-up of a [2+2] photocycloaddition step using convenient home-made flow photoreactors to access dimethyl 1,4-cubanedicarboxylate on decagram-scale in 33–40% yield over 8 steps. The process is demonstrated on 3.4 g·h–1 input with 30 minutes residence time, enabling to reduce the process time and to avoid the use of batch photoreactors. Completion of the characterisation of the photocycloadduct and its hydrates is reported.
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11
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Sintim HO, Valade A, Harling DC, Hodgson DM. Squarate desymmetrisation–ozonolysis as an approach to β-substituted-α-ketosuccinates and squalestatin synthesis. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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12
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Han X, Fu J, Hu J, Xiong W, Wang H, Wu L. Base induced cyclobutenone rearrangements and its application in the synthesis of aromatic amines. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Babra JS, Russell AT, Smith CD, Zhang Y. Combining C-H functionalisation and flow photochemical heterocyclic metamorphosis (FP-HM) for the synthesis of benzo[1,3]oxazepines. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Sun W, Wilson DC, Light ME, Harrowven DC. A Thermally Induced Hydride Transfer from an Amine to an Allene Triggers an Annulation Reaction, Giving Dihydrofuropyridinones. Org Lett 2018; 20:4346-4349. [PMID: 29969277 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A thermal rearrangement leading to dihydrofuropyridinones and related polycyclic ring systems from furanones and cyclobutenones is described. A key feature of the reaction is the thermally induced hydride transfer from a 3°-amine to a conjugated allene to trigger cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton SO17 1BJ , United Kingdom
| | - Dharyl C Wilson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton SO17 1BJ , United Kingdom
| | - Mark E Light
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton SO17 1BJ , United Kingdom
| | - David C Harrowven
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton SO17 1BJ , United Kingdom
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Navjeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, India
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16
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Bonfield HE, Williams JD, Ooi WX, Leach SG, Kerr WJ, Edwards LJ. A Detailed Study of Irradiation Requirements Towards an Efficient Photochemical Wohl‐Ziegler Procedure in Flow. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201800082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holly E. Bonfield
- API Chemistry GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY UK
| | - Jason D. Williams
- API Chemistry GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY UK
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry WestCHEM University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow, Scotland G1 1XL UK
| | - Wei Xiang Ooi
- API Chemistry GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY UK
| | - Stuart G. Leach
- API Chemistry GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY UK
| | - William J. Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry WestCHEM University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow, Scotland G1 1XL UK
| | - Lee J. Edwards
- API Chemistry GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY UK
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17
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Clark CA, Lee DS, Pickering SJ, Poliakoff M, George MW. UV PhotoVap: Demonstrating How a Simple and Versatile Reactor Based on a Conventional Rotary Evaporator Can Be Used for UV Photochemistry. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael W. George
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China
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18
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Yu Y, Zhang Y, Xiao LY, Peng QQ, Zhao YL. Thermally induced formal [4+2] cycloaddition of 3-aminocyclobutenones with electron-deficient alkynes: facile and efficient synthesis of 4-pyridones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:8229-8232. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc03974g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A thermally induced novel formal [4+2] cycloaddition of cyclobutenones with electron-deficient alkynes under metal-free conditions has been developed. The reaction provides a straightforward and efficient method for the synthesis of 4-pyridone derivatives in a single step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | - Li-Yun Xiao
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | - Qin-Qin Peng
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | - Yu-Long Zhao
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
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19
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Gao S, Hu X. Nickel-catalyzed ring-opening of α-hydroxycyclobutenones with a remarkable ligand effect. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:10540-10543. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc03340k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A Ni-catalyzed ring-opening of α-hydroxycyclobutenones is reported herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songsong Gao
- School of Chemistry & Material Science
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education of China
- Northwest University
- Xi’an 710127
- China
| | - Xiangdong Hu
- School of Chemistry & Material Science
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education of China
- Northwest University
- Xi’an 710127
- China
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20
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Mizuno K, Nishiyama Y, Ogaki T, Terao K, Ikeda H, Kakiuchi K. Utilization of microflow reactors to carry out synthetically useful organic photochemical reactions. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Mao X, Song P, Hao Y, Sun Z, Hu X. Stereocontrolled [4+1] Annulation of α-Hydroxycyclobutenones: Synthesis of Polysubstituted Cyclopentenones. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Mao
- School of Chemistry & Material Science; Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education of China; Northwest University; Xi'an 710127 People's Republic of China
| | - Peidong Song
- School of Chemistry & Material Science; Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education of China; Northwest University; Xi'an 710127 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Hao
- School of Chemistry & Material Science; Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education of China; Northwest University; Xi'an 710127 People's Republic of China
| | - Zezhong Sun
- School of Chemistry & Material Science; Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education of China; Northwest University; Xi'an 710127 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Hu
- School of Chemistry & Material Science; Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education of China; Northwest University; Xi'an 710127 People's Republic of China
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22
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Elliott LD, Berry M, Harji B, Klauber D, Leonard J, Booker-Milburn KI. A Small-Footprint, High-Capacity Flow Reactor for UV Photochemical Synthesis on the Kilogram Scale. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke D. Elliott
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Berry
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels
Wood Road, Stevenage SG1
2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Bashir Harji
- Cambridge Reactor Design Ltd., Unit D2, Brookfield Business Centre, Twentypence Road, Cottenham CB24 8PS, United Kingdom
| | - David Klauber
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - John Leonard
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin I. Booker-Milburn
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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23
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Han YP, Song XR, Qiu YF, Li XS, Zhang HR, Zhu XY, Liu XY, Liang YM. Lewis Acid Catalyzed Cyclization of Propargylic Alcohols with 2-Vinylphenol. Org Lett 2016; 18:3866-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Han
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xian-Rong Song
- Jiangxi
Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Yi-Feng Qiu
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xue-Song Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Heng-Rui Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhu
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xue-Yuan Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yong-Min Liang
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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24
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Chen K, Zhang S, He P, Li P. Efficient metal-free photochemical borylation of aryl halides under batch and continuous-flow conditions. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3676-3680. [PMID: 30008997 PMCID: PMC6008923 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04521e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid, chemoselective and metal-free C-B bond-forming reaction of aryl iodides and bromides in aqueous solution at low temperatures was discovered. This reaction is amenable to batch and continuous-flow conditions and shows exceptional functional group tolerance and broad substrate scope regarding both the aryl halide and the borylating reagent. Initial mechanistic experiments indicated a photolytically generated aryl radical as the key intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Center for Organic Chemistry , Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST) , Xi'an Jiaotong University , 99 Yanxiang Road , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710054 , China .
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Center for Organic Chemistry , Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST) , Xi'an Jiaotong University , 99 Yanxiang Road , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710054 , China .
| | - Pei He
- Center for Organic Chemistry , Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST) , Xi'an Jiaotong University , 99 Yanxiang Road , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710054 , China .
| | - Pengfei Li
- Center for Organic Chemistry , Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST) , Xi'an Jiaotong University , 99 Yanxiang Road , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710054 , China .
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25
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Song P, Li Q, Wang C, Wu W, Mao X, Wang J, Hu X. Four-Electron Electrocyclic Ring-Opening/Intermolecular [4+2] Cycloadditions of α-Hydroxycyclobutenones: Stereoselective Synthesis of Multiple Substituted δ-Lactams. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201501152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Cambié D, Bottecchia C, Straathof NJW, Hessel V, Noël T. Applications of Continuous-Flow Photochemistry in Organic Synthesis, Material Science, and Water Treatment. Chem Rev 2016; 116:10276-341. [PMID: 26935706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 882] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Continuous-flow photochemistry in microreactors receives a lot of attention from researchers in academia and industry as this technology provides reduced reaction times, higher selectivities, straightforward scalability, and the possibility to safely use hazardous intermediates and gaseous reactants. In this review, an up-to-date overview is given of photochemical transformations in continuous-flow reactors, including applications in organic synthesis, material science, and water treatment. In addition, the advantages of continuous-flow photochemistry are pointed out and a thorough comparison with batch processing is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Cambié
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia Bottecchia
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Natan J W Straathof
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 (S4), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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27
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Chen K, Cheung MS, Lin Z, Li P. Metal-free borylation of electron-rich aryl (pseudo)halides under continuous-flow photolytic conditions. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00109b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A photochemical borylation of electron-rich aryl (pseudo)halides via a triplet aryl cation mechanism has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Center for Organic Chemistry
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST) and Frontier Institute of Chemistry
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Man Sing Cheung
- Department of Chemistry
- The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
- Kowloon
- China
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
- Kowloon
- China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Center for Organic Chemistry
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST) and Frontier Institute of Chemistry
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
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28
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Shimotori Y, Hoshi M, Inoue K, Osanai T, Okabe H, Miyakoshi T. Preparation of optically active 4-substituted γ-lactones by lipase-catalyzed optical resolution. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2015-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractOptically active 4-substituted γ-lactones (3 and 4) were synthesized effectively using lipase-catalyzed optical resolution. N-methyl-4-hydroxyalkanamides (rac-1a–i) as substrates were prepared from N-methylsuccinimide. The alkylation of N-methylsuccinimide using Grignard reagents generated from various alkyl halides followed by reduction resulted in N-methyl-4-hydroxyalkanamides. The optical resolution of rac-1a–g was performed using Novozym 435-catalyzed stereoselective acetylation. The stereoselective preparation of 4-substituted γ-lactones (3 and 4) possessing various side chains such as isopentyl, phenyl, and phenethyl groups was achieved with more than 90% enantiopurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Shimotori
- 1Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Chemistry, Kitami Institute of Technology, 165 Koen-cho, Kitami, Hokkaido 090-8507, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hoshi
- 1Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Chemistry, Kitami Institute of Technology, 165 Koen-cho, Kitami, Hokkaido 090-8507, Japan
| | - Keita Inoue
- 2Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Takeshi Osanai
- 2Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Hayato Okabe
- 2Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Miyakoshi
- 2Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
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29
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Gonçalves TP, Mohamed M, Whitby RJ, Sneddon HF, Harrowven DC. Exploring Diradical Chemistry: A Carbon-Centered Radical May Act as either an Anion or Electrophile through an Orbital Isomer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:4531-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Gonçalves TP, Mohamed M, Whitby RJ, Sneddon HF, Harrowven DC. Exploring Diradical Chemistry: A Carbon-Centered Radical May Act as either an Anion or Electrophile through an Orbital Isomer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Ralph MJ, Harrowven DC, Gaulier S, Ng S, Booker-Milburn KI. The profound effect of the ring size in the electrocyclic opening of cyclobutene-fused bicyclic systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:1527-31. [PMID: 25483597 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Fused cyclobutenes, prepared by the photocycloaddition of propargyl alcohols to cyclic anhydride chromophores, undergo facile thermochemical ring opening to fused γ-lactones. The size of the fused ring profoundly influences the temperature that is required to facilitate the ring opening (from 50 °C to 180 °C) and the nature of the product that is formed. Our studies provide new insights into the mechanistic course of these reactions and have been extended to facilitate the preparation of lactams fused to medium-sized rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ralph
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS (UK) http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/org/bmilburn/index2.htm
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32
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Ralph MJ, Harrowven DC, Gaulier S, Ng S, Booker-Milburn KI. The Profound Effect of the Ring Size in the Electrocyclic Opening of Cyclobutene-Fused Bicyclic Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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33
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Elliott LD, Knowles JP, Koovits PJ, Maskill KG, Ralph MJ, Lejeune G, Edwards LJ, Robinson RI, Clemens IR, Cox B, Pascoe DD, Koch G, Eberle M, Berry MB, Booker-Milburn KI. Batch versus Flow Photochemistry: A Revealing Comparison of Yield and Productivity. Chemistry 2014; 20:15226-32. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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34
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Su Y, Straathof NJW, Hessel V, Noël T. Photochemical transformations accelerated in continuous-flow reactors: basic concepts and applications. Chemistry 2014; 20:10562-89. [PMID: 25056280 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201400283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Continuous-flow photochemistry is used increasingly by researchers in academia and industry to facilitate photochemical processes and their subsequent scale-up. However, without detailed knowledge concerning the engineering aspects of photochemistry, it can be quite challenging to develop a suitable photochemical microreactor for a given reaction. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of both technological and chemical aspects associated with photochemical processes in microreactors. Important design considerations, such as light sources, material selection, and solvent constraints are discussed. In addition, a detailed description of photon and mass-transfer phenomena in microreactors is made and fundamental principles are deduced for making a judicious choice for a suitable photomicroreactor. The advantages of microreactor technology for photochemistry are described for UV and visible-light driven photochemical processes and are compared with their batch counterparts. In addition, different scale-up strategies and limitations of continuous-flow microreactors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhai Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2 (STW 1.48), 5600 MB Eindhoven (The Netherlands) http://www.tue.nl/staff/T.Noel
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35
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36
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Allen AD, Tidwell TT. Structure and Mechanism in Ketene Chemistry. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800256-8.00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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37
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Packard E, Pascoe DD, Maddaluno J, Gonçalves TP, Harrowven DC. Organoytterbium ate complexes extend the value of cyclobutenediones as isoprene equivalents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:13076-9. [PMID: 24155206 PMCID: PMC4285119 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201307193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Changing course: While organolithium and Grignard reagents favor addition to C1 of A (R=Me), the corresponding organoytterbium reagents add to C2 (R=tBu). Computational studies provide insights into the nature of organoytterbium species and their reactivity, and a total synthesis of (-)-mansonone B illustrates the utility of the method in terpenoid synthesis. Tf=trifluoromethanesulfonyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Packard
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ (United Kingdom)
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38
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Willumstad TP, Haze O, Mak XY, Lam TY, Wang YP, Danheiser RL. Batch and flow photochemical benzannulations based on the reaction of ynamides and diazo ketones. Application to the synthesis of polycyclic aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds. J Org Chem 2013; 78:11450-69. [PMID: 24116731 DOI: 10.1021/jo402010b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Highly substituted polycyclic aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds are produced via a two-stage tandem benzannulation/cyclization strategy. The initial benzannulation step proceeds via a pericyclic cascade mechanism triggered by thermal or photochemical Wolff rearrangement of a diazo ketone. The photochemical process can be performed using a continuous flow reactor which facilitates carrying out reactions on a large scale and minimizes the time required for photolysis. Carbomethoxy ynamides as well as more ketenophilic bis-silyl ynamines and N-sulfonyl and N-phosphoryl ynamides serve as the reaction partner in the benzannulation step. In the second stage of the strategy, RCM generates benzofused nitrogen heterocycles, and various heterocyclization processes furnish highly substituted and polycyclic indoles of types that were not available by using the previous cyclobutenone-based version of the tandem strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Willumstad
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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39
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Packard E, Pascoe DD, Maddaluno J, Gonçalves TP, Harrowven DC. Organoytterbium Ate Complexes Extend the Value of Cyclobutenediones as Isoprene Equivalents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201307193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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40
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Wojcik F, O'Brien AG, Götze S, Seeberger PH, Hartmann L. Synthesis of carbohydrate-functionalised sequence-defined oligo(amidoamine)s by photochemical thiol-ene coupling in a continuous flow reactor. Chemistry 2013; 19:3090-8. [PMID: 23325532 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Poly/oligo(amidoamine)s (PAAs) have recently been recognised for their potential as well-defined scaffolds for multiple carbohydrate presentation and as multivalent ligands. Herein, we report two complimentary strategies for the preparation of such sequence-defined carbohydrate-functionalised PAAs that use photochemical thiol-ene coupling (TEC) as an alternative to the established azide-alkyne cycloaddition ("click") reaction. In the first approach, PAAs that contained multiple olefins were synthesised on a solid support from a new building block and subsequent conjugation with unprotected thio-carbohydrates. Alternatively, a pre-functionalised building block was prepared by using TEC and assembled on a solid support to provide a carbohydrate-functionalised PAA. Both methods rely on the use of a continuous flow photoreactor for the TEC reactions. This system is highly efficient, owing to its short path length, and requires no additional radical initiator. Performing the reactions at 254 nm in Teflon AF-2400 tubing provides a highly efficient TEC procedure for carbohydrate conjugation, as demonstrated in the reactions of O-allyl glycosides with thiols. This method allowed the complete functionalisation of all of the reactive sites on the PAA backbone in a single step, thereby obtaining a defined homogeneous sequence. Furthermore, reaction at 366 nm in FEP tubing in the flow reactor enabled the large-scale synthesis of an fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-protected glycosylated building block, which was shown to be suitable for solid-phase synthesis and will also allow heterogeneous sequence control of different carbohydrates along the oligomeric backbone. These developments enable the synthesis of sequence-defined carbohydrate-functionalised PAAs with potential biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Wojcik
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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41
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Maskill KG, Knowles JP, Elliott LD, Alder RW, Booker-Milburn KI. Complexity from Simplicity: Tricyclic Aziridines from the Rearrangement of Pyrroles by Batch and Flow Photochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201208892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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42
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Maskill KG, Knowles JP, Elliott LD, Alder RW, Booker-Milburn KI. Complexity from simplicity: tricyclic aziridines from the rearrangement of pyrroles by batch and flow photochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:1499-502. [PMID: 23307403 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katie G Maskill
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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43
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Šterk D, Jukič M, Časar Z. Application of Flow Photochemical Bromination in the Synthesis of a 5-Bromomethylpyrimidine Precursor of Rosuvastatin: Improvement of Productivity and Product Purity. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op300248y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damjan Šterk
- Sandoz Development
Center Slovenia,
API Development, Organic Synthesis Department, Lek Pharmaceuticals, d.d., Kolodvorska 27, 1234 Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Marko Jukič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7,
1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zdenko Časar
- Sandoz Development
Center Slovenia,
API Development, Organic Synthesis Department, Lek Pharmaceuticals, d.d., Kolodvorska 27, 1234 Mengeš, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7,
1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Global Portfolio Management
API, Sandoz GmbH, Biochemiestrasse 10,
6250 Kundl, Austria
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44
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McQuade DT, O'Brien AG, Dörr M, Rajaratnam R, Eisold U, Monnanda B, Nobuta T, Löhmannsröben HG, Meggers E, Seeberger PH. Continuous synthesis of pyridocarbazoles and initial photophysical and bioprobe characterization. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51846a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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45
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Knowles JP, Elliott LD, Booker-Milburn KI. Flow photochemistry: Old light through new windows. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:2025-52. [PMID: 23209538 PMCID: PMC3511038 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic photochemistry carried out in classic batch reactors has, for over half a century, proved to be a powerful but under-utilised technique in general organic synthesis. Recent developments in flow photochemistry have the potential to allow this technique to be applied in a more mainstream setting. This review highlights the use of flow reactors in organic photochemistry, allowing a comparison of the various reactor types to be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Knowles
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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46
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Aida S, Terao K, Nishiyama Y, Kakiuchi K, Oelgemöller M. Microflow photochemistry—a reactor comparison study using the photochemical synthesis of terebic acid as a model reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.07.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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47
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